Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan
type: channel
description: Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan is a scientific journal, focused on Rural Sociological which refers to the key terminology of "Sodality" where the dynamics of the local structures (village/rural) and extra-local has created spaces of social disharmony, thus require the analysis and synthesis of multidisciplinary science to explain empirical facts dimensions of socio-economic-ecological in village/rural. The multidisciplinary scientific related to the three areas of science that coordinated by Department of Communication and Community Development, Bogor Agricultural University inherent in the elaboration of the synthesis to analyze the dynamics of village/rural. Moreover, Sodality embody the aspirations and conceptual thinking of the various local, national and international studies in the context of rural sociology. Sodality is expected to become the center of scientific documentation and dissemination of systematic thinking results. That will encourage opening opportunities scientific debate on a variety of academic discourse and actual emerging in the academic world. Sodality only accept articles from original research papers and has not been published in any institution. Sodality do not accept articles from literature study results. Sodality published by the Department of Communication Science and Community Development, Faculty of Human Ecology IPB, in association with the Indonesian Sociological Association or Ikatan Sosiologi Indonesia (ISI) and the Indonesian Association of Study Programme of Sociology or Asosiasi Program Studi Sosiologi Indonesia (APPSI). Based on Decree of Directorate General for Higher Education No. 2/E/KPT/2015, on Accreditation of Scientific Journals by Directorate General for Higher Education in the second period on 2015, Sodality : Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan has been accredited “B” as national journal.
publisher: Departement of Communication and Community Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology
language: en
publication name: Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan
issn: 2302-7517
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
items: Family Social Practices in Child Marriage in Bogor Regency, Indonesia
items: Digital Ethnographic Analysis of Women's Role in Preserving Traditional Weaving Practices in Indonesia
items: Depoliticizing Decarbonization: Energy Plantations and Agrarian Inequality in Rural Indonesia
items: Rethinking Tarkam Football Competition as A Complexity of Social Entrepreneurship Practice in Rural Indonesia
items: Boru ni Raja: Agency and Social Transformation of Toba Batak Women in Inclusive Rural Development in Silindung, North Tapanuli
items: From Traditional Agricultural Practices to Monoculture Plantations: Impacts on Indigenous Communities' Land Tenure,Land Use, and Livelihoods
items: Social Dynamics in the Determination of Doi Balanca in Bugis Marriage Traditions
items: The Politics of Land Grabbing: Dispossession and Depeasantization in A Coastal Village of Bali
items: Innovating Community Engagement: Onte’s Proposal on Five-Stage Progressive and Sustainable Model for Inclusive Development in Indonesia
items: The Implementation of Collaborative Governance in The Literacy Education Empowerment Program Within Indigenous Communities in Lebak Regency
items: Land Conversion and Farmer Exclusion: Land Tenure Change and Livelihoods Transformation in Sukamakmur Village, Karawang Regency
items: Urban-Rural Exchange for Rice Farming Areas Development: A Case Study of Iketani and Iriyama Villages, Japan
items: The Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping of Stakeholders Related to the Measured Fishing Policy (In Southeast Sulawesi)
items: Social Capital as A Pathway to Well-Being: A Study of The Cibulao Hijau Forest Farmer Group
items: Product and Institutional Development of Gambier Agricultural Markets in Rural Indonesia: A Case Study of Nagari Pangkalan, Sumatra Barat Province
items: Frankincense Versus Eucalyptus: A Struggle for Forest Resources Access in Pandumaan-Sipituhuta, North Sumatra
items: Contestation of Spatial Utilization in Komodo National Park: Access and Exclusion Perspectives
items: The Implementation of the Marine Spatial Plan on the Identity and Rights of the Berakit Orang Suku Laut Community in Bintan Regency, Riau Islands
items: The Function of Saniri as a Means of Controlling Village Development
items: Village Fund and Rural Poverty: Evidence from North Aceh, the Poorest Region in Aceh
items: Water Governance Conflict in Kupang: between Limited Water Debit versus Commercialization
items: Actor Analysis in Resolving Social Violence in The Mining Area of Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province
items: What Drives The Success of Rural Development? Evidence from West Java, Indonesia
items: Social Changes in the Development of Beef Cattle in Oil Palm Plantation Areas: Case of Jayakarta Village, Central Bengkulu Regency
items: Dinamika Sosio-Ekologi Pedesaan: Perspektif dan Pertautan Keilmuan Ekologi Manusia, Sosiologi Lingkungan dan Ekologi Politik
items: Back Matter
items: Front Matter
items: Rural Women Entrepreneurship based on Tourism Village through Post-Disaster Socio-Ecological Capital

