Spectroscopic Analysis and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon from an Oil Palm Plantation Peatland
Abstract
Drainage following conversion of peatlands to oil palm plantations is always associated with carbon (C) loss, one of which is dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Analytical procedure commonly used to determine DOC is the high-temperature combustion (HTC) method, which requires an expensive instrument. An alternative low-cost method has been developed. The objectives of this research were to determine and validate the most suitable UV-Vis spectrophotometer’s wavelength for estimating DOC concentration and evaluating its dynamics from an oil-palm plantation Indonesian-peatland. The DOC concentrations were measured on ground water and canal water samples at wavelengths of 254, 270, and 350 nm and the analytical results were then validated against those reference values resulted from the use of HTC method using Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC Analyzer), based on simple regression analysis. The results showed that the most suitable wavelength for estimating DOC concentration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer was 350 nm. The DOC concentration in groundwater (35.67 ± 8.40 mg L-1) were around two times greater than in canal water (16.26 ± 4.15 mg L-1). The DOC flux from the research area were at the range of 0.66 ˗ 1.15 g C m-2 month-1, with an average of 0.85 g C m-2 month-1.
References
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Zsolnay Á. 2003. Dissolved organic matter: Artefacts, definitions, and functions. Geoderma. 113:187–209. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00361-0.
Baum A, Rixen T, Samiaji J. 2007. Relevance of peat draining rivers in central Sumatra for the riverine input of dissolved organic carbon into the ocean. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 73:563–570. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.02.012.
Bolan NS, Adriano DC, Kunhikrishnan A, James T, McDowell R, Senesi N. 2011. Dissolved Organic Matter. Biogeochemistry, Dynamics, and Environmental Significance in Soils. 1st ed. Elsevier Inc.
Chow AT, Tanji KK, Gao S. 2003. Production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and trihalomethane (THM) precursor from peat soils. Water Res. 37:4475–4485. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00437-8.
Clark JM, Lane SN, Chapman PJ, Adamson JK. 2007. Export of dissolved organic carbon from an upland peatland during storm events: Implications for flux estimates. J Hydrol. 347:438–447. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.030.
Cook S, Whelan MJ, Evans CD, Gauci V, Peacock M, Garnett MH, Kho LK, Teh YA, Page SE. 2018. Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland. Biogeosciences. 15:7435–7450. doi: 10.5194/bg-15-7435-2018.
Cory RM, Ward CP, Crump BC, Kling GW. 2014. Sunlight controls water column processing of carbon in arctic fresh waters. Science. 345(6199):925–928. doi: 10.1126/science.1253119.
Deflandre B, Gagné JP. 2001. Estimation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in nanoliter samples using UV spectroscopy. Water Res. 35(13):3057–3062. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00024-0.
Evans CD, Renou-Wilson F, Strack M. 2015. The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands. Aquat Sci. 78(3):573–590. doi: 10.1007/s00027-015-0447-y.
Gandois L, Cobb AR, Hei IC, Lim LBL, Salim KA, Harvey CF. 2013. Impact of deforestation on solid and dissolved organic matter characteristics of tropical peat forests: Implications for carbon release. Biogeochemistry. 114:183–199. doi: 10.1007/s10533-012-9799-8.
Gandois L, Hoyt AM, Mounier S, Roux G Le, Harvey CF, Claustres A, Nuriman M, Anshari G. 2020. From canals to the coast: Dissolved organic matter and trace metal composition in rivers draining degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia. Biogeosciences. 17:1897–1909. doi: 10.5194/bg-17-1897-2020.
Ishikawa T, Trisliana, Yurenfrie, Ardianor, Gumiri S. 2006. Dissolved organic carbon concentration of a natural water body and its relationship to water color in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Limnology. 7:143–146. doi: 10.1007/s10201-006-0174-0.
Kaiser K, Guggenberger G, Haumaier L, Zech W. 2001. Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in organic forest floor layer leachates of old-growth Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand in norteastern Bavaria, Germany. Biogeochemistry. 55:103–143. doi: 10.1023/A:1010694032121.
Kalbitz K, Rupp H, Meissner R. In: Broll G, Merbach W, Pfeiffer E-M, editors. 2002. N-, P- and DOC-dynamics in soil and groundwater after restoration of intensively cultivated fens. Wetland in Europe: Springer. p 99-116.
Kreutzweiser DP, Hazlett PW, Gunn JM. 2008. Logging impacts on the biogeochemistry of boreal forest soils and nutrient export to aquatic systems: A review. Environ Rev. 16:157–179. doi: 10.1139/A08-006.
