Tropical Animal Science Journal (Trop. Anim. Sci. J.), previously Media Peternakan, is a scientific journal covering broad aspects of tropical animal sciences. Starting in 2018, the title was changed from Media Peternakan to develop and expand the distribution as well as increase the visibility of the journal. The journal is published SIX times a year in January, March, May, July, September, and November, starting in the year 2025 by the Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, associated with the Animal Scientist's Society of Indonesia (Himpunan Ilmuwan Peternakan Indonesia). The first edition with the new title was published in April 2018 edition (Vol 41 No 1 2018), while the previous edition (up to the 2017 edition) will still use Media Peternakan as the title and can be accessed on the old website (https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/mediapeternakan). This journal has been accredited by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, with First Grade (Sinta 1) from the year 2022 to 2026 according to decree No. 225/E/KPT/2022. Tropical Animal Science Journal has been indexed and abstracted in Elsevier products (Scopus, Reaxys), Clarivate Analytics products (Emerging Sources Citation Index), Scimago Journal Rank, DOAJ, Dimensions-Digital Science, CABI, EBSCO, Science and Technology Index (SINTA), Google Scholar, and other scientific databases. The journal also used Similarity Check to prevent any suspected plagiarism in the manuscripts. Tropical Animal Science Journal receives manuscripts encompassing a broad range of research topics in tropical animal sciences: breeding and genetics, reproduction and physiology, nutrition, feed sciences, agrostology, animal products, biotechnology, behaviour, welfare, health and veterinary, livestock farming system, socio-economic, and policy.
Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University
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Performance, Lipid, and Omega Fatty Acids Composition of Village Chickens Fed Diet Supplemented with Flaxseed Oil
Flaxseed oil is a rich source of omega fatty acids and has gained attention as a functional feed additive in the poultry industry. While the use of flaxseed oil in poultry has been widely reported, its application in village chickens remains limited, particularly regarding its physiological and metabolic effects. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of flaxseed oil (FO) supplementation on growth performance, carcass yields, and omega fatty acid levels in village chickens. A total of 120 village chickens (with average body weight 606.80 g) were randomly divided into four treatment groups with five replicates. Three levels of FO inclusion were experimented to replace palm oil used in the control treatment, where T0-basal diet with no FO, T1-2.5% FO inclusion, T2-3.0% FO inclusion, and T3-4.0% FO inclusion. Chickens were fed these experimental diets for five weeks, after which they were slaughtered. Breast and thigh muscles were collected for lipid and fatty acid analysis. Weight gain was slightly compromised as higher incorporation of FO was added to the diet of this village chicken (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in carcass yield (p>0.05) between the treatments. Lipid composition in breast muscle increased with increasing addition of FO (p>0.05), but all FO treatments were found to be lower than control (p<0.05). However, in the thigh muscle, chickens in treatment T2 (3.0% FO inclusion) had the highest composition among FO diets but much lower compared to the control (p<0.05). Alpha-linolenic acids (ALA) in both breast and thigh muscles showed an increasing trend as a higher inclusion of FO was added (p<0.05) compared to the control and slightly reduced at 4.0% inclusion. In conclusion, the supplementation of flaxseed oil had no negative impact on the growth performance and carcass yields of village chickens while significantly enhancing the omega-3 fatty acid content in both breast and thigh muscles.
Synergistic Impact of Cholesterol-Loaded Cyclodextrin and Moringa Leaf Extract on Post-Thaw Boar Sperm Kinematics
Structural and functional damage during cryopreservation usually impairs the quality of boar sperm, especially post-thaw motility and kinematic performance, which restricts its use in artificial insemination programs. Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) and moringa leaf extract (MLE) are considered possible cryoprotective additives because they are membrane-stabilizing and antioxidants. The study investigated the possible synergistic effect of the Tris-egg yolk (TY) extender in combination with CLC and MLE on the motility and kinematics properties of thawed boar sperm, as identified in a Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) system. Ejaculates of four healthy boars were diluted with Tris-based extender without or with CLC (1 or 2 mg/mL), MLE (1 or 1.5 mg/mL), or both, and frozen with a conventional protocol. Kinematic variables alongside progressive and fast motility were included as post-thaw tests. The findings showed that combination treatment of 2 mg/mL CLC and 1 mg/mL MLE (T7) resulted in a significant increase in all sperm motility and kinematic variables compared to the control group (T0) (p<0.05). In particular, T7 had better progressive motility (38.04%), fast motility (22.42%), and higher kinematic variables, especially VCL (106.34 µm/s), VSL (36.28 µm/s), and VAP (45.41 µm/s), and better displacement and trajectory indices. T7 was always better than the single supplementation and other combinations. Finally, the addition of CLC (2 mg/mL) and MLE (1 mg/mL) into the Tris egg yolk extender could be a successful approach towards optimizing semen cryopreservation in boars.