Family Social Practices in Child Marriage in Bogor Regency, Indonesia
type: item
description: Child marriage remains an urgent social issue, particularly in Bogor Regency. This study aims to analyse the structural dimensions at the family level that play a role in child marriage in Kertajaya Village, Rumpin Subdistrict. The research employs a quantitative approach supported by qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, observations, and descriptive statistical analysis. The sample consists of 90 women who married before the age of 19 in the past 10 years, selected through purposive sampling. The study compares the anti-speaker (aspek) and doyan speaker (dospek) communities. This practice is driven by low levels of education, economic constraints, and strong cultural and social norms. Men generally marry at an older age due to financial readiness, while women are often encouraged to marry young to preserve family honor. Child marriage is seen as a symbol of family honor and an economic strategy to maintain morality and reduce household financial burdens. Families play a central role, with fathers often making key decisions and mothers providing emotional support to children. Cultural and religious norms legitimize this practice, resulting in ‘kawin siri’. This study highlights the dual role of families as guardians of tradition and potential agents of change.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bogor Regency
  topic: keywords
subject: child marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: community
  topic: keywords
subject: family
  topic: keywords
subject: structuration
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurul Amirah
creator: Ekawati Sri Wahyuni
creator: Tin Herawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Amirah, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, Tin Herawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
doi: 10.22500/13202565747

Digital Ethnographic Analysis of Women's Role in Preserving Traditional Weaving Practices in Indonesia
type: item
description: This digital ethnographic study examines the intricate relationships between women's roles in tourism, cultural preservation, and intergenerational knowledge transfer within traditional weaving communities in Indonesia through systematic analysis of sixteen video narratives using Atlas.Ti software. The research investigates how gender dynamics influence sustainable development outcomes and cultural heritage preservation. The methodology implements a comprehensive four-phase analytical framework encompassing virtual observation, digital interviews, and social media content, establishing robust foundations for understanding complex socio-cultural phenomena. Statistical analysis reveals significant patterns in gender participation, with female involvement emerging as the dominant theme at 196 occurrences (4.691%) and tourism-related terminology appearing 88 times (2.106%). Knowledge transfer mechanisms in traditional weaving demonstrate a substantial emphasis on women's roles, registering 137 occurrences (3.36%), while environmental considerations manifest consistently through terminology distribution. Findings indicate strong correlations between gender equity initiatives and successful cultural preservation outcomes, particularly in traditional textile production and sustainable tourism development. The research contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness of women-led approaches in maintaining cultural practices while fostering economic empowerment and environmental stewardship. These findings establish a comprehensive framework for understanding the critical intersection between cultural heritage preservation and sustainable development, mainly through examining women's pivotal roles in knowledge transmission and community empowerment across Indonesian traditional weaving communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: community empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: women’s roles
  topic: keywords
subject: intergenerational knowledge transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Heru Prasadja
creator: Yerik Afrianto Singgalen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Heru Prasadja, Yerik Afrianto Singgalen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 81
ending page: 99
doi: 10.22500/13202562694

Depoliticizing Decarbonization: Energy Plantations and Agrarian Inequality in Rural Indonesia
type: item
description: The Indonesian government, in collaboration with Perhutani, has promoted energy plantations as part of decarbonization agenda, claiming they provide economic benefits to local communities. However, rather than facilitating more equal land access to farmers, these initiatives have reinforced Perhutani’s control over land, exacerbating agrarian inequality in rural areas. This study critically examines how energy plantation in S Village, Grobogan Regency, Central Java, contribute to the re-concentration of land ownership and marginalization of rural communities. Based on qualitative research conducted in August 2023—including literature reviews, field observations, interviews, and focus group discussions—this study finds that the prioritization of carbon reduction has led to discursive depoliticization, which obscures the structural struggles of peasants for land rights. By framing decarbonization as a technical and market-driven solution, policymakers have weakened the political agency necessary for transformative change, allowing green investment to take precedence over agrarian justice. As a result, the current approach perpetuates inequality rather than addressing the root causes of rural dispossession. This paper argues that a just and equitable decarbonization agenda must integrate agrarian reform and empower local communities rather than serve the interests of corporate-driven climate policies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: decarbonization
  topic: keywords
subject: energy plantations
  topic: keywords
subject: agrarian inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: discursive depoliticization
  topic: keywords
creator: Habiburrachman
creator: Rendi Oman Gara
creator: Muhamad Khorik Saifulloh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Habiburrachman, Rendi Oman Gara, Muhamad Khorik Saifulloh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.22500/13202562714

