Food habit of horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus gigas (Müller 1785) and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille 1802) in Balikpapan coastal waters, East Kalimantan
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Accepted
14 April 2020
Published
14 May 2020
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs are living fossils found in Indonesia. This study examined the food habit of horseshoe crabs (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas) collected from Balikpapan coastal waters, East Kalimantan. Horseshoe crabs were captured using gill nets and picked by hand along the Balikpapan coast. The width of the prosoma and the body weight of each individual were measured, and the gut contents were analysed to determine the preponderance index, food niche breadth, and niche overlap. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda prosoma widths ranged from 4.1 to 15.4 cm and those of Tachypleus gigas ranged from 2.8 to 24 cm. Eight food items were found in the gut of the horseshoe crabs, namely: bivalves, gastropods, scaphopoda, polychaetes, echinoderms, crustaceans, leaf litter and others. Based on the preponderance index, gastropods were the main food item of the two horseshoe crab species. In accordance to the food composition the horseshoe crabs inhabiting Balikpapan coastal waters are categorized as benthivores.
References
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Beekey MA, Mattei JH, Pierce BJ. 2013. Horseshoe crab eggs: A rare resource for predators in Long Island Sound. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 439(1): 152-159.
Botton ML. 1984. The Importance of predation by horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, to an intertidal sand flat community. J Mar Res. 42(1): 139-161.
Botton ML, Haskin HH. 1984. Distribution and feeding of the horseshoe crab, Limulus Polyphemus, on the Continental Shelf of New Jersey. Fish Bull. 82(2): 383-389.
Botton ML, Ropes JW. 1989. Feeding ecology of horseshoe crabs on the continental shelf, New Jersey to North Carolina. Bull Mar Sci. 45(3): 637-47.
Botton ML. 2009. The ecological importance of horseshoe crabs in estuarine and coastal communities: a review and speculative summary. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 45-63.
Carmichael RH, Rutecki D, Annet B, Gaines E, Valiela I. 2004. Position of horseshoe crabs in estuarine food webs: N and C stable isotopic study of foraging ranges and diet composition. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 299(2): 231-253.
Cartwright-Taylor L, Von Bing Y, Chi HC, Tee LS. 2011. Distribution and abundance of horseshoe crabs Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda around the main island of Singapore. Aquat Biol. 13(2):127-36.
Chabot CC, Watson III WH. 2010. Circatidal rhythms of locomotion in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus: underlying mechanisms and cues that influence them. Curr Zool. 56(5):499-517.
Chatterji A, Mishra J. K., Parulekar A. H. 1992. Feeding behaviour and food selection in the horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas (Muller). Hydrobiologia. 246(1): 41-48.
Colwell RK, Futuyma DJ. 1971. On the Measurement of Niche Breadth and Overlap. Ecology, 52(4): 567–576.
Eidman, M., Mayunar, dan S. Redjeki. 1997. Pematangan gonad mimi ranti, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille) dan mimi bulan Tachypleus gigas (Muller) dengan berbagai jenis pakan. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia. 5(1):1-6.
Erwyansyah, Wardiatno Y, Kurnia R, Butet NA. 2018. Kepastian taksonomi dan sebaran belangkas Tachypleus tridentatus Leach 1819 di Perairan Balikpapan Timur. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. 10(3): 547-559.
Hurlbert SH. 1978. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology. 59(1): 67-77.
Horn HS. 1966. Measurement of "overlap" in comparative ecological studies. Am Nat. 100(914): 419-24.
Jawahir AN, Samsur M, Shabdin ML, Adha AK. 2017. Distribution of two species of Asian horseshoe crabs at west coast of Sarawak's Waters, East Malaysia. Egypt J Aquat Res. 43(2):135-40.
John BA, Kamaruzzaman BY, Jalal KCA, Zaleha K. 2012a. Feeding Ecology and Food Preference of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Collected from the Pahang Nesting Ground. Sains Malays. 41(7): 855-861.
John BA, Kamaruzzaman BY, Jalal KCA, Zaleha K. 2012b. TAL- a source of bacterial endotoxin detector in liquid biological samples. Int Food Res J. 19(2): 423-425.