Risk Factors for Second Litter Syndrome in Landrace × Yorkshire Sows in Tropical Conditions
Second litter syndrome (SLS), defined as an equal or lower number of piglets born alive (NBA) in the second parity compared to that in the first, is a major reproductive concern in commercial sow herds worldwide. This study aimed to identify factors associated with SLS under tropical conditions in Vietnam. Data from 3,957 Landrace × Yorkshire sows farrowing the second litter between 2024 and 2025 were analyzed using logistic regression. The overall incidence of SLS was 56.8%, with mean NBA of 12.7 in both parities. In the multivariable model 1, NBA in the first parity (NBA1) was the strongest predictor, accounting for 50.3% of the explained variation (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 2.2-2.4, p<0.001). Age at insemination after weaning between 344 and 440 days increased the odds of SLS by 1.4-1.8 times compared with the value >470 days. Model 2, excluding NBA1, identified additional risk factors, including litter size at weaning (LSW), weaning-to-service interval (WSI), and month of insemination after the first weaning. Sows that weaned >14 piglets had threefold higher odds of SLS compared to those weaning fewer than 11 piglets (p<0.001). A shorter WSI (0-10 days) increased the risk of SLS by 1.3-1.4 times compared to a WSI>17 days (p<0.009). Compared with the sows inseminated in May-August, the sows inseminated in September-April had 1.7-2.1 times higher odds of SLS (p<0.001). This study showed a high prevalence of SLS and its association with several factors under tropical conditions. To maintain overall herd productivity while lowering the risk of SLS, farm management should focus on sows with a large NBA1, sows’ recovery before insemination, and the mitigation of metabolic stress.
Morphology, Biomass, and Forage Quality of Sorghum bicolor cv. Bioguma-2 Treated with Soil Ameliorants on Post-Coal Mining Land
Reclamation of post-coal mining land is a valuable opportunity for transforming the land into agricultural cultivation of forage crops for livestock feed production. We conducted an experiment in the Asamasam coal mining spot, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, to investigate the effect of some soil ameliorant materials, and Sorghum bicolor cv. Bioguma-2 (Bioguma-2 sorghum) on morphological characteristics and biomass production. Seven soil ameliorant treatments were tested: control (P0), single applications of humic acid (P1, 28 L ha⁻¹), dolomite (P2, 5.8 t ha⁻¹), and organic compost (P3, 15 t ha⁻¹), and treatment combinations of humic acid + compost (P4), dolomite + compost (P5), and humic acid + dolomite + compost (P6) with the same doses of P1, P2, and P3. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and any significances between treatments were analyzed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results indicated that the combined ameliorant materials improved morphological characteristics and biomass production. Treatment P6 showed the highest effectiveness on soil quality, plant survival rate, most morphological traits, and all yield parameters, followed by other treatments with comparatively lower performance. P6 produced the highest crude protein content across treatments. The combination of multi-ameliorants (humic acid, dolomite, and organic compost) is more effective than single ameliorants in improving soil quality, plant survival, morphological traits, and biomass yield of Sorghum bicolor cv. Bioguma-2 on post-coal mining land. These results indicate that using combined soil ameliorants is a promising strategy to enhance forage crop production on degraded mining soils. However, natural declines in plant performance during later harvest stages suggest the need for further nutrient management to sustain productivity over time.
Endoparasite and Microbial Burden in Quail Farm Systems: A Biosecurity and Water Quality Assessment in Central Java, Indonesia
Quail farming is vital for smallholder farmers in Central Java, Indonesia; however, productivity often declines due to poor biosecurity, inadequate water quality, and parasitic infections. This study aims to examine biosecurity practices, water quality, and endoparasite loads in ten quail farms (L1-L10) located in Semarang City and nearby regencies. Data were collected through observations, interviews, water sampling, and analysis of quail droppings. Biosecurity scores (maximum 18) were categorized into three groups: Group-1 (scores 13-18), Group-2 (scores 7-12), and Group-3 (scores 1-6). Water quality was assessed based on pH, E. coli, and coliform counts using triplicate samples from each site. The biosecurity score showed that three farms are in Group-1 (L1, L7, L9), five are in Group-2, and two are in Group-3 (L8, L10). The water pH ranged from 4.8 to 8.0; the highest E. coli count was 19.33 CFU/mL (L9), and the highest Coliform count was 89.67 CFU/mL (L5). L1 had the highest parasite load, with Coccidia, Strongyloides, and Ascaridia sp. at 1000 oocysts/g (OPG), 100 OPG, and 33.33 OPG, respectively. Meanwhile, L7 showed no endoparasites or water contamination. Egg production ranged from 64.29% to 90.00%. Although no significant differences in endoparasite prevalence were found among biosecurity groups or water quality (p>0.05), Coliform levels differed significantly (p<0.05), with the highest levels in conventional well-water. This study revealed that only about one-third of smallholder quail farms in Semarang and its surrounding regencies adhere to proper biosecurity measures. It was also the first to document quail endoparasite burdens as well as E. coli and coliform contamination in drinking water.
