Hubungan Efikasi Diri Dan Motivasi Kewirausahaan Calon Pensiunan Perusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit
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Abstract
The world’s population is aging and almost every country in the world, including Indonesia, is experiencing growth in the number and proportion of older people in its population. Research on entrepreneurship among retiree candidates can contribute to knowledge and efforts to face the problem of aging population. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and motivation are thought to be related to the entrepreneurial decisions of older entrepreneurs. This research aims to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and motivation of oil palm plantation company retiree candidates. Data was obtained from a survey of palm oil company employees who will retire in 2024 to 2028. The data then analyzed using Rank Spearman correlation with STATA. The results show that the entrepreneurial self-efficacy and motivation of candidate retirees are in the medium category. The correlation test results show that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is positively and strongly correlated with entrepreneurial motivation. This research suggests that companies prepare employees who will retire with training containing material to strengthen self-efficacy, because strong self-efficacy will motivate company employees who will retire to become entrepreneurs in retirement.
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PuriwaraL. A., PambudyR., & EtriyaE. (2025). Hubungan Efikasi Diri Dan Motivasi Kewirausahaan Calon Pensiunan Perusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Forum Agribisnis : Agribusiness Forum , 15(1), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.15.1.76-89
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References
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Caines, V., Earl, J. K., & Bordia, P. (2019). Self-Employment in Later Life: How Future Time Perspective and Social Support Influence Self-Employment Interest. Front Psychol. 10, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/ /doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00448.
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Duriez, B., Lens, W., Matos, L., & Mouratidis, A. (2014). Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Need Frustration, and Need Strength Across Four Cultures. Motivation and Emotion. 39(2), 216–236. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1.
Chen, G. C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers? Volume ke-13. Journal of Business Venturing, 13 (4): 295-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3.
Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of a Science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavaviour, 4: 19 -43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and The Self-determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry. 11 (4), 227–268. DOI: https://doi.org//10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
Eliyana, A., Musta’In., Sridadi, A. R., & Aviantari, N. (2020). Linking Self Efficacy on Motivation and Entrepreneurial Achievements. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 11(8), 328–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.8.50.
Etriya, E., Scholten, V. E., Wubben, E. F. M., & Omta, S. W. F. (Onno). (2019). The Impact of Networks on the Innovative and Financial Performance of More Entrepreneurial Versus Less Entrepreneurial Farmers in West Java, Indonesia. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 89, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2019.100308.
Gimmon, E., Yitshaki, R., & Hantman, S. (2018). Entrepreneurship in The Third Age: Retirees’ Motivation and Intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 34 (3), 267–288. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2018.092743.
Gutterman, A. S. (2022). Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries. Sustainable Entrepreneurship Project, 1–49.
Hanum, N. (2018). Pengaruh Pendapatan, Jumlah Tanggungan Keluarga dan Pendidikan terhadap Pola Konsumsi Rumah Tangga Nelayan di Desa Seuneubok Rambong Aceh Timur. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomika, 2(1), 75–84.
Harahap, S. S. (2019). Hubungan Usia, Tingkat Pendidikan, Kemampuan Bekerja dan Masa Bekerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai dengan Menggunakan Metode Pearson Correlation. Jurnal Teknovasi, 6(2), 12–25.
Hisrich RD., & Peters MP. 1998. Entrepreneurship. Boston (MA): Penerbit McGraw-Hill.
Hsu, D. K., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Simmons, S. A., Foo, M. D., Hong, M., & Pipes, J. D. (2019). “I Know I Can, But I Don’t Fit”: Perceived Fit, Self-efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311-326. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.004.
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal and Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975.
Kautonen, T., Down, S., & South, L. (2008). Enterprise Support for Older Entrepreneurs: the Case of Prime in the UK. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(2), 85–101.
Khamwan, T. 2023. Senior Entrepreneurs and Their Motivations To Become Small Business Owners in Thailand. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies, 23(3), 567–580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14456/hasss.2023.48.