John BA, Nelson BR, Sheikh HI, Cheung SG, Wardiatno Y, Dash BP, Tsuchiya K, Iwasaki Y, Pati S. 2018a. A review on fisheries and conservation status of Asian horseshoe crabs. Biodivers Conserv. 27(14): 3573-3598.
John BA, Nelson BR, Sheikh HI, Cheung SG, Wardiatno Y, Dash BP, Tsuchiya K, Iwasaki Y, Pati S. 2018b Correction to: A review on fisheries and conservation status of Asian horseshoe crabs. Biodivers Conserv. 27(14): 3845.
Kwan BK, Cheung SG, Shin PK. 2015. A dual stable isotope study for diet composition of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (Xiphosura) on a seagrass-covered intertidal mudflat. Mar Biol. 162(5): 1137-43.
Levins R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Pp 132.
Mashar A, Butet NA, Juliandi B, Qonita Y, Hakim AA, Wardiatno Y. 2017. Biodiversity and Distribution of Horseshoe Crabs in Northern Coast of Java and Southern Coast of Madura. IOF Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 54: 012076.
Meilana L, Wardiatno Y, Butet NA, Krisanti M. 2016. Karakter morfologi dan identifikasi molekuler dengan marka gen COI pada mimi (Tachypleus gigas) di Perairan Utara Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. 8(1):145-158.
Natarajan AV, Jhingran AG. 1961. Index of preponderance - a method of grading the food elements in the stomach analysis of fishes. Indian J Fish. 8(1): 54-9.
Nikolsky GV. 1963. The Ecology of Fishies. London: Academic Press. hlm 352.
Novakowski GC, Hahn NS, Fugi R. 2008. Diet seasonality and food overlap of the fish assemblage in a pantanal pond. Neotrop Ichthyol. 6(4): 567-76.
Novitsky TJ. 1994. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) detection of endotoxin of human blood. J Endotoxin Res. 1(4): 253-263.
Nugroho TS, Fahruddin A, Yulianda F, Bengen DG. 2018. Analisis kesesuaian lahan dan daya dukung ekowisata mangrove di Kawasan Mangrove Muara Kubu, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan. 9(2): 483-497.
Papacostas KJ, Freestone AL. 2016. Latitudinal gradient in niche breadth of brachyuran crabs. Global ecology and biogeography. 25(2): 207-17.
Pianka ER. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 4: 53-74.
Razak MRM, Kassim Z, Sabuti AA, Ismail A. 2017. Feeding ecology and food preferences of Cherok Paloh, Pahang Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus gigas. Mal. J. Fund. Appl. Sci. 3(3): 198-202.
Samidurai K, Saravanakumar A, Kathiresan K. 2012. Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthos in different mangrove ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Coast, India. Environ Monit Assess. 184(7): 4079-4096.
Sekiguchi K, Shuster CN. 2009. Limits on the global distribution of horseshoe crabs (Limulacea): lessons learned from two lifetimes of observations: Asia and America. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 5-24.
Shin PKS, Li HY, Cheung SG. 2009. Horseshoe crabs in Hong Kong: Current population status and human exploitation. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 347-360.
Smith DR. 2007. Effect of horseshoe crab spawning density on nest disturbance and exhumation of eggs: a simulation study. Estuaries. 30(2): 287-295.
Smith MD, Schrank HE, Brockmann HJ. 2013. Measuring the costs of alternative reproductive tactics in horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. Anim Behav. 85(1):165-73.
Squires HJ, Dawe EG. 2003. Stomach contents of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Northeast Newfoundland Shelf. J Northwest Atl Fish Sci. 32: 27-38.
Tsuchiya K. 2009. The history of horseshoe crab research and conservation in Japan. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 559-570.
Walls EA, Berkson J, Smith SA. 2002. The Horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus: 200 million years of existence, 100 years of study. Rev Fish Sci. 10(1): 39-73.
Wijaya D, Nurfiarini A, Nastiti AS, Riswanto. 2017. Kebiasaan makanan, luas dan tumpang tindih relung beberapa jenis lobster di Teluk Prigi Kabupaten Trenggalek. Bawal. 9(3): 153-161.
Zaleha K, John BA, Atika HE, Kamaruzzaman BY, Jalal KC. 2012. Spawning and nesting behaviour of Tachypleus gigas along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Int. J. Biol. 4(2):102-11.