Integrated Metabolomic and Functional Assessment of Sexed Frozen Semen in Holstein Friesian Bulls
This study examined the differences in sperm quality and metabolite profiles among X and Y sperm in Friesian Holstein bulls. It also tried to find specific metabolites that can help improve the accuracy of sexed semen use in humid tropical dairy farms. Semen samples from five bulls were separated by sex and tested for movement, live sperm count, shape, and membrane and acrosome health. The tests used Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) and regular microscope checks. Metabolite analysis was performed using LC-HRMS, followed by various statistical tests, pathway checks, and ROC curve analysis. The outcomes showed that X sperm had better movement and acrosome health, while Y sperm had stronger membranes, fewer shape problems, and moved faster. The untargeted metabolite study showed clear differences between the two groups. X sperm had more identified metabolites and greater average levels. The crucial metabolites found more in X sperm were D-(−)-fructose, L-(+)-lactic acid, and sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Meanwhile, Y sperm had greater levels of acetyl-L-carnitine. The pathway analysis showed that X sperm primarily utilized carbohydrate and fat processing through glycolysis and phosphocholine pathways to maintain their movement and membrane integrity. On the other hand, Y sperm mainly use a carnitine-based energy pathway to support their faster and straighter movement. The identified metabolites can serve as reliable biomarkers to aid in laboratory quality control checks and enhance the quality of semen extenders. This outcome gives a good way to make sexed semen more stable and reliable in tropical dairy farming conditions.
Animal Welfare Claims in Indonesia: Comparative Study of EU Standards and Proposed Regulatory Framework
Animal welfare regulations in Indonesia have undergone recent developments, particularly with the proposed umbrella regulation for animal welfare under ministerial regulations. This development is intended to provide legal clarity and serve as a foundation for future welfare-related policies. However, a clear and harmonized animal welfare claims framework is still missing. In contrast, the European Union (EU), as a pioneer and frontrunner in animal welfare governance, has established a comprehensive standards and labelling framework. Taking from the 2009 European Commission’s animal welfare claims classification, this study aims to evaluate how Indonesia’s existing and proposed certifications related to animal welfare schemes, including Veterinary Control Number, organic, geographical indication, and halal, could be restructured to fit within a welfare claim framework. Through a comparative legal analysis, the study identifies regulatory gaps and opportunities to improve animal welfare policies in Indonesia. Particularly, the adoption of selected practices that have already been implemented in the EU could help Indonesia improve regulatory coherence, support food safety, and enhance its competitiveness in global trade.
In Vitro Anthelmintic Evaluation of Acanthophora spicifera Macroalgal Extract Against Haemonchus contortus in Sheep
This study investigated the chemical composition and anthelmintic activity of Acanthophora spicifera against Haemonchus contortus from sheep in vitro. Fresh macroalgae were collected from Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Indonesia. Proximate analysis, fiber fractions, mineral composition, and color profile analysis were conducted to determine chemical profile of the macroalga. It was extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol (1:5) and ultrasonication. Secondary metabolites analyzed from the extract included total flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and saponins. The anthelmintic activity was tested in vitro through H. contortus adult worm motility and egg hatch inhibition tests. Extract treatments included P0: 0.9% physiological NaCl (negative control); P1: 0.5 mg/mL macroalgal extract; P2: 1 mg/mL macroalgal extract; P3: 1.5 mg/mL macroalgal extract; and Palb: 0.5 mg/mL albendazole (positive control). Motility test results showed that the use of macroalgae at levels of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/mL significantly reduced H. contortus motility (p<0.05). However, effective LD₅₀ was reached in 1 and 1.5 mg/mL within the first 10 hours, and LD₁₀₀ after 21 hours (p<0.05). None of the extract levels matched the efficacy of albendazole (p<0.05). The egg hatch inhibition test revealed that the use of macroalgae at levels of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/mL significantly inhibited H. contortus egg hatching by more than 85.73% after 24 hours (p<0.01), demonstrating comparable efficacy to albendazole. Based on these findings, A. spicifera extract contains various secondary metabolites with anthelmintic activity, inhibiting both H. contortus adult worm motility and egg hatching. This suggests that A. spicifera has potential for further development as a bioanthelmintic for ruminant parasite control, although further in vivo studies are needed.
