Feed Diversity, Palatabiliti and Carrying Capacity of Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) Flying Squad in Tesso Nilo National Park.
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Accepted
17 December 2018
Published
1 December 2018
Abstract
Flying Squad (FS) WWF is a human-elephant conflict mitigation program that has been operated for 13 years. This program operates in Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP) at high conflict density. The management of FS captive elephant is performed by grazing in TNNP forest area. The existence of grazing activities, the operational time and the threat of deforestation will certainly affect the availability of feed and feed carrying capacity. This study aims to analyze feed diversity, palatability, and feed carrying capacity at the operational area. The method used for this study are 60 plots of vegetation analysis, interview, literature study and destructive measurement method by making 30 productivity plots of ground cover plants and observed for 2 months. The study found 110 feed species from 47 families. Within 6 hours of palatability observation, average elephant can grab the feed for 1959 time and the highest feed palatability is Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton. The total of feed productivity from ground cover plants is 82.027 kg/day. Carrying capacity at 1714 ha area is 161 elephants.
References
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[26] Tanentzap AJ, Bee JN, Lee WG, Lavers RB, Mills JA. 2009. The realibility of palatability es-timation obtained from rumen contents analysis and a field-based index of diet selection. Journal of Zoology (2009), pp 1-6. Doi 10.111/j.1469-7998.2009.00572.x.
[27] Tohir RK. 2016. Pengelolaan dan tingkat kese-jahteraan gajah sumatera (Elephas maximus sumatranus) di Flying Squad WWF Taman Na-sional Tesso Nilo. J. Medkon 21(2), pp 1-10.
[28] Vancuylenberg BWB. 1977. Feeding behaviour of the asiatic elephant in South-East Sri Lanka in relation to conservation. Biol Conserv 12(1977), pp 33-54.
[29] Vanitha V, Thiyagesan K, Baskaran N. 2008. Food and feeding of captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in The Three Management facilities St Tamil Nadu South India. J. Scl. Trans. Environ. Technov 2(2), pp 87-97.
[30] [WWF] World Wildlife Fund (ID). 2008. Common Ground Solution for Reducing the Human, Economic and Conservation Cost of Human Wildlife Conflict. Gland(CH): Species Programme WWF International.
[31] [WWF] World Wildlife Fund (ID). 2013. Gajah Sumatera [terhubung berkala]. http://www.wwf.or.id/program/spesies/gajah_sumatera [8 Desember 2016].
[2] Baskaran N. 1998. Ranging and resources utilization by asian elephant (Elephas maximus Linn) in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, South India. Phd Thesis. Bharathidasan University, India
[3] Djufri. 2004. Pengaruh tegakan akasia (Acacia nilotica) terhadap komposisi dan keanekaragaman tumbuhan bawah di Savana Balanan Taman Nasional BaluranJawa Timur. Jurnal Matematika, Sains dan Teknologi 5(2), pp 107-124.
[4] Hall D.O, Scurlock J.M.O, Bolhar- Nordenkampf H.R, Leegood R.C, Long S.P. 1993. Photosynthesis and Production in A Changing Environment. Chapman and Hall, London.
[5] Heffernan J. 2005. Elephants of Cabinda [Laporan]. UNDP.
[6] Hilwan I, Mulyana D, Pananjung WG. 2013. Keanekaragamana jenis tumbuhan bawah pada tegakan sengon bruto (Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb.) dan Trembesi (Samanea saman Merr.) di Lahan Pasca Tambang Batubara PT Kitadin, Embalut, Kutai Kartanagara. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika 4(02), pp 6-10.
[7] Hui C. 2015. Carrying capacity of the environ-ment. International Encyclopedia of The Social and Behavioral Science 3(10), pp 7038-7039. doi 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.91002-X.
[8] Hutasoit R, Sirait S, Ginting SP. 2009. Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya dan Pemanfaatan Bachiaria ruzizensis (Rumput Ruzi) Sebagai Hijauan Pa-kan Kambing. Jakarta (ID): Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan-Departemen Per-tanian.
[9] Indriyanto. 2008. Ekologi Hutan. PT Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.
[10] Joshi R, Singh R. 2008. Feeding behavior of wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Rajaji National Park. The Journal of American Science 4(2), pp 34-48. ISSN 1545-1003.
[11] Kushartono B. 2001. Pengaruh curah hujan dan pola pemupukan terhadap produksi rumput raja (Pennisetum purpurephoides).Temu Teknis Fungsional Non Peneliti 2001. Balai Penelitian Ternak, Bogor.