Rethinking Tarkam Football Competition as A Complexity of Social Entrepreneurship Practice in Rural Indonesia
type: item
description: Football is the supreme sport in Indonesia. This popularity arises from football being a sport accessible to the crowds, easy to get involved in, and requiring minimal money to play. Football is more engaging when contested in a competitive league system. In Indonesia, there are both professional leagues run by football federations and grassroots championships known as Tarkam (antar-kampung / inter-village) tournaments conducted in rural regions. The Tarkam competition encompasses numerous traditions and includes up to 17 actors in the Tarkam football stakeholder mapping. This study employs an exploratory methodology, gathering data via content analysis and interviews with Tarkam football participants to elucidate the dynamics of football inside Tarkam. This study investigates the possibilities of social entrepreneurship in the execution of Tarkam tournaments. This study aims to unveil an alternative perspective of the Tarkam phenomenon, highlighting that it transcends just the sporting and economic dimensions. The study’s findings indicate that the execution of Tarkam tournaments aligns with the principles of social entrepreneurship, albeit in a more intricate manner; yet, certain social issues remain unaddressed within the existing tarkam framework.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: football
  topic: keywords
subject: social entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: tarkam
  topic: keywords
subject: village
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Setiawan Kusmulyono
creator: Faizal Ahmad
creator: Yogie Permana
creator: Irman Jayawardhana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Setiawan Kusmulyono, Faizal Ahmad, Yogie Permana, Irman Jayawardhana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-20
publication date: 2025-10-20
starting page: 68
ending page: 80
doi: 10.22500/13202562393

Boru ni Raja: Agency and Social Transformation of Toba Batak Women in Inclusive Rural Development in Silindung, North Tapanuli
type: item
description: This study examines how Boru ni Raja (women of royal descent) in Toba Batak society exercise agency to drive inclusive rural development in Silindung, North Tapanuli, Indonesia. Grounded in the social action theory of Max Weber and the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens, the study fills a crucial knowledge vacuum regarding how indigenous women navigate patriarchal systems through culturally embedded strategies. Using a 16-month multi-site ethnography (2023–2024), comprising 45 informants' interviews, document analysis, and participatory observation, the study reveals four key strategies: (1) leveraging cultural capital (82% efficacy), (2) building transgenerational networks (68%), (3) innovating local economies (57%), and (4) negotiating political spaces (39%). Findings demonstrate that Boru ni Raja reinterpret traditional values like Dalihan Na Tolu (kinship philosophy) and hasangapon (dignity) to legitimize leadership, resulting in a 320% increase in women’s institutional representation (2020–2023) and a 45% rise in average income. Despite resistance from male elites (60% of cases), their incremental approach transforms patrilineal structures without overt conflict, highlighting the potential of indigenous knowledge in fostering hybrid modernity. The study contributes to sociological debates on gender, development, and cultural change by theorizing subaltern agency in rigid hierarchies. Practical implications emphasize culturally sensitive empowerment programs for traditional societies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gender agency
  topic: keywords
subject: indigenous knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: rural development
  topic: keywords
creator: Harisan Boni Firmando
creator: Elvri Teresia Simbolon
creator: Roida Lumbantobing
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Harisan Boni Firmando, Elvri Teresia Simbolon, Roida Lumbantobing https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-07
publication date: 2025-10-07
starting page: 41
ending page: 55
doi: 10.22500/13202563983