Encapsulated Cardamom Waste Extract (Amomum compactum) Supplementation Improves Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens
Encapsulated cardamom waste extract (ECWE) contains flavonoids with antibacterial and antioxidant properties that may enhance broiler health and performance. This study evaluated the effects of ECWE as a phytobiotic on broiler intestinal microbiota, pH, H/L ratio, lymphoid organs, and performance. A total of 200 unsexed Ross broilers (8 days old) with an average body weight of 215.08±5.1 g/bird were assigned to five dietary treatments: T0 (control), T1 (0.02% ECWE), T2 (0.04% ECWE), T3 (0.06% ECWE), and T4 (0.08% ECWE). Results showed that 0.08% ECWE significantly increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, lymphoid organ, and broiler performance. The increase in LAB given 0.08% ECWE is more effective in helping to reduce intestinal pH and to minimize the growth of pathogenic bacteria that can interfere with chicken digestion. In addition, the antioxidant properties in ECWE had a positive effect on the development of lymphoid organs, especially the thymus. It is concluded that ECWE supplementation at 0.08% was the most effective in improving digestive tract health and optimizing broiler performance.
Trends in Measurement Techniques in Laying Hen Farm Welfare: A Review
Animal welfare is a crucial issue in animal production, and researchers are seeking optimal methods to evaluate animal welfare in the field. In poultry farming, laying hen health and welfare are critical to consumer perception of product quality. The aim of the review was to examine traditional and advanced measurement trends of animal welfare in laying hens’ farms. Emerging technologies have facilitated a more profound comprehension of animal responses to diverse scenarios encountered in livestock production systems. Currently, conventional methods, such as behavioral observations, are time-consuming and highly dependent on the experienced observer’s expertise; likewise, other valuable indicators, including physiological parameters, hormonal levels, thermographic changes in the body, and hematological parameters, are widely used but are being re-evaluated. Currently, technological advances are developing comparatively non-invasive methods for multiple and long-term monitoring, such as machine vision and deep learning algorithms to track bird behavior. In addition, molecular techniques have emerged as promising tools to understand the cellular responses under internal or external stressful conditions and improve farm animal welfare. However, several challenges exist in terms of standardization and implementation of the new technologies, especially in developing countries. These challenges include limited access to advanced tools, costs, among others, and hinder implementation. In this review, we conclude that welfare research requires a holistic and interdisciplinary approach, utilizing both conventional measurements and new technologies to enable a more comprehensive assessment of animal welfare.
Tiny Circular Economy Practices in the Cagayan Valley Region, Philippines: A Case Study of Native Chicken Farmers
This study investigated the adoption of tiny circular economy (TCE) practices among native chicken farmers in the Cagayan Valley region of the Philippines, examining the influence of farmers’ perceptions and motivations on TCE practices. Using a purposive sample of 400 farmers, the research explored how farmers’ perceptions of support from government and non-government organizations, alongside their motivations (existence, relatedness, and growth), impact the implementation of TCE in native chicken production. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression to quantify these effects. The findings reveal that a significant majority (68.25%) of farmers in the region have adopted sustainable TCE practices, which form a circular system encompassing food production, consumption, and waste management. These practices include utilizing leftover food as chicken feed, allowing chickens to forage naturally, employing organic fertilizers derived from animal manure and plant waste, and selling chickens and eggs for income. Moreover, the results indicated that farmers’ perception of the support from government and NGOs had a significant impact on TCE adoption (p<0.05), whereas motivation exerted a stronger influence (p<0.01). Additionally, TCE adoption leads to reduced production costs (particularly feed and fertilizer), increased income from premium-priced organic products, waste reduction, and overall environmental sustainability. The findings suggest that farmers’ perception and motivation have a positive influence on the adoption of smallholder TCE practices, contributing to reducing production costs, increasing income, and promoting sustainable development in native chicken farming.
Growth, Physiological, and Intestinal Responses of Low-Weight Day-Old Broiler Chicks to Dietary Infertile Egg Powder
The present study examined the consequences of supplementing the diets of low-weight day-old broiler chicks (DOC) with 4% infertile egg powder (IEP). The chicks were categorized into three groups namely; normal-weight DOC, low-weight DOC on a basal diet, and low-weight DOC on a diet that contained 4% IEP (T2). In hematological analysis, there was increase in hemoglobin levels, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) compared to T2, but the MCV was less than T0 (p<0.05). There was improvement in the lipid metabolism, whereby triglyceride and HDL levels reduced and increased, respectively (p<0.05). T2 showed an improved antioxidant status; it had an increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a decreased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.05). Ileal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coliform counts were also substantially reduced in T2 vs. T0 (p<0.05), whereas both caecal coliform counts and LNE counts and the LAB-to-coliform ratio were significantly worse in T1 and T2 than T0 (p<0.05). Histological findings expressed the aspect of villus height-to-crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio that was greater in duodenum and ileum of T2 than T1, and deeper crypt in the jejunum in T0 than T1 (p<0.05). There was significant reduction in lesion score in duodenum and the jejunum as seen in T2 group (p<0.05). T2 also had much higher weight gain (p<0.05). per day, feed consumption and body weight at the end when compared to T1. To summarize the findings, the supplement of 4% IEP via the diet improved the physiological functioning and intestinal health status, causing the rise in body weights in low-weight broiler chicks.
