Pola Tutupan, Penggunaan, Serta Tantangan Kebijakan Perlindungan Ekosistem Gambut di Kabupaten Bengkalis
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Accepted
25 July 2019
Published
24 September 2019
Abstract
Since the issuance of Government Rule No. 71/2014 jo. No. 57/2016, there has been a wide debate, because those rules may trigger other problems such as food security, social, economic, political, as well as peatland cultivation security. Considering this issue, this study aims to analyze challenges in implementing peat protection policies as textually arranged in Government Rule No. 71/2014 jo. No. 57/2016, in Bengkalis Regency. Overall, in order to discuss both of rule in form and rule in use aspects, this study was conducted using maps overlay technique and content analysis on Government Rule No. 71/2014 jo. No. 57/2016. Based on those approaches, this study shows that there are four challanges in implementing previously mentioned peat ecosystem protectetion policies in Bengkalis Regency, particularly in regard to the measurement of damaged peatland criteria, frictions between protection incentives and pressure on peatland conversion, significant economic contraction, up to the emergence of new open access areas that often be illegally occupied and worsening peatland existing conditions. This finding implies that the government as the regulator in the implementation of peat ecosystem protection policies should open a wider room for policy improvements, in order provide a more balanced consideration to three important aspects of sustainable development, which is not only limited to environmental sustainability, but also covering both of social and economic sustainability.
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Wahyunto, Nugroho K, Ritung S, Sulaeman Y. 2014. Peta lahan gambut Indonesia: metode pembuatan, tingkat keyakinan, dan penggunaan. Working Paper of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development.
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Wahyunto, Ritung S, Suparto, Subagjo H. 2005. Sebaran Gambut dan Kandungan Karbon di Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Bogor (254): Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme.
Wardani DM. 2016. Satu harapan: pakar gambut minta PP 57/2016 direvisi [Internet]. [diunduh 10 Oktober 2017]. Tersedia pada: http://www.satuharapan.com/read-detail/read/pakar-gambut-minta-pp-572016-direvisi.
Winarna. 2015. Pengaruh kedalaman muka air tanah dan dosis terak baja terhadap hidrofobisitas tanah gambut, emisi karbon, dan produksi kelapa sawit (disertasi). Bogor (100): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Worall L, Bond D. 1997. Geographical information system, spatial analysis, and public policy: the British experience. International Statistical Review. 65(3):365-379.
Zook M, Wollersheim D, Erbas B, Jacobsen KH. 2018. Integrating spatial analysis into policy formulation: a case study examining traffic exposure and asthma. World Medical and Health Policy. 10(1):99-110.
[IOPRI] Indonesia Oil Palm Research Institute, 2017. Permasalahan Implementasi PP 57 tahun 2016 di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Lahan Gambut [Internet]. Materi Pertemuan Teknis Kelapa Sawit, Solo 18-20 Juli 2017; [diunduh 10 Oktober 2017]. Tersedia pada: http://www.iopri.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/IX-01.-MATERI-PTKS-2017SOLO_WIN.pdf.
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. 2017. Pembakaran lahan di Riau masif dan disengaja. Siaran Pers No. SP. 150/HUMAS/PP.HMS.3/07/2017.
Agus F, Anda M, Jamil A, Masganti. 2016. Lahan Gambut Indonesia: Pembentukan, Karakteristik, dan Potensi. Jakarta (246): IAARD Press.
Andriesse JP. 1988. Nature and Management of Tropical Peat Soils. Roma (165): FAO Land and Water Development Division.
Chokkalingam U, Suyanto S, Permana RP, Kurniawan I, Mannes J, Darmawan A, Khususiyah N, Susanto RS. 2004. Pengelolaan Api, Perubahan Sumberdaya Alam dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Kehidupan Masyarakat di Areal Rawa/Gambut - Sumatera Bagian Selatan. CIFOR Research Paper. 979-3361-49-2.
Djaelani MS. 2011. Analisis kebijakan penataan ruang dan dukungan partisipasi masyarakat terhadap kelestarian lingkungan. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan. 1(2):135-145.
Irma W, Gunawan T, Suratman. 2018. Pengaruh konversi lahan gambut terhadap ketahanan lingkungan di DAS Kampar Provinsi Riau Sumatera. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional. 24(2):170-191.
Latifah RN, Pamungkas A. 2013. Identifikasi faktor-faktor kerentanan terhadap bencana kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Kecamatan Liang Anggang Kota Banjarbaru. Jurnal Teknik Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November. 2(2):1-4.
