RELIGIOSITY, FAMILY GENDER ROLES SOCIALIZATION, AND COLLEGE STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER (LGBT)
Abstrak
Society’s attitudes towards LGBT can be understood through college students’ viewpoints as the university’s environment can act as a microcosm of a larger community. Their voices can act as a representation of the youth generation and fellow citizens’ tolerance. This study aims to analyze the influences of religiosity and family gender roles socialization on students’ attitudes toward LGBT. Primary data used in this study were collected through an online questionnaire filled by 60 respondents, divided into male and female, who were selected by multistage random sampling technique involving all IPB’s undergraduate programs. This study found a significant difference between male and female students’ rejection of lesbians, with female students having higher rejection than male students. Students' religiosity and family gender roles socialization are in the medium category. Sex positively correlated to attitudes toward lesbians, while the mother's Occupation positively correlated to family gender roles, socialization, and religiosity was found to positively correlate with attitudes toward lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender. Sex, explicitly being female, positively influences attitudes toward lesbians. In contrast, religiosity positively influences attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, which means female students have a higher rejection of lesbians. The greater religiosity will result in increased rejection of LGBT.
Referensi
Abdullah, A., Hassan, A. Kadarman, N., Saleh, A., Baraya, Y. S., & Lua, P. L. (2016). Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice toward Compliance with Abattoir Laws among the Abattoir Worker in Malaysia. International Journal of General Medicine, 9, 79-87. https//doi.org/10,2147/IJGM.S98436
Andersen, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Cohort Differences in Tolerance of Homosexuality: Attitudinal Change in Canada and the United States, 1981-2000. Public Opinion Quarterly, 311–330. https://doi.org/10,1093/poq/nfn017
Barrett, D. C., & Pollack, L. M. (2005). Whose Gay Community? Social Class, Sexual Self-Expression, and Gay Community Involvement. Sociological Quarterly, 46(3), 437–456. https://doi.org/10,1111/j,1533-8525,2005,00021.x
Bente, C.-C. (2015). Relationships between Personality Characteristics and Attitude Towards Work in School Teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 1562–1568. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.sbspro,2015,02,307
Blashill, A. J., & Calzo, J. P. (2019). Sexual Minority Children: Mood Disorders and Suicidality Disparities. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 96–98. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.jad,2018,12,040
Bolzendahl, C. I., & Myers, D. J. (2004). Feminist Attitudes and Support for Gender Equality: Opinion Change in Women and Men. Social Forces, 759–789. https://doi.org/10,1353/sof,2005,0005
Bornstein, S. (2012). The Law of Gender Stereotyping and the Work-Family Conflicts of Men. Hastings Law Journal, 63(5), 1297–1345.
Brown, M. J., & Henriquez, E. (2008). Socio-Demographic Predictors of Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians. Individual Differences Research, 6(3), 193–202.
Bryant, A. N. (2007). Gender Differences in Spiritual Development during the College Years. Sex Roles, 56(11–12), 835–846. https://doi.org/10,1007/s11199-007-9240-2
Duhaylungsod, S. T., Grace Y Madrid, C., Leamor M Lapiz, M., Pongasi, C. S., & Tan, L. M. P. (2018). Attitudes Toward the LGBT: A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department Iligan City National High School. Arts and Social Sciences Journal, 09(03), 1–8. https://doi.org/10,4172/2151-6200,1000356
Ellison, C. G., & Musick, M. A. (1993). Southern Intolerance: A Fundamentalist Effect?. Social Forces, 72(2), 379–398. https://doi.org/10,1093/sf/72,2,379
Gibbs, J. J., & Goldbach, J. (2015). Religious Conflict, Sexual Identity, and Suicidal Behaviors among LGBT Young Adults. Archives of Suicide Research, 19(4), 472–488. https://doi.org/10,1080/13811118,2015,1004476
Gumprecht, B. (2003). The American College Town. In Geographical Review, 93(1), 51–80. American Geographical Society. https://doi.org/10,1111/j,1931-0846,2003.tb00020.x
Herek, G. M. (1984). Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1–2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10,1300/J082v10n01_03
Herek, G. M. (2002). Gender Gaps in Public Opinion about Lesbians and Gay Men. In Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(1), 40–66. Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10,1086/338409
Herek, G. M. (2007). Confronting Sexual Stigma and Prejudice: Theory and Practice. Journal of Social Issues, 63(4), 905–925. https://doi.org/10,1111/j,1540-4560,2007,00544.x
Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The Development and Validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. Sex Roles, 53(7–8), 531–544. https://doi.org/10,1007/s11199-005-7140-x
Hooghe, M., Claes, E., Harell, A., Quintelier, E., & Dejaeghere, Y. (2010). Anti-Gay Sentiment among Adolescents in Belgium and Canada: A Comparative Investigation into the Role of Gender and Religion. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(3), 384–400. https://doi.org/10,1080/00918360903543071
Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710–724. https://doi.org/10,3390/rel3030710
Hunter, N. D. (2012). The Future Impact of Same-Sex Marriage: More Questions than Answers. Georgetown Law Journal, 100, 1855–1879.
