Spatial distribution model of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) habitat using logistic regression in Katingan watershed
Abstract
Katingan watershed is a one of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wrumbii) habitat that currently Critically Endangered status (IUCN 2016), and protected by Indonesian government regulations (P.106/2018), that included in Appendix 1 (CITES 2017). The condition of the Bornean Orangutan habitat is increasingly threatened by land cover changes. Management habitat is needed to protect the populations of Bornean Orangutan. The aim of this research was to develop the spatial distribution model of Bornean Orangutan habitat as a reference to habitat management. Habitat suitability model of Bornean Orangutan develop by logistic regression and based on five environmental variables covering elevation, distance from cultural sites, distance from roads, distance from settlements, and NDVI. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showing feasibility value was 0.481 with Nagelker R2=0.866, and Kappa Accuracy 77%. The total habitat suitability of Bornean Orangutan in the Katingan watershed was 1,250,174.35 ha (64.11% of the Katingan watershed area). The main habitat of Bornean Orangutan was identify in the National Park (TN), Protection Forest (HL), and Nature Reserve/Nature Conservation Area (KSA/KPA) with area 395,178.30 ha (31.66% of the total habitat area). Isolated habitat identified in the north-eastern of the Katingan watershed. Habitat corridor can be reform with minimum width 500 meters in forest areas.
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Bailey JA. 1984. Principles of Wildlife Management. New York: Wiley.
Buij R, Wich SA, Lubis AH, Sterk EHM. 2002. Seasonal movements in the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and consequences for conservation. Biological Conservation. 107:83-87. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00048-4
CITES. 2017. Apendices I, II, and III. [Internet]. [diunduh 2020 Februari 10]. Tersedia pada: https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php.
Ditjen KSDAE. 2019. Strategi dan Rencana Aksis Konservasi Orangutan Indonesia 2019-2029. Jakarta: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia.
Hosmer DW, Hosmer T, Le Cessie S, Lemeshow S. 1997. A comparison of goodness-of-fit tests for the logistic regression model. Stat. Med. 16:965-980.
IUCN. 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [Internet]. [diakses 2020 Februari 10]. Tersedia pada: www.iucnredlist.org.
Lillesand TM, RW Kiefer, Chipman. 2004. Remote Sensing & Image Interpretation. 6th-ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
MacKinnon JR. 1972. The behaviour and ecology of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus), with relation to the other apes [thesis]. Oxford: University of Oxford [tidak dipublikasikan].
Manel S, Dias JM, Ormerod SJ. 1999. Comparing discriminant analysis, neural networks and logistic regression for predicting species distributions: A case study with a Himalayan river bird. Ecological Modelling. 120:337–347.
Maple TL. 1980. Orang-utan Behavior (Van Nostrand and Reinhold Primate Behavior and Development Series). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Meijaard E. Rijksen HD, Kartikasari SN. 2001. Di Ambang Kepunahan! Kondisi Orangutan Liar di Awal Abad ke-21. Jakarta: The Gibbon Foundation Indonesia.
Napier JR, Napier PH. 1985. The Natural History of The Primates. Great Britain: MIT Press.
Nikolakaki P. 2004. A GIS site-selection process for habitat creation:estimating connectivity of habitat patches. Landscape and Urban Planning. 68:77-94. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00167-1.
Pangestu A, Setiadi Y, Arifin HS. 2019. Keanekaragaman Hayati Flora Habitat BekantanPada Kawasan Ekowisata, Kabupaten Tapin, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia (JIPI). 24(4):359-365. doi: 10.18343/jipi.24.4.359
Pemerintah Indonesia. 2018. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan No. P106 tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa Dilindungi. Jakarta: Kenterian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
Prayogo H, Thohari AM, Solihin DD, Prasetyo LB, Jito S. 2016. Pemodelan kesesuaian habitat orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Linn, 1760) di koridor satwa Kapuas Hulu Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. 13(2):137-150. doi: 10.20886/jphka.2016.13.2.
Purwadi. 2010. Karakteristik habitat preferensial orangutan Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii di Taman Nasional Sebangau [tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Rijksen HD, Meijaard E. 1999. Our Vanishing Relative: The status of Wild Orang-utans at the close the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Roberge JM, Angelstam P (2004). Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool. Conservation Biology. 18(1):76–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x
Saura S, Pascual-Hortal L. 2007. A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning: Comparison with existing indices and application to acase study. Landscape and Urban Planning. 83:91-103. doi: 10.1016.
Siahaan L, Hilwan I, Setiawan Y. 2019. Spatial distribution of Andaliman potential habitat (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in Samosir Island, North Sumatera. JPSL. 9(4):861-871. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.4.861-871.
Soehartono T, Susilo HD, Andayani N, Utami-Atmoko SS, Sihite J, Sales C, Sutrisno A. 2009. Strategi dan rencana aksi konservasi orang utan Indonesia 2007-2017. Jakarta (ID): Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Departemen Kehutanan.
Soemarna K, Ramono WS, Tilson R. 1995. Introduction to the orangutan population and habitat viability analysis (PHVA) workshop. In: The Neglected Ape. Nadler RD et al. editors. New York: H. Pp 81-83.
Stockwell DRB, Peterson AT. 2002. Effects of sample size on accuracy of species distribution models. Ecological Modelling. 148:1-13.
Susilawati, Fauzi A, Kusmana C, Santoso N. 2020. Strategi dan kebijakan dalam pengelolaan wisata konservasi Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Bukit Lawang Kabupaten Langkat Sumatera Utara. JPSL. 10(1):1-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.1.1-11.
Syartinilia, Tsuyuki S. 2008. GIS-based modeling of Javan Hawk-Eagle distribution using logistic and autologistic regression models. Biological Conservation. 141(3):756-769.
Uitgeverij W, van Hoeve BV. 2003. Ensiklopedi Indonesia Seri Fauna: Mamalia 1. Jakarta: PT. Ikrar Mandiriabadi.
Utami-Atmoko SS, Traylor-Hozler K, Rifqi MA, Siregar P, Achmad B, Priadjati A, Husson S, Wich SA, Hadisiswoyo P, Saputra F, et al, editors. 2017. The Orangutan Population And Habitat Viability Assessment 2017. Bogor (ID): The Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia.
van Schaik CP, Azwar, Priatna D. 1995. Population estimates and habitat preferences of orangutans based on line transects of nests. di dalam: Nadler RD, Galdikas BMF, Sheeran LK, Rosen N, editors. The Neglected Ape. New York (US): Springer Science and Business Media.
Wich SA, Meijaard E, Marshall AJ, Husson S, Ancrenaz M, Lacy RC, van Schaik CP, Sugardjito J, Simorangkir T, Taylor-Holzer K, et al. 2008. Review: Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Fauna & Flora International. Oryx: 42(3):329–339.
Xun B., Yu D, Liu Y. 2014. Habitat connectivity analysis for conservation implications in an urban area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 34:44-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2013.11.006.
Authors
Mustofa, Syartinilia and Hadi Susilo Arifin (2020) “Spatial distribution model of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) habitat using logistic regression in Katingan watershed”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 10(4), pp. 627-638. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.10.4.627-638.
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