Kibler E., Wainwright T., Kautonen T., & Blackburn RA. 2012. (Work)life After Work? Older Entrepreneurship in London – Motivations and Barriers. London (UK). Kingston Hill.
Mcgee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy: Refining The Measure. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00304.x.
Mueller, S. L., & Goic, S. (2003). East-West Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education in Transition Economies. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(4), 613–632.
Munandar, F. A., Krisnamurthi, B., & Burhanuddin, B. (2023). Persepsi Generasi Muda Tentang Pertanian Organik dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Minat Berwirausaha. Forum Agribisnis, 13(1), 110–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.13.1.110-120.
Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Nielsen, I. (2019). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Its Theoretical Foundations, Measurement, Antecedents, and Outcomes, and an Agenda for Future Research. Journal Vocation Behavior, 110, 403–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012.
Olafsen, A. H., Halvari, H., & Frølund, C. W. (2021). The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration at Work Scale: A Validation Study. Front Psychol. 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697306.
Perenyi, A., Zolin, R., & Maritz, A. (2018). The Perceptions of Australian Senior Entrepreneurs on the Drivers of Their Entrepreneurial Activity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. 24(1):81–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2016-0424.
Priya, T. S. S. J., Priatna, W. B., Burhanuddin, B. (2024). Faktor–Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Intensi Berwirausaha Pertanian Siswa SMK Agribisnis di Kabupaten Cianjur. Forum Agribisnis, 14(2), 98–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.14.2.98-113.
Ramadhan, R. P., & Burhanuddin, B. (2017). Analisis Hubungan Watak Kewirausahaan dengan Kinerja Usaha Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor. Forum Agribisnis. 7(1), 35–48.
Ratten, V. (2019). Older Entrepreneurship: a Literature Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in Global Economy, 13 (1–2), 178–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-08-2018-0054.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Education Psychology, 25(1): 54–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.
Sahut, J. M., Gharbi, S., & Mili, M. (2015). Identifying Factors Key to Encouraging Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Seniors. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(4), 252–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1358.
Shi, L., Yao, X., & Wu, W. (2020). Perceived University Support, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Heterogeneous Entrepreneurial Intentions in Entrepreneurship Education: The Moderating Role of the Chinese Sense of Face. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(2), 205–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2019-0040.
Soto-Simeone, A., & Kautonen, T. (2020). Senior Entrepreneurship Following Unemployment: a Social Identity Theory Perspective. Review of Managerial Science, 15, 1.683-1.706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00395-z.
Stevenson HH., Roberts MJ., & Grousbeck HI. 1985. New Business Ventures and The Entrepreneur. Michigan (US): Penerbit Richard D. Irwin.
Sugarman, J., & Sokol, B. (2012). Human Agency and Development: An Introduction and Theoretical Sketch. New Ideas Psychol, 30, 1–14.
Sweet, S. N., Fortier, M. S., Strachan, S. M., & Blanchard, C. M. (2012). Testing and Integrating Self-Determination Theory and Self-efficacy Theory in a Physical Activity Context. Canadian Psychology, 53(4), 319–327. DOI: https://doi.org/-10.1037/a0030280.
Taneja, M., Kiran, R., & Bose, S. C. (2024). Relating Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy with Entrepreneurial Success: Perception-based Analysis of Students of Higher Educational Institutions. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 37(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2024.2317145.
Velilla, J., Molina, J. A., & Ortega, R. (2018). Why Older Workers Become Entrepreneurs? International Evidence Using Fuzzy Set Methods. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 88–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.03.004.
Williams CL., & Neely MT. 2015. Gender and Work. Di dalam: Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Penerbit Amerika Serikat (US): Penerbit John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yeh, C. H., Lin, H. H., Wang, Y. M., Wang, Y.S., & Lo, C. W. (2021). Investigating the Relationships between Entrepreneurial Education and Self-efficacy and Performance in the Context of Internet Entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 1-11.