Jäckle, S., & Wenzelburger, G. (2015). Religion, Religiosity, and the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality—A Multilevel Analysis of 79 Countries. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(2), 207–241. https://doi.org/10,1080/00918369,2014,969071
Jaspers, E., Lubbers, M., & De Graaf, N. D. (2007). “Horrors of Holland”: Explaining attitude change towards euthanasia and homosexuals in the Netherlands, 1970-1998. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(4), 451–473. https://doi.org/10,1093/ijpor/edm029
Jensen, M. A. (2019). Why Are Women More Religious than Men?. Inquiries Journal, 11(10).
Kingston, P. W., Hubbard, R., Lapp, B., Schroeder, P., & Wilson, J. (2003). Why education matters. Sociology of Education, 76(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10,2307/3090261
Krzaklewska, E. (2014). Measurement of Gender Equality-Analysing Dimensions, Embracing Areas, Considering Contexts.
LaMar, L., & Kite, M. (1998). Sex Differences in Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians: A Multidimensional Perspective. The Journal of Sex Research, 35(2), 189–196. https://doi.org/10,1080/00224499809551932
Lawson, K. M. ., Crouter, A. C. ., & McHale, S. M. (2015). Links between Family Gender Socialization Experiences in Childhood and Gendered Occupational Attainment in Young Adulthood. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 26–35. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.jvb,2015,07,003
Liang, C. T. H., & Alimo, C. (2005). The Impact of White Heterosexual Students’ Interactions on Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People: A Longitudinal Study. In Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 237–250). Johns Hopkins University Press. https://doi.org/10,1353/csd,2005,0028
Lim, V. K. G. (2002). Gender Differences and Attitudes Towards Homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 43(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10,1300/J082v43n01_05
Manalastas, E. J., Ojanen, T. T., Torre, B. A. ., Ratanashevorn, R., Hong, B. C. C., Kumaresan, V., & Veeramuthu, V. (2017). Homonegativity in Southeast Asia: Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 17(1), 25–33.
Marks, J. L., Lam, C. B., & McHale, S. M. (2009). Family Patterns of Gender Role Attitudes. Sex Roles, 61(3–4), 221–234. https://doi.org/10,1007/s11199-009-9619-3
Marsiglio, W. (1993). Attitudes Toward Homosexual Activity and Gays as Friends: A National Survey of Heterosexual 15- to 19-Year-Old Males. The Journal of Sex Research, 30(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/10,1080/00224499309551673
Meaney, G. J., & Rye, B. J. (2010). Gendered Egos: Attitude Functions and Gender as Predictors of Homonegativity. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(10), 1274–1302. https://doi.org/10,1080/00918369,2010,517074
Mijas, M., Koziara, K., Dora, M., Szpitalak, M., D’Amore, S., & Green, R.-J. (2016). Are Men more Homophobic than Women? Insights from Polish Research on Attitudes Toward Marriage Equality and LGBT Parenting.
Mohr, J. J., & Rochlen, A. B. (1999). Measuring Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality in Lesbian, Gay Male, and Heterosexual Populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 353–369. https://doi.org/10,1037/0022-0167,46,3,353.
Nurhayani, N. (2021). Ethnic identity in paternal behaviour. Journal of Gender and Social Inclusion in Muslim Societies, 2(1), 17-28.
Olson, L. R., Cadge, W., & Harrison, J. T. (2006). Religion and Public Opinion about Same-Sex Marriage. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 340–360. https://doi.org/10,1111/j,1540-6237,2006,00384.x
Olson, M., & DeSouza, E. (2017). The Influence of Sociocultural Factors on College Students’ Attitudes toward Sexual Minorities. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 44(4), 73–94.
Pew Research Center on Global Attitude and Trends. (2012, February). The American-Western European Values Gap: American Exceptionalism Subsides. Pew Research Center of Global Attitude and Trends.
Pew Research Center on Global Attitudes and Trends. (2009, February). The Global Middle Class: Chapter 2. Religion and Social Issues. Pew Research Center on Global Attitudes and Trends.