From Traditional Agricultural Practices to Monoculture Plantations: Impacts on Indigenous Communities' Land Tenure,Land Use, and Livelihoods
type: item
description: The shift from traditional agriculture to monoculture plantations has significantly altered land tenure, land use, and livelihoods among the Dayak Hibun Community in villages of West Kalimantan. This study aims to examine the impacts of oil palm development on land relations, cultural values, and livelihoods within Indigenous communities embedded in the palm oil commodity supply chain. This study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative methods such as field observations, transect, interviews, and FGDs. Snowball sampling was employed to identify key informants with deep contextual knowledge. A survey of 31 Dayak Hibun households provided quantitative data on livelihood activities, land access, and resource relations, which strengthened the qualitative analysis. The unit of analysis was the household of Dayak Hibun farmers in Gunam Village located in the lowland area of Sanggau district. Findings indicate that households that own less than 2 hectares of oil palm farms predominantly experience survival conditions, some of which engage in consolidation intensification, and diversification. In contrast, households that own more than 2 hectares of land tend to pursue consolidation diversification, intensification, extensification, and accumulation. Cultural values serve as a collective strength across all social strata particularly for survival household condition with landholdings of less than two hectares.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: indigenous communities
  topic: keywords
subject: land tenure
  topic: keywords
subject: land use
  topic: keywords
subject: livelihood strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: oil palm
  topic: keywords
creator: Tirza Pandelaki
creator: Melani Abdulkadir Sunito
creator: Lala M Kolopaking
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tirza Pandelaki, Melani Abdulkadir Sunito, Lala M Kolopaking https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 13
ending page: 29
doi: 10.22500/13202564283

Social Dynamics in the Determination of Doi Balanca in Bugis Marriage Traditions
type: item
description: This article aims to systematically examine the social and cultural dynamics of the Doi Balanca practice in Bugis marriage traditions, as well as its impact on the sanctity of marriage amid shifting social values. The primary objective of this study is to understand the function of Doi Balanca as a social mechanism, the factors influencing its monetary value, and the conflicts that may arise from its rejection. This research adopts a qualitative case study approach, employing observation and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that Doi Balanca is perceived as a symbol of a man's commitment to his prospective wife, with its value and meaning shaped largely by Bugis society’s social constructs. It serves to uphold family honor and ensure social stability, yet the amount is determined by various factors such as social class, customary traditions, the role of the families involved, and inter-family communication. Rejection of this practice may lead to serious consequences, including family disputes, emotional tensions, and social exclusion—often culminating in broken engagements, elopements, or premarital pregnancies. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding the social and cultural complexities surrounding Doi Balanca in order to develop inclusive solutions to emerging conflicts. It recommends strengthening inter-family communication in determining the amount of Doi Balanca and promoting more flexible approaches that mitigate potential conflicts without eroding traditional values.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bugis Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Doi Balanca
  topic: keywords
subject: marriage customs
  topic: keywords
creator: Suriyani Suriyani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Suriyani Suriyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-06
publication date: 2025-09-06
starting page: 323
ending page: 334
doi: 10.22500/12202457755

The Politics of Land Grabbing: Dispossession and Depeasantization in A Coastal Village of Bali
type: item
description: This study aims to reveal the existence of land grabbing that leads to depeasantization, taking a case study in a village on the southern coast of Tabanan District, Bali Province called Pangkung Tibah Village. In this village, investors have transferred ownership of the productive peasants' land with plans to develop an integrated tourism area. This study is interesting because most studies on agrarian affairs focusing on Bali only focus on land conversion. This study will contribute to the topic of depeasantization. The method used in this study is qualitative with a case study approach. There are three informants involved in this study: the primary informant being the Head of Pangkung Tibah Village and two first-generation peasant who were subak administrators. Data analysis in this study combines in-depth interview data collection, observation, and spatial data analysis. Triangulation of the three techniques helps researchers process data and present it into research themes. The results of this study indicate that the land grabbing process occurred in the 1990s, marked by the massive transfer of land ownership to investors. Peasant was thrown from their subsistence production methods and experienced semi-proletarian conditions. The changing culture of peasant households also contributed to depeasantization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: depeasantization
  topic: keywords
subject: dispossession
  topic: keywords
subject: land grabbing
  topic: keywords
subject: semi-proletarization
  topic: keywords
creator: Bayu Adhinata
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bayu Adhinata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-18
publication date: 2025-09-18
starting page: 30
ending page: 40
doi: 10.22500/13202552920