Zhou H, Morton B. 2004. The diets of juvenile horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura), from nursery beaches proposed for conservation in Hongkong. J Nat Hist. 38(15): 1915-1925.
Zhu G, Yuan X, Fan J. 2020. Insight into intraspecific niche divergence and conservatism in American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). Glob Ecol Conserv. 22: 1-9.
Beekey MA, Mattei JH, Pierce BJ. 2013. Horseshoe crab eggs: A rare resource for predators in Long Island Sound. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 439(1): 152-159.
Botton ML. 1984. The Importance of predation by horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, to an intertidal sand flat community. J Mar Res. 42(1): 139-161.
Botton ML, Haskin HH. 1984. Distribution and feeding of the horseshoe crab, Limulus Polyphemus, on the Continental Shelf of New Jersey. Fish Bull. 82(2): 383-389.
Botton ML, Ropes JW. 1989. Feeding ecology of horseshoe crabs on the continental shelf, New Jersey to North Carolina. Bull Mar Sci. 45(3): 637-47.
Botton ML. 2009. The ecological importance of horseshoe crabs in estuarine and coastal communities: a review and speculative summary. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 45-63.
Carmichael RH, Rutecki D, Annet B, Gaines E, Valiela I. 2004. Position of horseshoe crabs in estuarine food webs: N and C stable isotopic study of foraging ranges and diet composition. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol. 299(2): 231-253.
Cartwright-Taylor L, Von Bing Y, Chi HC, Tee LS. 2011. Distribution and abundance of horseshoe crabs Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda around the main island of Singapore. Aquat Biol. 13(2):127-36.
Chabot CC, Watson III WH. 2010. Circatidal rhythms of locomotion in the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus: underlying mechanisms and cues that influence them. Curr Zool. 56(5):499-517.
Chatterji A, Mishra J. K., Parulekar A. H. 1992. Feeding behaviour and food selection in the horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas (Muller). Hydrobiologia. 246(1): 41-48.
Colwell RK, Futuyma DJ. 1971. On the Measurement of Niche Breadth and Overlap. Ecology, 52(4): 567–576.
Eidman, M., Mayunar, dan S. Redjeki. 1997. Pematangan gonad mimi ranti, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille) dan mimi bulan Tachypleus gigas (Muller) dengan berbagai jenis pakan. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia. 5(1):1-6.
Erwyansyah, Wardiatno Y, Kurnia R, Butet NA. 2018. Kepastian taksonomi dan sebaran belangkas Tachypleus tridentatus Leach 1819 di Perairan Balikpapan Timur. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. 10(3): 547-559.
Hurlbert SH. 1978. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology. 59(1): 67-77.
Horn HS. 1966. Measurement of "overlap" in comparative ecological studies. Am Nat. 100(914): 419-24.
Jawahir AN, Samsur M, Shabdin ML, Adha AK. 2017. Distribution of two species of Asian horseshoe crabs at west coast of Sarawak's Waters, East Malaysia. Egypt J Aquat Res. 43(2):135-40.
John BA, Kamaruzzaman BY, Jalal KCA, Zaleha K. 2012a. Feeding Ecology and Food Preference of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Collected from the Pahang Nesting Ground. Sains Malays. 41(7): 855-861.
John BA, Kamaruzzaman BY, Jalal KCA, Zaleha K. 2012b. TAL- a source of bacterial endotoxin detector in liquid biological samples. Int Food Res J. 19(2): 423-425.
John BA, Nelson BR, Sheikh HI, Cheung SG, Wardiatno Y, Dash BP, Tsuchiya K, Iwasaki Y, Pati S. 2018a. A review on fisheries and conservation status of Asian horseshoe crabs. Biodivers Conserv. 27(14): 3573-3598.
John BA, Nelson BR, Sheikh HI, Cheung SG, Wardiatno Y, Dash BP, Tsuchiya K, Iwasaki Y, Pati S. 2018b Correction to: A review on fisheries and conservation status of Asian horseshoe crabs. Biodivers Conserv. 27(14): 3845.
Kwan BK, Cheung SG, Shin PK. 2015. A dual stable isotope study for diet composition of juvenile Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (Xiphosura) on a seagrass-covered intertidal mudflat. Mar Biol. 162(5): 1137-43.
Levins R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Pp 132.