Pew Research Center on Global Attitudes and Trends. (2013, June). The Global Divide on Homosexuality. Pew Research Center on Global Attitudes and Trends.
Pew Research Center on Global Attitudes and Trends. (2020, June). Views of Homosexuality Around the World: The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists. Pew Research Center on Global Attitudes and Trends.
Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life. (2015, November). U.S. Public Becoming Less Religious. Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life.
Prakoso, C. B., Arifianto, Y. A., & Suseno, A. (2020). LGBT in a Bible Perspective as the Foundation for Forming a Paradigm of Christian Ethics towards the Association of Believers. Journal of Theology (JUTEOLOG), 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10,52489/juteolog.v1i1,8
Raja, S., & Stokes, J. P. (1998). Assessing Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men: The Modern Homophobia Scale. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 3(2), 113–134. https://doi.org/10,1023/A:1023244427281
Roberson, J. E. ., & Suzuki, N. (2003). Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman (J. A. A. Stockwin (ed.); 1st ed.). Routledge.
Rosentreich, G. (2013). LGBTI People Mental Health and Suicide. Revised 2nd Edition.
Rowatt, W. C., Tsang, J. A., Kelly, J., LaMartina, B., McCullers, M., & McKinley, A. (2006). Associations between Religious Personality Dimensions and Implicit Homosexual Prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45(3), 397–406. https://doi.org/10,1111/j,1468-5906,2006,00314.x
Saputra, K. A. K., Anggiriawan, P. B., & Sutapa, I. N. (2018). Akuntabilitas pengelolaan keuangan desa dalam perspektif budaya tri hita karana. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Bisnis Airlangga, 3(1). http://dx.doi.org/10,31093/jraba.v3i1,90
Schnabel, L. (2018). Sexual Orientation and Social Attitudes. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 4, 18. https://doi.org/10,1177/2378023118769550
Schulte, L. J., & Battle, J. (2004). The Relative Importance of Ethnicity and Religion in Predicting Attitudes Towards Gays and Lesbians. In Journal of Homosexuality, 47(2), 127–142. https://doi.org/10,1300/J082v47n02_08
Schwartz, J. P., & Lindley, L. D. (2005). Religious Fundamentalism and Attachment: Prediction of Homophobia. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(1), 145–157. https://doi.org/10,1207/s15327582ijpr1502_3
Slootmaeckers, K., & Lievens, J. (2014). Cultural Capital and Attitudes Toward Homosexuals: Exploring the Relation Between Lifestyles and Homonegativity. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(7), 962–979. https://doi.org/10,1080/00918369,2014,870848
Steffens, M. C., & Wagner, C. (2004). Attitudes Toward Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexual Women, and Bisexual Men in Germany. In Journal of Sex Research, 41(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10,1080/00224490409552222
Stewart, B. T., Heck, N. C., & Cochran, B. N. (2015). A Comparison of Sexual Minority Youth Who Attend Religiously Affiliated Schools and Their Nonreligious-School-Attending Counterparts. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10,1080/19361653,2014,969864
Tiliouine, H., & Belgoumidi, A. (2009). An Exploratory Study of Religiosity, Meaning in Life and Subjective Wellbeing in Muslim Students from Algeria. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 4(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10,1007/s11482-009-9076-8
Winurini, S. (2016). Interpreting LGBT Behavior in Indonesia (Review of Abnormal Psychology). Brief Info on Research Center of the Indonesian House of Representatives Expertise Board, 8(5), 9–12.
Worthen, M. G. F. (2012). Understanding College Student Attitudes Toward LGBT Individuals. Sociological Focus, 45(4), 286–305. https://doi.org/10,1080/00380237,2012,712857
Worthington, R. L., Dillon, F. R., & Becker-Schutte, A. M. (2005). Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale for Heterosexuals (LGB-KASH). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 104–118. https://doi.org/10,1037/0022-0167,52,1,104
Yanuarti, E. (2019). Islamic Parenting Patterns for Parents in Preventing the Emergence of LGBT Behavior From an Early Age. Scholar: Journal of Education and Society, 17(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10,21154/cendekia.v17i1,1337
Zhang, T. (2019). Male homosexuality in Japan from the perspective of the younger generation: a case study of students at a National University. Journal of LGBT Youth, 1–34. https://doi.org/10,1080/19361653,2019,1684415
Zmyj, N., & Huber-Bach, L. (2020). German adolescents’ homonegativity and the relationship to their religious denomination and gender role orientation. Journal of LGBT Youth, 17(3), 241–259. https://doi.org/10,1080/19361653,2019,1641174