Innovating Community Engagement: Onte’s Proposal on Five-Stage Progressive and Sustainable Model for Inclusive Development in Indonesia
type: item
description: Stakeholder engagement has increasingly become a central theme in a development discourse; however, its implementation often remains fragmented and superficial due to the conceptual and methodological inadequacies. This gap is the strongest motivation of this research, which aims to build a model of progressive and sustainable community engagement through community-based economic institutional collaboration. Employing a heuristic approach, this model synthesizes empirical insights from several community-based activities to develop a conceptual framework that supports inclusive development through economic institutional collaboration. The five fundamental stages that make up this model include: (1) social investigation as the baseline information gathering; (2) social mapping to portray actors and their influence in the community; (3) vision-building to articulate a common dream; (4) establishment of community-based business institutions; and (5) collaboration between community business institutions and the government in the form of secondary cooperatives. This model emphasizes the process of extracting accurate and reliable information from the community, exploring potential of sustainable livelihood, and accompanying in every activity until it ultimately increases the dignity of the community from being a stakeholder to a shareholder. It also addresses common causes of cooperative failure by institutionalizing a community partnership with the local government. The proposed model contributes methodologically to participatory development practices and provides a strategic framework for fostering durable, bottom-up institutional transformation in Indonesia and beyond.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: community engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperatives
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: perseroda
  topic: keywords
subject: stakeholders
  topic: keywords
creator: Kurnia Perdana
creator: Silverius Oscar Unggul
creator: Astan Jaya Tamburaka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kurnia Perdana
date: 2025-07-21
publication date: 2025-07-21
starting page: 308
ending page: 322
doi: 10.22500/12202459698

The Implementation of Collaborative Governance in The Literacy Education Empowerment Program Within Indigenous Communities in Lebak Regency
type: item
description: This study examines the implementation of collaborative governance in literacy education empowerment programs within indigenous communities. The collaborative governance approach involves the central government, local government, institutions, and the community. The aim of this research is to describe the collaborative governance in the literacy education empowerment program within indigenous communities and analyze the factors affecting community participation and empowerment. Data was collected through a census, with a sample of 200 learners from three literacy education assistance-receiving institutions in the Indigenous Community. The approach used includes descriptive analysis and data analysis with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The research results indicate that collaborative governance has been established. Significant factors influencing the level of participation in this program are the level of collaboration, environmental support, optimization elements, and the characteristics of the community members. Factors significantly influencing the level of empowerment are the level of collaboration, environmental support, participation, and the characteristics of the community members, while optimization elements do not significantly affect empowerment. The research findings suggest that the program is running fairly well, although there are some challenges such as the availability of infrastructure, the lack of training for tutors, and funding sources solely from the central government budget.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: collaborative governance
  topic: keywords
subject: community empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: literacy education
  topic: keywords
subject: participation level
  topic: keywords
subject: empowerment level
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisa Indriani
creator: Sumardjo
creator: Ma'mun Sarma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nisa Indriani
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15
starting page: 250
ending page: 263
doi: 10.22500/12202451158

Land Conversion and Farmer Exclusion: Land Tenure Change and Livelihoods Transformation in Sukamakmur Village, Karawang Regency
type: item
description: The conversion of agricultural land in Karawang Regency, particularly in Sukamakmur Village, has significantly disrupted farmers' livelihoods. This study examines the socio-economic changes farmers experienced before and after exclusion from their cultivated lands. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were gathered through interviews with ten informants across different land tenure classes, alongside insights from government officials and stakeholders. The findings reveal that policies favoring industrial development, speculative land sales, and inadequate irrigation infrastructure have driven widespread land conversion. These forces compelled farmers to sell their land, resulting in shifts in land ownership, reduced incomes, and altered livelihoods. Many displaced farmers became tenants, sharecroppers, or laborers, while others left agriculture entirely. Low education and skill deficits further hindered their ability to transition to industrial jobs, exacerbating inequality and poverty. This study highlights the systemic marginalization of farmers and calls for policies to protect their rights and promote equitable rural development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: farmer exclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: land conversion
  topic: keywords
subject: livelihood changes
  topic: keywords
subject: rural poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: West Java
  topic: keywords
creator: Sonia Aini
creator: Ganjar Kurnia
creator: Dianto Bachiardi
creator: Ahmad Choibar Tridakusumah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sonia Aini
date: 2025-04-12
publication date: 2025-04-12
starting page: 238
ending page: 249
doi: 10.22500/12202448870