Lupascu M, Akhtar H, Smith TEL, Sukri RS. 2020. Post-fire carbon dynamics in the tropical peat swamp forests of Brunei reveal long-term elevated CH4 flux. Glob Chang Biol. 00:1–21. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15195.
Marwanto S, Watanabe T, Iskandar W, Sabiham S, Funakawa S. 2018. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Effects of seasonal rainfall and water table movement on the soil solution composition of tropical peatland. Soil Sci Plant Nutr.:1–10. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2018.1436940.
Moore S, Evans CD, Page SE, Garnett MH, Jones TG, Freeman C, Hooijer A, Wiltshire AJ, Limin SH, Gauci V. 2013. Deep instability of deforested tropical peatlands revealed by fluvial organic carbon fluxes. Nature. 493:660–663. doi: 10.1038/nature11818.
Moore S, Gauci V, Evans CD, Page SE. 2010. Fluvial organic carbon losses from a Bornean blackwater river. Biogeosciences discuss. 7:8319–8343. doi: 10.5194/bg-8-901-2011.
Müller-Dum D, Warneke T, Rixen T, Müller M, Baum A, Christodoulou A, Oakes J, Eyre BD, Notholt J. 2018. Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia. Biogeoscience Discuss. 391:1–33. doi: 10.5194/bg-16-17-2019.
Nuriman M, Djajakirana G, Darmawan, Anshari GZ. 2015. Metode Alternatif Memperkirakan Konsentrasi Karbon Organik Terlarut dalam Air Saluran Drainase dan Tanah Gambut. Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim. 39(1):1–8. doi: 10.2017/jti.v39i1.6213.
Page SE, Rieley JO, Banks CJ. 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Glob Chang Biol. 17:798–818. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x.
Peacock M, Evans CD, Fenner N, Freeman C, Gough R, Jones TG, Lebron I. 2014. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy as a proxy for peatland dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quantity and quality: Considerations on wavelength and absorbance degradation. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 16:1445–1461. doi: 10.1039/ c4em00108g.
Rixen T, Baum A, Wit F, Samiaji J. 2016. Carbon leaching from tropical peat soils and consequences for carbon balances. Front Earth Sci. 4(74):1–9. doi: 10.3389/ feart.2016.00074.
Steinberg CEW. 2003. Ecology of Humic Substances in Freshwaters. Berlin. Germany.
Strohmeier S, Knorr KH, Reichert M, Frei S, Fleckenstein JH, Peiffer S, Matzner E. 2013. Concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in runoff from a forested catchment: Insights from high frequency measurements. Biogeosciences. 10:905–916. doi: 10.5194/bg-10-905-2013.
Thurman EM. 2012. Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Springer Science & Business Media.
Waldron S, Vihermaa L, Evers S, Garnett MH, Newton J, Henderson ACG. 2019. C mobilisation in disturbed tropical peat swamps: old DOC can fuel the fluvial efflux of old carbon dioxide, but site recovery can occur. Sci Rep. 9(11429):1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46534-9.
Wang GS, Hsieh ST. 2001. Monitoring natural organic matter in water with scanning spectrophotometer. Environ Int. 26:205–212. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(00)00107-0.
Watanabe A, Moroi K, Sato H, Tsutsuki K, Maie N, Melling L, Jaffé R. 2012. Contributions of humic substances to the dissolved organic carbon pool in wetlands from different climates. Chemosphere. 88:1265–1268. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.005.
Wit F, Muller D, Baum A, Warneke T, Pranowo WS, Muller M, Rixen T. 2015. The impact of disturbed peatlands on river outgassing in Southeast Asia. Nat Commun. 6(10155):1–9. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10155.
Xiao YH, Huang QH, Vähätalo A V., Li FP, Chen L. 2014. Effects of dissolved organic matter from a eutrophic lake on the freely dissolved concentrations of emerging organic contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem. 33(8):1739–1746. doi: 10.1002/etc.2625.
Yule CM, Gomez LN. 2009. Leaf litter decomposition in a tropical peat swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Wetl Ecol Manag. 17(3):231–241. doi: 10.1007/s11273-008-9103-9.
Yupi HM, Inoue T, Bathgate J, Putra R. 2016. Concentrations, loads and yields of organic carbon from two tropical peat swamp forest streams in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. mires peat. 18(14):1–15. doi: 10.19189/MaP.2015.OMB.181.
Zsolnay Á. 2003. Dissolved organic matter: Artefacts, definitions, and functions. Geoderma. 113:187–209. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00361-0.
Authors
SudadiU., SumbariA. I. and NugrohoB. (2023) “Spectroscopic Analysis and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon from an Oil Palm Plantation Peatland”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 13(1), pp. 1-10. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.13.1.1-10.
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