[12] Mohapatra KK, Patra AK, Paramanik DS. 2013. Food and feeding behavior of asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus Linn.) in Kuldiha Wild Life Sanctuary, Odisha India. Jurnal of Environmen-tal Biology 34(2013), pp 87-92. ISSN 0254-8704.
[13] Riddle HS, Desai AA. 2015. Human elephant conflict in asia [Laporan]. Tersedia pada https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/Human-Elephant-Conflict-in-Asia-June2015.pdf.
[14] Rohyan DA. 2016. The human-elephant conflict in Tesso Nilo National Park, Riau [terhubung berkala].http://www.reddplusid.org/index.php/en/news/youth-corner/456-the-human elephant-conflict-in-tesso-nilo-national-park-riau[Diunduh 2016 Juni 15].
[15] Setyawan AD, S Setyaningsih, dan Sugiyarto 2006. Pengaruh jenis dan kombinasi tanaman sela terhadap diversitas dan biomassa gulma di bawah tegakan sengon (Paraserienthes falcataria L. Nielsen) di Resort Pemangkuan Hutan Jatirejo Kediri. Biosmart (8)1, pp 27-32.
[16] Shoshani J, Eisenberg JF. 1982. Mammalian species: Elephas maximus. The American Society of Mammalogists 182(1982), pp 1-8.
[17] Sitompul AF, Griffin CR, Fuller TK. 2013. Diur-nal activity and foof choice free-foraging cap-tive elephants at the Seblat Elephant Conserva-tion Center, Sumatera, Indonesia. Gajah 38(2013), pp 19-24.
[18] Sitompul AF. 2011. Ecology and conservation of sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Sumatra, Indonesia. Disertasi. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amerika Serikat.
[19] Sukmantoro W, Syamsuardi, Sudibyo A, Su-prahman H. 2011. Desain kanal atau parit gajah sebagai bagian dari teknik mitigasi konflik gajah-manusia di Tesso Nilo, Provinsi Riau [laporan]. WWF Indonesia Riau dan Balai Ta-man Nasional Tesso Nilo Program.
[20] Sukumar R, Ramesh R. 1995. Elephant foraging: si browser or grass Moore important?. A dek Alt elephants: proceeding of The International seminar on Conservation of Asian elephants. Oxford University Press: 268-272
[21] Sukumar R. 1989. The Asian Elephant Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press, Inggris.
[22] Sukumar R. 2003. The Living Elephants. Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Inggris.
[23] Supartono. 2007. Preferensi dan pendugaan produktivitas pakan alami populasi gajah su-matera (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temmick, 1847) di Hutan Produksi Khusus (HPKh) Pusat Latihan Gajah (PLG) Seblat Bengkulu Utara. Tesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
[24] Susetyo S. 1980. Padang Penggembalaan. Fakultas Peternakan IPB, Bogor.
[25] Syarifuddin H. 2008. Analisis daya dukung habi-tat dan pemodelan dinamika populasi gajah sumatera (Elephas maximus sumatranus) studi kasus di Kawasan Seblat Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara. Disertasi. Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
[26] Tanentzap AJ, Bee JN, Lee WG, Lavers RB, Mills JA. 2009. The realibility of palatability es-timation obtained from rumen contents analysis and a field-based index of diet selection. Journal of Zoology (2009), pp 1-6. Doi 10.111/j.1469-7998.2009.00572.x.
[27] Tohir RK. 2016. Pengelolaan dan tingkat kese-jahteraan gajah sumatera (Elephas maximus sumatranus) di Flying Squad WWF Taman Na-sional Tesso Nilo. J. Medkon 21(2), pp 1-10.
[28] Vancuylenberg BWB. 1977. Feeding behaviour of the asiatic elephant in South-East Sri Lanka in relation to conservation. Biol Conserv 12(1977), pp 33-54.
[29] Vanitha V, Thiyagesan K, Baskaran N. 2008. Food and feeding of captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in The Three Management facilities St Tamil Nadu South India. J. Scl. Trans. Environ. Technov 2(2), pp 87-97.
[30] [WWF] World Wildlife Fund (ID). 2008. Common Ground Solution for Reducing the Human, Economic and Conservation Cost of Human Wildlife Conflict. Gland(CH): Species Programme WWF International.
[31] [WWF] World Wildlife Fund (ID). 2013. Gajah Sumatera [terhubung berkala]. http://www.wwf.or.id/program/spesies/gajah_sumatera [8 Desember 2016].
Authors
TohirR. K. (2018) “Feed Diversity, Palatabiliti and Carrying Capacity of Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) Flying Squad in Tesso Nilo National Park.”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 8(3), pp. 339-346. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.8.3.339-346.
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