Urban-Rural Exchange for Rice Farming Areas Development: A Case Study of Iketani and Iriyama Villages, Japan
type: item
description: Iketani Iriyama is the name of a non-profit organization focusing on revitalizing rural village areas named after two villages in Japan. Potentially, these villages have rice farming culture due to the planting of a special rice called Yamashimizu with a unique natural irrigation method based around melting snow. Apart from the potential that these villages possess, they have a shrinking population. Therefore, the revitalization program was carried out by Iketani Iriyama through an urban-rural exchange approach. This research aims to understand the development pattern through direct interviews, focusing on background analysis, event design process, analysis of sustainability, and evaluation. According to this research, there are two categories of activities designed, which use an urban-rural collaboration approach that considers local potential, both cultural and natural. Internal activities aim to preserve agricultural areas through an ownership system approach and workshop activities related to local culture and facilitating immigrants through housing development. External activities include lectures, seminars, and discussions related to the success stories achieved. In carrying out these activities, there are six supporting aspects support the sustainability of the program, including the economic aspect, immigrants and volunteers, the character of the local community, agricultural potential, ongoing collaboration, and the role of social media.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: urban-rural
  topic: keywords
subject: exchange
  topic: keywords
subject: revitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: Iketani Iriyama
  topic: keywords
creator: Pandu Purwandaru
creator: Aoki Hironobu
creator: Feng Tien Wei
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pandu Purwandaru, Aoki Hironobu, Feng Tien Wei
date: 2025-04-11
publication date: 2025-04-11
starting page: 225
ending page: 237
doi: 10.22500/12202454965

The Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping of Stakeholders Related to the Measured Fishing Policy (In Southeast Sulawesi)
type: item
description: The issuance of the Measured Fishing Policy (PIT) has sparked controversy among fishing communities, particularly due to its mechanism, which is seen as granting greater opportunities for the fishing industry to exploit marine resources. In contrast, small-scale and traditional fishers are perceived to be at a disadvantage in the long run. This study aims to examine the perceptions of fisheries stakeholders regarding the implementation of PIT, with research conducted in Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 714, especially in Southeast Sulawesi. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining primary data from Focus Group Discussions (FGD), questionnaires, and in-depth interviews, alongside secondary data sourced from scientific articles, research reports, online media, and other references. The analysis using fuzzy cognitive mapping indicates that the PIT policy is negatively associated with fishermen’s income, fish stock sustainability, conservation efforts, and community involvement. Furthermore, the study reveals stakeholder perspectives on seven key characteristics of measurable fishing policies, with the quota system emerging as the most prominent concern among fisheries practitioners and observers. In conclusion, the fuzzy cognitive mapping results highlight that PIT is largely perceived as having adverse impacts on small-scale fisheries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: fuzzy cognitive mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: measured fishing policy
  topic: keywords
subject: stakeholder perceptions
  topic: keywords
creator: Robin
creator: Muhammad Taswin Munie
creator: Eddy Hamka
creator: La Ode Mansyur
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Robin, Muhammad Taswin Munie, Eddy Hamka, La Ode Mansyur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 56
ending page: 67
doi: 10.22500/13202555185

Social Capital as A Pathway to Well-Being: A Study of The Cibulao Hijau Forest Farmer Group
type: item
description: Social capital was one of the key factors in the development process, as it emerged from social relationships and, when collectively utilized, could influence the level of well-being. Well-being in this context did not only refer to material needs but also encompassed spiritual and social aspects. This study generally aimed to analyze the relationship between the level of social capital functionality and the well-being of members of the Cibulao Hijau Forest Farmer Group. The study involved 35 group members selected using a simple random sampling technique. A quantitative approach was employed, supported by qualitative data. Data were collected through questionnaire distribution, in-depth interviews, observation, and literature review. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation test. The results showed a significant correlation—categorized as moderate—between the functionality of social capital and the well-being level of group members. These findings indicated that the functionality of social capital served as one of the crucial indicators in determining the well-being level of the Cibulao Hijau Forest Farmer Group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cibulao Hijau forest farmer group
  topic: keywords
subject: social capital
  topic: keywords
subject: well-being
  topic: keywords
creator: Yovian Reynard Stanley
creator: Hana Indriana
creator: Ivanovich Agusta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yovian Reynard Stanley, Hana Indriana
date: 2025-07-03
publication date: 2025-07-03
starting page: 295
ending page: 307
doi: 10.22500/12202449268

