Keterkaitan Perubahan Iklim dan Polinator terhadap Keberhasilan Penyerbukan dan Produksi Semangka (Citrullus lanatus): Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/agrob.14.2.70359Abstract
Perubahan iklim merupakan isu besar yang mendapat perhatian luas di bidang pertanian karena berpengaruh langsung terhadap keberlanjutan produksi dan keseimbangan ekosistem. Peningkatan suhu, perubahan pola curah hujan, serta kejadian cuaca ekstrem seperti kekeringan atau gelombang panas dapat mengakibatkan degradasi habitat dan penurunan populasi serangga penyerbuk. Serangga penyerbuk memiliki peran vital dalam menjaga keanekaragaman tanaman dan memastikan proses reproduksi berjalan optimal. Tanaman semangka termasuk komoditas hortikultura yang sangat bergantung pada aktivitas polinator, terutama lebah madu (Apis mellifera) yang dikenal paling efektif dalam memindahkan serbuk sari ke kepala putik. Selain itu, berbagai spesies polinator lain seperti Agapostemon splendens, Tetragonula sp., Homalictus sp., Trigona spp., dan Lasioglossum spp. turut berkontribusi terhadap keberhasilan penyerbukan. Namun, perubahan iklim berpotensi mengganggu aktivitas harian serangga penyerbuk, memengaruhi ketersediaan sumber pakan, serta mengubah fenologi tanaman semangka. Ketidaksesuaian waktu antara fase berbunga dan aktivitas polinator (phenological mismatch) dapat menurunkan efektivitas deposisi serbuk sari, yang pada akhirnya berdampak pada penurunan kualitas dan kuantitas buah. Selain itu, stres abiotik pada tanaman akibat iklim ekstrem juga dapat mengubah karakter bunga, produksi nektar, dan viabilitas serbuk sari, sehingga semakin memperburuk interaksi tanaman polinator. Artikel review ini mensintesis berbagai hasil penelitian terkini yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2016-2025 mengenai dampak perubahan iklim terhadap komunitas polinator, pertumbuhan semangka, serta interaksi tanaman dengan polinator yang menentukan keberhasilan penyerbukan dan produksi buah. Pemahaman menyeluruh mengenai dinamika ini menjadi dasar penting untuk mengembangkan strategi adaptasi guna menjaga stabilitas produksi semangka pada kondisi iklim yang terus berubah, terutama melalui pengelolaan polinator yang berkelanjutan dan penerapan praktik budidaya semangka yang adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim di wilayah tropis.
Kata kunci: ekosistem, kualitas buah, putik, serangga penyerbuk, serbuk sari
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