Phenotypic and Resistance Patterns of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Commercial Poultry Farm
Colibacillosis in poultry is induced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). No relevant studies have been extensively published in Indonesia. Colibacillosis can affect various poultry species, resulting in significant economic losses to Indonesia’s poultry industry. The efficacy of colibacillosis treatment depends on the antibiotic sensitivity of the causative pathogen. This study aims to determine the phenotypic traits, pathological pictures, and antibiotic susceptibility of APEC bacteria isolated from colibacillosis cases in commercial farms in the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java. Organ samples were collected from broiler and layer chickens suspected of having colibacillosis. The results of cultured, biochemical tests, pathological examinations, pathogenicity, and hemolysis testing confirmed 21 APEC isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined against nine different antibiotics. Pathological examination revealed severe macroscopic changes, including polyserositis (perihepatitis, pericarditis, and air sacculitis), accompanied by microscopic evidence of necrosis and widespread heterophilic inflammatory cell infiltration across the lungs, cardiac pericardium, and ovaries. The resistance patterns of the samples to nine antibiotics, ranked from highest to lowest, were as follows: amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, gentamicin, and neomycin. The highest resistance was observed against β-lactam antibiotics. The APEC isolates displayed high pathogenicity, characterized by typical gross and histopathological lesions of colibacillosis, including polyserositis. Crucially, the high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) against nine tested antibiotics (71.43%), particularly to amoxicillin, poses a serious challenge to effective colibacillosis treatment in the studied regions and necessitates a strategic shift in antibiotic usage policies.
Nano-Selenium as a Key Supplement in Rabbit Nutrition: Physiological and Productive Benefits-A Review
Nutrition is a vital component of health, productivity, and performance. During the last decades, nanotechnology has been highlighted as an innovative technique in the area of animal nutrition, which is used for improving nutrient utilization/supply and maintaining the health of the animal. Among the nano-minerals, selenium nano-particles (Nano-Se) have been of exceptional interest because of higher bioavailability and biological activity than the traditional sources of Se. Nano-Se is essential for growth performance, gut health, and immunity in rabbits. The absorption of trace elements is essential for an animal’s growth and productivity. Nano-Se has exhibited visible potential in advancing physiological processes, functioning as an effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. These attributes result in better immune response, healthier guts, and proper organ function. Moreover, selenium is well known for its vital role in immune regulation, digestion, and metabolism. Several reports are available on the beneficial effects of Nano-Se supplementation on production performance, reproductive performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in rabbits. By modulating the expression of tight junction proteins, Nano-Se safeguards gut barrier function, improves hematobiochemical profiles, and supports tissue histology. Therefore, Nano-Se not only enhances biological performance but also the economic efficiency of rabbit production. The review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the action mechanisms, effective dosage levels, and physiological effects of Nano-Se on rabbit growth, nutrient digestibility, reproduction, immunity, and intestinal health. It also stresses the necessity of precise selenium supplementation and indicates the range of optimum dietary selenium levels between 0.05 and 0.3 mg/kg, depending on the diet composition. Further research is needed to establish proper and safe Nano-Se supplementation guidelines for sustainable rabbit production.
Profiling of Dominant Bacteria in Traditional Buffalo Milk Cheese “Dangke” Based on 16S rRNA Sequencing
Metagenomic approaches are highly valuable in food microbiology, particularly for the investigation of traditional fermented products such as dangke buffalo milk cheese from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Buffalo milk, a primary raw material, contains diverse biochemical and bioactive components that are produced by microbial activity during fermentation. Unlike conventional culture-based techniques, metagenomics enables the comprehensive characterization of microbial communities directly from food matrices. This study aimed to identify the key microbial taxa that contribute to the dangke quality of fermentation and to understand the factors influencing it. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified using primers 27F and 1492R under optimized polymerase chain reaction conditions. DNA concentrations were measured with NanoDrop and Qubit instruments, and sequencing was conducted using Oxford Nanopore Technology with MinKNOW software (v23.04.5). Metagenomic analysis revealed Enterococcus faecium as the dominant lactic acid bacterium across all dangke samples (P1–P3), emphasizing its crucial role in fermentation and probiotic potential. These findings suggest that E. faecium can enhance the quality and functional properties of dangke. Moreover, metagenomic tools can support the development of standardized fermentation practices and microbial safety assessments for traditional dairy products.
