THE URGE TO OPTIMIZE THINKING PROCESS: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT ON PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE (PIU) MEDIATED BY EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
Urgensi Mengoptimalkan Proses Berpikir: Kontribusi Kelekatan kepada Orang Tua dan Teman Sebaya terhadap Problematic Internet Use (PIU) Dimediasi oleh Executive
Abstract
Attachment relationships are shaped by higher-order cognitive abilities that help individuals regulate their behavior, including internet usage, which is a prevalent activity among students. The purpose of this study is to assess the mediating role of executive function (EF) in the relationship between individual attachment and problematic internet use (PIU) behavior. EF is believed to serve as a buffer against the negative effects of weak attachment between individuals and their parents or peers, thereby helping to suppress PIU behavior. This study employed a quantitative research design with 127 college students from DKI Jakarta. Convenience sampling was used to select participants. Attachment was measured using the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment – Revision (IPPA-R), PIU was assessed using the Indonesian Problematic Internet Use Scale (IPIUS), and EF was evaluated using the Amsterdam Executive Function Inventory (AEFI). The mediation regression analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of attachment to parents on PIU, mediated by EF. It is recommended that parents foster early interactions with their children to optimize their cognitive development and take peer influences into consideration when supporting their children’s behavior regulation.
References
Andangsari, E. W., Djunaidi, A., Fitriana, E., & Harding, D. (2018). Loneliness and Problematic internet use (PIU) as causes of academic procrastination. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i2.2834
Andangsari, E. W., Djunaidi, A., Fitriana, E., & Harding, D. (2019). Indonesia Problematic Internet Use Scale. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1175(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012239
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
Asosiasi Jasa Penyelenggara Internet Indonesia. (2022). Profil Internet Indonesia 2022. APJII.
Asyriati, R. (2020). Parent attachment and adolescent’s problematic internet use: A literature review. In Proceedings of the 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) (Vol. 395, pp. 124-128). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.027
Aydın, O., Obuća, F., Boz, C., & Ünal-Aydın, P. (2020). Associations between executive functions and problematic social networking sites use. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 42(6), 634–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2020.1798358
Baars, M. A. E., Nije Bijvank, M., Tonnaer, G. H., & Jolles, J. (2015). Self-report measures of executive functioning are a determinant of academic performance in first-year students at a university of applied sciences. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01131
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024, Dec 3). Proporsi individu yang menguasai/memiliki telepon genggam menurut kelompok umur (Persen) 2021-2023. Retrieved Dec, 2024, from https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTIyMiMy/proporsi-individu-yang-menggunakan-telepon-genggam.html l
Barrios-Fernandez, S., Gozalo, M., Amado-Fuentes, M., Carlos-Vivas, J., & Garcia-Gomez, A. (2021). A short version of the online questionnaire for the assessment of executive functions in school-age children. Children, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/CHILDREN8090799
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Berk, L. E. (2014). Development through the lifespan. Pearson Education.
Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203257842
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Handbook of attachment. The Guilford Press.
Chao, C. M., Kao, K. Y., & Yu, T. K. (2020). Reactions to problematic internet use among adolescents: Inappropriate physical and mental health perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(July), 1782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01782
Chen, C. Y., Chen, I. H., Pakpour, A. H., Lin, C. Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Internet-related behaviors and psychological distress among schoolchildren during the COVID-19 school hiatus. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(10). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0497
Crain, W. (2015). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Routledge.
D’Aquila, J. M., Wang, D., & Mattia, A. (2019). Are instructor generated YouTube videos effective in accounting classes? A study of student performance, engagement, motivation, and perception. Journal of Accounting Education, 47, 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2019.02.002
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Dogruer, N., Eyyam, R., & Menevis, I. (2011). The use of the internet for educational purposes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28, 606–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.115
Dong, G., Lin, X., Zhou, H., & Lu, Q. (2014). Cognitive flexibility in internet addicts: FMRI evidence from difficult-to-easy and easy-to-difficult switching situations. Addictive Behaviors, 39(3), 677–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.028
Gao, Q., Jia, G., Zhao, J., & Zhang, D. (2019). Inhibitory control in excessive social networking users: Evidence from an event-related potential-based go-nogo task. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01810
Jia, R., & Jia, H. H. (2016). Maybe you should blame your parents: Parental attachment, gender, and problematic Internet use. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 524–528. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.059
Lan, X., & Wang, W. (2020). Parental attachment and problematic internet use among Chinese adolescents: The moderating role of gender and grit. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238933
Liu, S. Zhang, D., Tian, Y., Xu, B., & Wu, X. (2023). Gender differences in symptom structure of adolescent problematic internet use: A network analysis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00590-2
Malay, E. D., & Nataningsih, A. (2020). Does the use of social network service LINE affect first-year college students’ social adjustment? Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 18(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.7454/jps.2020.05
Marvin, R. S., Britner, P. A., & Russel, B. S. (2016). Normative development: The ontogeny of attachment in childhood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 273–290). The Guilford Press.