Mashar A, Butet NA, Juliandi B, Qonita Y, Hakim AA, Wardiatno Y. 2017. Biodiversity and Distribution of Horseshoe Crabs in Northern Coast of Java and Southern Coast of Madura. IOF Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 54: 012076.
Meilana L, Wardiatno Y, Butet NA, Krisanti M. 2016. Karakter morfologi dan identifikasi molekuler dengan marka gen COI pada mimi (Tachypleus gigas) di Perairan Utara Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. 8(1):145-158.
Natarajan AV, Jhingran AG. 1961. Index of preponderance - a method of grading the food elements in the stomach analysis of fishes. Indian J Fish. 8(1): 54-9.
Nikolsky GV. 1963. The Ecology of Fishies. London: Academic Press. hlm 352.
Novakowski GC, Hahn NS, Fugi R. 2008. Diet seasonality and food overlap of the fish assemblage in a pantanal pond. Neotrop Ichthyol. 6(4): 567-76.
Novitsky TJ. 1994. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) detection of endotoxin of human blood. J Endotoxin Res. 1(4): 253-263.
Nugroho TS, Fahruddin A, Yulianda F, Bengen DG. 2018. Analisis kesesuaian lahan dan daya dukung ekowisata mangrove di Kawasan Mangrove Muara Kubu, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan. 9(2): 483-497.
Papacostas KJ, Freestone AL. 2016. Latitudinal gradient in niche breadth of brachyuran crabs. Global ecology and biogeography. 25(2): 207-17.
Pianka ER. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 4: 53-74.
Razak MRM, Kassim Z, Sabuti AA, Ismail A. 2017. Feeding ecology and food preferences of Cherok Paloh, Pahang Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus gigas. Mal. J. Fund. Appl. Sci. 3(3): 198-202.
Samidurai K, Saravanakumar A, Kathiresan K. 2012. Spatial and temporal distribution of macrobenthos in different mangrove ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Coast, India. Environ Monit Assess. 184(7): 4079-4096.
Sekiguchi K, Shuster CN. 2009. Limits on the global distribution of horseshoe crabs (Limulacea): lessons learned from two lifetimes of observations: Asia and America. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 5-24.
Shin PKS, Li HY, Cheung SG. 2009. Horseshoe crabs in Hong Kong: Current population status and human exploitation. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 347-360.
Smith DR. 2007. Effect of horseshoe crab spawning density on nest disturbance and exhumation of eggs: a simulation study. Estuaries. 30(2): 287-295.
Smith MD, Schrank HE, Brockmann HJ. 2013. Measuring the costs of alternative reproductive tactics in horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. Anim Behav. 85(1):165-73.
Squires HJ, Dawe EG. 2003. Stomach contents of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Northeast Newfoundland Shelf. J Northwest Atl Fish Sci. 32: 27-38.
Tsuchiya K. 2009. The history of horseshoe crab research and conservation in Japan. In: Tanacredi JT, Botton ML, Smith DR (Eds.). Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs. Springer: Boston. hlm 559-570.
Walls EA, Berkson J, Smith SA. 2002. The Horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus: 200 million years of existence, 100 years of study. Rev Fish Sci. 10(1): 39-73.
Wijaya D, Nurfiarini A, Nastiti AS, Riswanto. 2017. Kebiasaan makanan, luas dan tumpang tindih relung beberapa jenis lobster di Teluk Prigi Kabupaten Trenggalek. Bawal. 9(3): 153-161.
Zaleha K, John BA, Atika HE, Kamaruzzaman BY, Jalal KC. 2012. Spawning and nesting behaviour of Tachypleus gigas along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Int. J. Biol. 4(2):102-11.
Zhou H, Morton B. 2004. The diets of juvenile horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura), from nursery beaches proposed for conservation in Hongkong. J Nat Hist. 38(15): 1915-1925.
Zhu G, Yuan X, Fan J. 2020. Insight into intraspecific niche divergence and conservatism in American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). Glob Ecol Conserv. 22: 1-9.
Authors
NuraisahR., AiniN. K., MasharA., ZairionZ., HastutiY. P., FunchP. and WardiatnoY. (2020) “Food habit of horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus gigas (Müller 1785) and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Latreille 1802) in Balikpapan coastal waters, East Kalimantan”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 10(2), pp. 153-162. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.10.2.153-162.
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