Al-Jubari, I., Mosbah, A., & Talib, Z. M. (2019). Do Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Relate to Entrepreneurial Intention Differently? A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 25(2), 1-14.
Arisandi, D., Pambudi, R., Winandi, R., & Sari, W. K. (2023). Determinan Intensi Berwirausaha Mahasiswa Pascasarjana IPB Pada Bidang Agribisnis. Forum Agribisnis, 13(2), 229–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.13.2.229-239.
Azwar S. 2013. Sikap Manusia: Teori dan Pengukurannya. Yogyakarta (ID): Penerbit Pustaka Pelajar.
BPS [Badan Pusat Statistik]. 2021. Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2021. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit BPS.
BPS [Badan Pusat Statistik]. 2022. Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2022. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit BPS.
BPS [Badan Pusat Statistik]. 2023. Statistik Indonesia 2023. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit BPS.
BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. 2023. Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah dalam Angka 2023. Palangka Raya (ID): Penerbit BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah.
Caines, V., Earl, J. K., & Bordia, P. (2019). Self-Employment in Later Life: How Future Time Perspective and Social Support Influence Self-Employment Interest. Front Psychol. 10, 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/ /doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00448.
Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Duriez, B., Lens, W., Matos, L., & Mouratidis, A. (2014). Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Need Frustration, and Need Strength Across Four Cultures. Motivation and Emotion. 39(2), 216–236. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1.
Chen, G. C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers? Volume ke-13. Journal of Business Venturing, 13 (4): 295-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3.
Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of a Science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavaviour, 4: 19 -43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and The Self-determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry. 11 (4), 227–268. DOI: https://doi.org//10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
Eliyana, A., Musta’In., Sridadi, A. R., & Aviantari, N. (2020). Linking Self Efficacy on Motivation and Entrepreneurial Achievements. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 11(8), 328–334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.8.50.
Etriya, E., Scholten, V. E., Wubben, E. F. M., & Omta, S. W. F. (Onno). (2019). The Impact of Networks on the Innovative and Financial Performance of More Entrepreneurial Versus Less Entrepreneurial Farmers in West Java, Indonesia. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 89, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2019.100308.
Gimmon, E., Yitshaki, R., & Hantman, S. (2018). Entrepreneurship in The Third Age: Retirees’ Motivation and Intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 34 (3), 267–288. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2018.092743.
Gutterman, A. S. (2022). Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries. Sustainable Entrepreneurship Project, 1–49.
Hanum, N. (2018). Pengaruh Pendapatan, Jumlah Tanggungan Keluarga dan Pendidikan terhadap Pola Konsumsi Rumah Tangga Nelayan di Desa Seuneubok Rambong Aceh Timur. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomika, 2(1), 75–84.
Harahap, S. S. (2019). Hubungan Usia, Tingkat Pendidikan, Kemampuan Bekerja dan Masa Bekerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai dengan Menggunakan Metode Pearson Correlation. Jurnal Teknovasi, 6(2), 12–25.
Hisrich RD., & Peters MP. 1998. Entrepreneurship. Boston (MA): Penerbit McGraw-Hill.
Hsu, D. K., Burmeister-Lamp, K., Simmons, S. A., Foo, M. D., Hong, M., & Pipes, J. D. (2019). “I Know I Can, But I Don’t Fit”: Perceived Fit, Self-efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311-326. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.004.
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal and Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975.
Kautonen, T., Down, S., & South, L. (2008). Enterprise Support for Older Entrepreneurs: the Case of Prime in the UK. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(2), 85–101.
Khamwan, T. 2023. Senior Entrepreneurs and Their Motivations To Become Small Business Owners in Thailand. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies, 23(3), 567–580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14456/hasss.2023.48.
Kibler E., Wainwright T., Kautonen T., & Blackburn RA. 2012. (Work)life After Work? Older Entrepreneurship in London – Motivations and Barriers. London (UK). Kingston Hill.