Mukti R., Y., & Bustan, R. (2024). The urge of parents’ role: The contribution of parent and peer attachment to adolescents’ problematic internet use (PIU). Jurnal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 9(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v9i1.5138
Mukti, Y., & Hendrawan, D. (2018). Early education matter: The power of child-parent attachment quality in predicting child’s executive function. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, 11(1), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2018.11.1.74
Natanael, Y. (2021). Analisis Rasch model Indonesia Problematic Internet Use Scale (IPIUS). Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 10(1), 67–186. https://doi.org/10.30996/persona.v10i1.4827
Niu, X., Xie, Y.-X., Gou, L.-X., King, D. L., Gu, J.-J., & Wang, J.-L. (2023). The association between adult attachment and problematic internet use: A three-level meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 149, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107957
Odaci, H., & Çikrikçi, Ö. (2014). Problematic internet use in terms of gender, attachment styles and subjective well-being in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.019
Pichardo, C., Romero-López, M., Ruiz-Durán, A., & García-Berbén, T. (2021). Executive functions and problematic internet use among university students: The mediator role of self-esteem. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911003
Rahmawati, Y. M. (2018). Perbedaan antara kualitas attachment anak pada figur ayah dah figur ibu dalam kemampuan cool dan hot executive function anak usia prasekolah [Master’s thesis, Universitas Indonesia]. Universitas Indonesia Library. https://lontar.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20467359&lokasi=lokal
Reiner, I., Tibubos, A. N., Hardt, J., Müller, K., Wölfling, K., & Beutel, M. E. (2017). Peer attachment, specific patterns of internet use and problematic internet use in male and female adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(10), 1257–1268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0984-0
Romano, M., Moscovitch, D. A., Saini, P., & Huppert, J. D. (2020). The effects of positive interpretation bias on cognitive reappraisal and social performance: Implications for social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103651
Romero-López, M., Pichardo, C., Hoces, I. De, & García-Berbén, T. (2021). Problematic internet use among university students and its relationship with social skills. Brain Sciences, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101301
Sagone, E., Commodari, E., Indiana, M. L., & La Rosa, V. L. (2023). Exploring the association between attachment style, psychological well-being, and relationship status in young adults and adults—A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13030040
Schimmenti, A., Guglielmucci, F., Barbasio, C., & Granieri, A. (2012). Attachment disorganization and dissociation in virtual worlds: A study on problematic Internet use among players of online role playing games. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 9(5). https://www.clinicalneuropsychiatry.org/download/attachment-disorganization-and-dissociation-in-virtual-worlds-a-study-on-problematic-internet-use-among-players-of-online-role-playing-games/
Schimmenti, A., Musetti, A., Costanzo, A., Terrone, G., Maganuco, N. R., Aglieri Rinella, C., & Gervasi, A. M. (2021). The unfabulous four: Maladaptive personality functioning, insecure attachment, dissociative experiences, and problematic internet use among young adults. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(2), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00079-0
Stackert A., R., Bursik, K. (2003). Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1419-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00124-1
Suzuki, H., Miyatake, N., & Kusaka, T. (2023). Problematic internet use and attachment styles among adolescents in Japan. Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.15411
Tammilehto, J., Bosmans, G., Kuppens, P., Flykt, M., Peltonen, K., Kerns, K. A., & Lindblom, J. (2022). Dynamics of attachment and emotion regulation in daily life: Uni- and bidirectional associations. Cognition and Emotion, 36(6), 1419–1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2022.2081534
UNICEF East Asia and the Pacific Region and the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention. (2020). Our lives online: Use of social media by children and adolescents in East Asia - opportunities, risks, and harms. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/3106/file/Our-Lives-Online.pdf
Veríssimo, M., Santos, A. J., Fernandes, C., Shin, N., & Vaughn, B. E. (2014). Associations between attachment security and social competence in preschool children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 60(1), 80–99 . https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.60.1.0080
Vigna-Taglianti, F., Brambilla, R., Priotto, B., Angelino, R., Cuomo, G. L., & Diecidue, R. (2017). Problematic internet use among high school students: Prevalence, associated factors and gender differences. Psychiatry Research, 257, 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.039
Young, K., Yue, X. D., & Ying , L. (2011). Prevalence estimates and etiologic models of internet addiction. In K. Young, & C. N. de Abreu (Eds.), Internet addiction: A handbook and guide to evaluation and treatment. John Wiley & Sons.
Yuniar, N. F. (2021). Childhood social skills and attachment styles: A systematic review. OPTIMA: Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 1(1). https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/optima/article/view/35832
Zakiyyah, A., & Latifah, M. (2022). Pengaruh kelekatan remaja-orangtua, harga diri, dan kontrol diri terhadap penggunaan internet bermasalah pada remaja. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, 15(3), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2022.15.3.264
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts published are held Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen. The statement to release the copyright to Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen is stated in Copyright Release Form. Copyright encompass exclusive rights to reproduce, to distribute, and to sell any part of the journal articles in all form and media. The reproduction of any part of this journal is allowed with a written permission from Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen.