The Interrelationship of Morphological, Reproductive, and Growth Traits in Assaf Sheep in Palestine
This study was conducted to explore the associations between morphometric, reproductive, and growth traits of Palestinian Assaf sheep raised in the northern West Bank, Palestine. Data were collected from January to May 2025, with a total of 520 ewes sampled from 26 flocks. Studied traits (not limited to) were pelvic width (PW), chest depth (CD), body condition score (BCS), number of lambs born per birth (NLB), prolificacy (PRO), weight at first lambing (WAL), lamb birth weight (LBW), and weaning weight (WWT). Results from statistical analysis revealed strong correlations (r= 0.79; p<0.01) between NLB and PRO. PW had a positive correlation (r>0.3) with reproductive performance traits. Additionally, WWT was linked to both BCS and ADM (r= 0.45; p<0.01). It was concluded that introducing morphometric traits, mainly those indicated as body capacity and pelvic structure in breeding programs for Assaf sheep, can improve not only the performance of reproduction and milk production, but also on-farm production levels, adaptability, and multi-trait merit.
Enhancing the Accuracy of NIRS Prediction with Adaptive Machine Learning for Assessing Fermented Citronella Feed Quality
The valorization of agricultural residues as alternative feed resources is increasingly critical for enhancing livestock sustainability. This study investigates the potential of sequential fermentation to improve the nutritional quality of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) residues and evaluates the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with machine learning (ML) models for rapid feed quality assessment. Citronella residues were subjected to sequential fungal and lactic acid bacterial fermentation, and their feed quality attributes, including moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, and ash content, were measured using standard laboratory methods. NIR spectra were acquired from 1000 to 2500 nm and analyzed using partial least squares regression (PLSR), ridge regression, adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and support vector machine regression (SVMR). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a high degree of spectral homogeneity with sufficient underlying variability to enable robust modeling. Among the models evaluated, AdaBoost and SVMR consistently outperformed linear models, achieving high coefficients of determination (R² ≥ 0.99) and low root mean square errors (RMSE). Particularly, SVMR and AdaBoost achieved high predictive accuracy for moisture, crude protein, and ether extract content, with residual predictive deviation (RPD) values far exceeding standard thresholds. The integration of sequential fermentation, NIRS, and advanced ML algorithms presents a rapid, non-destructive, and sustainable approach to upgrading and monitoring alternative fibrous feed sources, supporting broader initiatives in circular bioeconomy and sustainable animal production.
Determinants of Sustainable Cattle Farming to Guide Policy and Intervention in Perú
The absence of detailed knowledge about the factors that determine the sustainability of cattle farming has led, in many cases, to the formulation of policies and interventions that lack contextual relevance and sensitivity to the structural heterogeneity of livestock farms. The objective of this study was to identify the important factors that determine the sustainability of cattle farming systems through a three-dimensional analytical framework based on 16 key indicators. Based on these factors, this study recommends strategic interventions to improve the environmental stewardship, resilience, productivity, and overall household welfare of cattle farming. Using probability sampling, data were collected from 120 farmers and analyzed using cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), ANOVA, and Spearman correlation. The results revealed five distinct groups of cattle farmers differentiated by the age of the producer, economic dependence on cattle farming, annual yield, land use specialization, water availability, and soil erosion. Of these groups, Group 2 is particularly notable, with the highest sustainability index (64.03%), higher economic income, and greater economic dependence on cattle farming. While older producers with larger farms had higher economic and environmental scores, they also faced challenges such as a greater risk of erosion. By contrast, younger producers had less active but more innovation potential. Agricultural training was moderately related to better water management. These discoveries emphasize the need to formulate public policy and intervention strategies that focus on improving rural areas, diversification, enhancing education and improving ecological practice, while recognizing the heterogeneity of production profiles.