Mcgee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy: Refining The Measure. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965–988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00304.x.
Mueller, S. L., & Goic, S. (2003). East-West Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education in Transition Economies. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(4), 613–632.
Munandar, F. A., Krisnamurthi, B., & Burhanuddin, B. (2023). Persepsi Generasi Muda Tentang Pertanian Organik dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Minat Berwirausaha. Forum Agribisnis, 13(1), 110–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.13.1.110-120.
Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Nielsen, I. (2019). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Its Theoretical Foundations, Measurement, Antecedents, and Outcomes, and an Agenda for Future Research. Journal Vocation Behavior, 110, 403–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012.
Olafsen, A. H., Halvari, H., & Frølund, C. W. (2021). The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration at Work Scale: A Validation Study. Front Psychol. 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697306.
Perenyi, A., Zolin, R., & Maritz, A. (2018). The Perceptions of Australian Senior Entrepreneurs on the Drivers of Their Entrepreneurial Activity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. 24(1):81–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2016-0424.
Priya, T. S. S. J., Priatna, W. B., Burhanuddin, B. (2024). Faktor–Faktor Yang Memengaruhi Intensi Berwirausaha Pertanian Siswa SMK Agribisnis di Kabupaten Cianjur. Forum Agribisnis, 14(2), 98–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.14.2.98-113.
Ramadhan, R. P., & Burhanuddin, B. (2017). Analisis Hubungan Watak Kewirausahaan dengan Kinerja Usaha Peternakan Ayam Ras Pedaging di Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor. Forum Agribisnis. 7(1), 35–48.
Ratten, V. (2019). Older Entrepreneurship: a Literature Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in Global Economy, 13 (1–2), 178–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-08-2018-0054.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Education Psychology, 25(1): 54–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.
Sahut, J. M., Gharbi, S., & Mili, M. (2015). Identifying Factors Key to Encouraging Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Seniors. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(4), 252–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1358.
Shi, L., Yao, X., & Wu, W. (2020). Perceived University Support, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Heterogeneous Entrepreneurial Intentions in Entrepreneurship Education: The Moderating Role of the Chinese Sense of Face. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(2), 205–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2019-0040.
Soto-Simeone, A., & Kautonen, T. (2020). Senior Entrepreneurship Following Unemployment: a Social Identity Theory Perspective. Review of Managerial Science, 15, 1.683-1.706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00395-z.
Stevenson HH., Roberts MJ., & Grousbeck HI. 1985. New Business Ventures and The Entrepreneur. Michigan (US): Penerbit Richard D. Irwin.
Sugarman, J., & Sokol, B. (2012). Human Agency and Development: An Introduction and Theoretical Sketch. New Ideas Psychol, 30, 1–14.
Sweet, S. N., Fortier, M. S., Strachan, S. M., & Blanchard, C. M. (2012). Testing and Integrating Self-Determination Theory and Self-efficacy Theory in a Physical Activity Context. Canadian Psychology, 53(4), 319–327. DOI: https://doi.org/-10.1037/a0030280.
Taneja, M., Kiran, R., & Bose, S. C. (2024). Relating Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy with Entrepreneurial Success: Perception-based Analysis of Students of Higher Educational Institutions. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 37(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2024.2317145.
Velilla, J., Molina, J. A., & Ortega, R. (2018). Why Older Workers Become Entrepreneurs? International Evidence Using Fuzzy Set Methods. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 88–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2018.03.004.
Williams CL., & Neely MT. 2015. Gender and Work. Di dalam: Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Penerbit Amerika Serikat (US): Penerbit John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yeh, C. H., Lin, H. H., Wang, Y. M., Wang, Y.S., & Lo, C. W. (2021). Investigating the Relationships between Entrepreneurial Education and Self-efficacy and Performance in the Context of Internet Entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3), 1-11.