Lisnawati Y, Suprijo H, Poedjirahajoe E, Musyafa. 2015. Dampak pembangunan hutan tanaman industri Acacia crassicarpa di lahan gambut terhadap tingkat kematangan dan laju penurunan permukaan tanah. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan. 22(2):179-186.
Mayring P. 2014. Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Foundation, Basic Procedures and Software Solution. Klagenfurt (143): Leibniz-Institut fur Sozialwissenschaften.
Medrilzam, Rahayu NH, Widiaryanto P, Rosylin L, Firdaus R, Suprapto U, Sumantri, Purnomo H, Wulan YC, Tarigan MLP, Nugraha M. 2017. Grand Design Pencegahan Kebakaran Hutan, Kebun, dan Lahan 2017-2019 Republik Indonesia. Jakarta (84): Direktorat Kehutanan dan Sumberdaya Air BAPPENAS.
Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC. 2016. Land cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatera, and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Global Ecology and Conservation. 6:67-78.
Pranoto DY, Hardiyansyah G, Fahrizah, Diba F, Hendarto, Arief FB, Marcellus M, Yani A, Suryadi A, Indraningsih W, Achsani H, Darea. 2017. Penilaian rencana perlindungan dan pengelolaan ekosistem gambut (PPEG) Provinsi Kalimantan Barat antara sistem pendukung-kebijakan atau advokasi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penerapan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi, Pontianak 23-24 Mei 2017. Pontianak: Universitas Tanjungpura.
Purbawiyatna A, Kartodiharjo H, Alikodra HS, Prasetyo LB. 2012. Analisis kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat untuk mendorong fungsi lindung. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan. 2(1):1-10.
Ritung S, Wahyunto, Nugroho K, Sukarman, Hikmatullah, Suparto, Tafakresnanto C. 2011. Peta Lahan Gambut Indonesia Skala 1:250.000 (Indonesian peatland map at the scale 1:250.000). Bogor: Balai Besar Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian-Kementerian Pertanian.
Setiawan BI, Faroby F. 2017. Peat policy and its implications on value chains of Indonesian palm oil. Eria Discussion Paper. ERIA-DP-2017-02.
Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy 12th Edition. Washington DC (362): United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Subiksa IGM, Wahyunto. 2013. Genesis Lahan Gambut Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Lahan Gambut Berkelanjutan, Bogor 4 Mei 2012. Bogor (466): Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Kementerian Pertanian.
Suwarno Y, Purwono N, Suriadi AB, Nahib I. 2016. Kajian kesatuan hidrologis gambut wilayah Kalimantan Tengah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peran Geospasial dalam Membingkai NKRI, Bogor 5 Oktober 2016. Bogor (329): Badan Informasi Geospasial.
Syahza A. 2011. Percepatan ekonomi pedesaan melalui pembangunan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan. 12(2):297-310.
Wahyunto, Nugroho K, Ritung S, Sulaeman Y. 2014. Peta lahan gambut Indonesia: metode pembuatan, tingkat keyakinan, dan penggunaan. Working Paper of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development.
Wahyunto, Ritung S, Suparto, Subagjo H. 2004. Map of Peatland Distribution and its C content in Kalimantan. Bogor (10): Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme and Wildlife Habitat Canada.
Wahyunto, Ritung S, Suparto, Subagjo H. 2005. Sebaran Gambut dan Kandungan Karbon di Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Bogor (254): Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme.
Wardani DM. 2016. Satu harapan: pakar gambut minta PP 57/2016 direvisi [Internet]. [diunduh 10 Oktober 2017]. Tersedia pada: http://www.satuharapan.com/read-detail/read/pakar-gambut-minta-pp-572016-direvisi.
Winarna. 2015. Pengaruh kedalaman muka air tanah dan dosis terak baja terhadap hidrofobisitas tanah gambut, emisi karbon, dan produksi kelapa sawit (disertasi). Bogor (100): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Worall L, Bond D. 1997. Geographical information system, spatial analysis, and public policy: the British experience. International Statistical Review. 65(3):365-379.
Zook M, Wollersheim D, Erbas B, Jacobsen KH. 2018. Integrating spatial analysis into policy formulation: a case study examining traffic exposure and asthma. World Medical and Health Policy. 10(1):99-110.
Authors
MaulanaS. I., SyaufinaL., PrasetyoL. B. and AidiM. N. (2019) “Pola Tutupan, Penggunaan, Serta Tantangan Kebijakan Perlindungan Ekosistem Gambut di Kabupaten Bengkalis”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 9(3), pp. 549-565. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.9.3.549-565.
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