Digital Innovation in Predicting Live Body Weight of Female Ongole-Grade Cattle Using Pixel Area and Morphometric Analysis
This study is the first to validate digital morphometric analysis combined with linear, quadratic, and allometric regression models for predicting body weight (BW) in Ongole-Grade cattle under smallholder field conditions, focusing on productive-age females as breeding stock. The objective was to develop and validate regression-based predictive models using digital image-derived traits and to compare their accuracy with conventional measurements and existing formulas. A total of 204 female Ongole-Grade cattle were measured manually and with ImageJ-based morphometrics. All measurements were standardized to a reference age of 12 months using an allometric adjustment. Traits assessed included BW, body length (BL), withers height (WH), chest girth (CG), chest depth (CD), rump height (RH), and rump width (RW). BW showed strong positive correlations with morphometric traits (r=0.80–0.91), with CG as the strongest predictor. Conventional and image-derived measurements were comparable for WH, BL, CG, CD, and RH (p>0.05), while RW differed significantly (p=0.01). Mean differences were small (≤0.8 cm), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) ranged from 1.76% to 4.89%, confirming the reliability of digital imaging. The quadratic regression model (CG² + BL²), which outperformed the linear, allometric, and pixel-area–based approaches (MAPE=4.68%; R²=0.93). In contrast, the Schoorl formula substantially overestimated BW (MAPE=37.76%), while the pixel-area model showed only moderate accuracy (R²=0.63). Overall, digital morphometric analysis provides a novel, non-invasive, and cost-effective tool for cattle monitoring, with refinement of pixel area-based features recommended.
Gamma Irradiation-Induced Changes in Morphology, Nutritional Traits, and In Vitro Digestibility of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott on Post-Gold Mining Soil
Post-mining lands, especially abandoned gold mining areas, present serious challenges for agriculture and forage cultivation due to poor soil fertility, heavy metal contamination, and damaged soil structure. To address these issues, this study evaluated the impact of gamma irradiation on the agronomic traits, nutritional content, anatomical characteristics, and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and fiber fractions of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott grown on degraded post-gold mining soil. A completely randomized design was used, applying seven doses of gamma rays (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 Gy). Initially, irradiated plants were cultivated under optimal soil conditions. Selected cuttings were then transplanted onto post-mining soil for two months. Variables observed included growth performance, proximate composition, fiber fractions, macro minerals, and digestibility (dry matter digestibility [DMD], organic matter digestibility [OMD], in vitro digestibility [IVD], neutral detergent fiber digestibility [NDFD], acid detergent fiber digestibility [ADFD], cellulose digestibility [CeD], hemicellulose digestibility [HmD]). Results showed that a moderate dose of 10 Gy significantly enhanced dry matter digestibility, in vitro digestibility, and fiber degradation, accompanied by increases in crude protein and mineral levels. Anatomically, beneficial changes such as thicker mesophyll and vascular tissues were observed at this dose. While the 20 Gy dose also showed improvements in some fiber digestibility parameters, it did not provide an optimal balance with productivity, which was better achieved at 10 Gy. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct treatment clustering, reflecting physiological responses to irradiation. Cultivars treated with 10 Gy exhibited an optimal balance between productivity and forage quality. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation can successfully induce advantageous mutations, improving both adaptability and nutritional value of P. purpureum on marginal soils. In particular, a dose of 10 Gy is promising for breeding superior forage cultivars for the reclamation of post-mining land.
Proteomic Analysis of Pesisir Bull Sperm in Different Age Groups for the Identification of Reproductive Function Proteins
Pesisir cattle are native to Indonesia and originate from West Sumatra. It is known for its high environmental adaptability and can be further developed using a proteomic approach. The proteomic approach for testing the fertility of Pesisir bulls is an important factor in determining a potentially superior breed. Proteomic studies of reproduction in Pesisir bulls have not been widely conducted. This study aimed to identify and characterize functional sperm proteins in Pesisir bulls that are associated with reproductive processes. Semen samples were collected from 12 pesisir bulls aged 2–4 years and grouped into three age categories. Protein profile analysis was performed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 1D-SDS-PAGE, followed by proteolytic digestion of the proteins in the gel and protein identification using LC-MS/MS analysis. Protein functions were predicted based on analysis of biological annotations generated using UniProt, Venny, PANTHER, and STRING. Based on the evaluation of fresh semen, sperm motility in Pesisir bulls was found to increase with age. Proteomic analysis successfully identified 334 proteins in the sperm of Pesisir bulls. Among these, two proteins, ZPBP and SPACA3, were identified as involved in reproductive and fertilisation processes. Functionally, both proteins play crucial roles in acrosomal events during fertilisation. Gene Ontology analysis showed that most proteins in sperm are involved in various biological processes, including cellular activities, metabolic processes, and molecular functions related to catalytic activities. In conclusion, SPACA3 and ZPBP proteins were identified as potentially involved in reproductive processes and may serve as fertility markers in Pesisir bulls.