Product and Institutional Development of Gambier Agricultural Markets in Rural Indonesia: A Case Study of Nagari Pangkalan, Sumatra Barat Province
type: item
description: Gambier is a speciality agricultural product in Sumatra Barat Province, Indonesia. Gambier farming has improved the community economy and rural development. The problem is that the gambier products produced are still raw materials, the quality is low, and the market for gambier is not perfect. So far, there have been no real solutions and policies from stakeholders to overcome these problems. This study aims to find solutions in product development and institutional improvement of the gambier market. This research uses a qualitative method. The case study is in Nagari Pangkalan, one of the centres of gambier farming in Sumatra Barat. The results showed that it is important to develop gambier products in the form of catechins and tannins in Nagari Pangkalan. The high price of catechins and tannins can increase farmers' income. It is necessary to build a gambier agribusiness centre by involving farmer groups, cooperatives and the government in Nagari Pangkalan. The Gambier Agribusiness Centre will reduce the dominance of gatherers and increase the role of cooperatives in the gambier market. The government designs regulations related to gambier exports by involving cooperatives. The export of gambier through cooperatives will shorten the marketing flow of gambier and benefit gambier farmers more. A gambier market that benefits farmers will indirectly help the economy and rural development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: markets
  topic: keywords
subject: gambier
  topic: keywords
subject: rural areas
  topic: keywords
creator: Wedy Nasrul
creator: Leli Suwita
creator: Revi Ernanda
creator: Fajri Ramadhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wedy Wedy Nasrul
date: 2025-06-26
publication date: 2025-06-26
starting page: 283
ending page: 294
doi: 10.22500/12202453794

Frankincense Versus Eucalyptus: A Struggle for Forest Resources Access in Pandumaan-Sipituhuta, North Sumatra
type: item
description: This study investigates the contested access to forest resources between Indigenous communities and corporate actors in Pandumaan-Sipituhuta, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra. The Indonesian government has designated the area as production forest and granted forest management rights to a private company for eucalyptus plantation development. However, this area is also traditionally managed by the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta Indigenous Peoples, who rely on it for harvesting frankincense resin (haminjon). The overlap in-land claim has triggered a protracted struggle over access, wherein the state and company actors are positioned against the Indigenous community. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study draws on in-depth interviews with ten key informants to examine the mechanisms of power and contestation among actors. The findings reveal that each party employs different forms of power to secure access: the company relies on legal-rational authority and economic capital – particularly through formal concessions and tax payments – while the Indigenous community mobilizes social capital and networks, including alliances with NGOs and local political figures, to assert customary rights. The study concludes that diverging interests among forest stakeholders and the procedural complexity of legal recognition pose significant barriers to the formal acknowledgment of Indigenous rights over ancestral forests.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: access
  topic: keywords
subject: actors
  topic: keywords
subject: capital
  topic: keywords
subject: indigenous peoples
  topic: keywords
subject: power relation
  topic: keywords
creator: Risdawati Ahmad
creator: Rina Mardiana
creator: Ekawati Sri Wahyuni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Risdawati Ahmad
date: 2025-05-19
publication date: 2025-05-19
starting page: 264
ending page: 282
doi: 10.22500/12202459651

Contestation of Spatial Utilization in Komodo National Park: Access and Exclusion Perspectives
type: item
description: The idea of biodiversity conservation emerged to overcome the ecological crisis. However, its implementation has created various social impacts such as social alienation, conflict, and poverty. There is a political relationship between humans and nature, one of which is about access to resources or space. This study aims to analyze who can get access or exclusion, and through what mechanisms they access or exclude space in Komodo National Park (KNP). Qualitative methods with the case study strategy are applied. The results are as follows: Firstly, due to shifting conservation management from the ecological-based conservation (EBC) perspective to the market-based conservation (MBC), different actors emerge. Secondly, as an implication, a new bundle of power with different actors emerged in each type of conservation period. During the EBC period, the unbalanced power occurs between local people on the one side and the KNP office and conservation NGO on the other side. Juridical power becomes the source of the power of the latter. Meanwhile, during the MBC period, market and juridical power are the sources of power. Thirdly, both the EBC and the MBC period lead the way to the exclusion of the local people.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: akses
  topic: keywords
subject: konservasi kehati
  topic: keywords
subject: eksklusi
  topic: keywords
subject: kekuasaan
  topic: keywords
subject: Taman Nasional Komodo
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur Hannah Muthohharoh
creator: Endriatmo Soetarto
creator: Soeryo Adiwibowo
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 2021-10-02
publication date: 2021-10-02
doi: 10.22500/9202135506