Characterization and Typology Analysis of Cattle Breeding Practices on Rural Farms in Northern Côte d’Ivoire
A comprehensive understanding of agricultural production variables is essential for developing effective agricultural strategies. To identify the key factors shaping cattle farming practices in Côte d’Ivoire, a study was conducted to characterize the diversity of livestock farming practices and identify the different typologies of livestock production systems in the northern (Poro, Tchologo, and Bagoué) and north-eastern (Bounkani) regions. The methodology involved a structured survey targeting livestock farmers. Participants were selected based on two main criteria: the accessibility of their farms and their willingness to share information. Data collection was carried out using a standardized questionnaire designed to gather information on socio-economic characteristics, herd composition, farming practices, and constraints. Of the 105 livestock farmers initially identified, only 53 satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the survey. The results revealed that cattle farming is predominantly managed by Peulh ethnic groups originating from neighbouring countries (Mali and Burkina Faso) to the north. Herds are largely composed of Méré and Zebu cattle breeds. Through data analysis, three distinct livestock production systems were identified: (i) sedentary native farmers engaged in livestock rearing as a secondary activity alongside trade, (ii) semi-transhumant Fulani pastoralists for whom livestock is the primary livelihood, and (iii) agro-pastoralists integrating crop and livestock farming. The main challenges reported by farmers include feed shortages and animal diseases, with additional constraints related to land-use conflicts and limited access to agricultural services. Farmers expressed the need for designated grazing areas, affordable feed supplements, and improved access to veterinary care. This typology provides a clear view of livestock systems in Côte d’Ivoire. It serves as an effective foundation for an integrated strategy to improve Ivorian livestock production.
Microbiome Dynamic: Diversity in Healthy and Mastitis Milk Herd
Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of udder due to physical injury or microbial infections. The milk from different mastitis statuses present different microbial profiles that can impact the mechanisms and pathophysiology of mastitis. An increasing number of studies provided evidence indicating the occurrence of dysbiosis in the microbiota during clinical mastitis. Our study aimed to investigate the shifts in mastitis milk microbiota over a three-week period within a Jersey Friesian mastitis herd in a local farm (n=20). The milk samples were collected from healthy animals (HT), clinical mastitis milk at different time frames throughout three weeks (W1, W2, and W3) (n=5). Microbial genomic DNA from milk samples was extracted and then submitted for 16S amplicon sequencing. The 16S amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the predominant phyla in the core microbiota were Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota. Alpha diversity indicated the presence of lower bacterial diversity in the clinical mastitis group across the weeks (W1, W2, W3) in comparison to the healthy (HT) group. Among the four dominant phyla, Firmicutes exhibited the highest percentage of abundancy (HT=35.40%; W1=63.10%; W2=89.32%; W3=90.86%), followed by Actinobacteriota (HT=34.08%; W1=7.87%; W2=1.01%; W3=6.95%), Proteobacteria (HT=11.17%; W1=18.69%; W2=7.50%; W3=1.14%), and Bacteroidota (HT=14.77%; W1=1.86%; W2=1.01%; W3=0.88%). The diversity indices exhibited a decreasing trend from W1 to W3 (Chao1 index: HT=323, W1=297, W2=69, W3=35; Shannon index: HT=3.41, W1=3.87, W2=1.50, W3=0.92). Beta diversity displayed a scattered pattern of sample clustering in PCA plots among different groups. In conclusion, the dominance of Firmicutes persisted throughout the weeks, while other populations decreased over the specified time frame. The healthy (HT) group maintained a more diverse distribution of phyla.
Ingestive Behavior of Dairy Cattle in Two Contrasting Tropical Production Systems in Colombia
In dairy cattle, ingestive behavior is influenced by environmental, nutritional, and management factors. The objective of the study was to describe the ingestive behavior and productive performance of dairy cows in two contrasting dairy production systems in Colombia: a lowland system at 941 m above sea level (a.s.l.) with Lucerna cows, and a highland system at 2500 m a.s.l. with Holstein cows. The temperature-humidity index (THI), forage and water intake, as well as behavioral patterns, were monitored under each system. In the lowland system, the THI values exceeded 85 during afternoon hours, reaching emergency levels; however, Lucerna cows exhibited no clinical signs of heat stress, suggesting thermal resilience. In the highland region, THI remained within the alert range (72-79). Dry matter intake (DMI) as a percentage of body weight was 2.42% in the lowland system and 1.68% in the highland system. Feed efficiency was lower in the lowland system (69.56%) than in the highland system (96.67%). Milk yield per unit of metabolic body weight (BW0.75) was 0.119 kg/kg BW0.75 in the lowland system and 0.206 kg/kg BW0.75 in the highland system. Water intake per 100 kg of body weight was 13.31 L in the lowland system and 16.12 L in the highland system. Forage quality was superior in the highland system, with greater crude protein levels and lower fiber content. Both systems showed metabolizable energy deficits, which increased when accounting for energy expenditures associated with walking. These findings underscore the critical need to tailor management strategies to the unique environmental and nutritional conditions of each production system, thereby enhancing animal welfare and optimizing productivity.