The Implementation of the Marine Spatial Plan on the Identity and Rights of the Berakit Orang Suku Laut Community in Bintan Regency, Riau Islands
type: item
description: This study examine the efforts of the Bintan Regency government to relocate the Sea Nomad or Orang Suku Laut (OSL) community through the Marine Spatial Plan policy, focusing on the positive and negative impacts of this relocation on their rights and cultural identity. Employing a qualitative approach, the research investigates the implementation and impacts of the Marine Spatial Plan using data collected through in-depth interviews, observations and documentations. Findings reveal that the government strategies often rely on persuasive approaches, leveraging the proximity of the OSL’s traditional marine territory to Panglong village. By 2011, resettlement initiatives encompassed 60 families, accompanied by disciplinary administrative measures like record-keeping of ID registration and residence requirement of 5-10 years in Panglong village for housing eligibility. These measures, however, have significantly erroded the cultural identity of the OSL, distancing young generation from their maritime attachment. While the government policy seeks to assimilate the OSL to Malay communities, it poses a threat to the preservation of their authentic marine culture and contradict their right to self-determination as an indigenous people. The study underscores the importance of involving the OSL in Marine Spatial Planning, highlighting their traditional knowledge as a critical resource for achieving inclusive and sustainable development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Govermentality
  topic: keywords
subject: Orang Suku Laut
  topic: keywords
subject: collective identity
  topic: keywords
subject: coastal communities
  topic: keywords
creator: Novi Gabriella Haria
creator: Jasri Fanny Humairah
creator: Iswahyudi
creator: Siti Arieta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Novi Gabriella Haria, Jasri Fanny Humairah, Iswahyudi, Siti Arieta
date: 2025-02-06
publication date: 2025-02-06
starting page: 202
ending page: 224
doi: 10.22500/12202452966

The Function of Saniri as a Means of Controlling Village Development
type: item
description: The saniri institution is a traditional governance body in Maluku, particularly in Central Maluku, responsible for formulating village (negeri) programs, drafting regulations, electing the village head (raja), and overseeing the negeri government’s implementation of development initiatives. Despite its long-standing role and adherence by indigenous communities, concerns have emerged regarding its effectiveness in governance oversight. This study examines the implementation of the saniri’s control function in overseeing development projects in Lumoli Negeri, West Seram Regency. Employing qualitative research methods, findings reveal that the community, as represented by key informants, expresses dissatisfaction with the saniri’s supervisory role. Many perceive that development efforts have failed to meet expectations due to the saniri’s lack of oversight, resulting in underutilized infrastructure and facilities. This study seeks to identify the underlying factors that hinder the saniri’s ability to perform its control function and explore strategies to strengthen its governance role. Enhancing the saniri institution's effectiveness is crucial to ensuring that village development initiatives are successfully implemented and fully utilized by the community.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: overseeing function
  topic: keywords
subject: saniri
  topic: keywords
subject: rural development
  topic: keywords
subject: negeri
  topic: keywords
creator: Elsina Titaley
creator: Abubakar Muhammad Nur
creator: Christwyn Ruusniel Alfons
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elsina Titaley, Abubakar Muhammad Nur, Christwyn Ruusniel Alfons
date: 2025-02-06
publication date: 2025-02-06
starting page: 191
ending page: 201
doi: 10.22500/12202454325

Village Fund and Rural Poverty: Evidence from North Aceh, the Poorest Region in Aceh
type: item
description: The Indonesian government implemented the Village Fund policy 2014 to encourage development and reduce rural poverty. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Village Fund on poverty in North Aceh District. The research method uses descriptive analysis, focusing on the Village Fund variable, the poverty variable, and Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) as a representation of the number of poor people, and the Developing Villages Index (IDM) variable as a representation of poverty in the context of village development. The villages of Cot Girek, Pulo Dulang, Grong-Grong, Cot Trueng, and Meunasah Lhok were selected as case examples to provide a more comprehensive picture. The research found that during the 2018-2023 period, Village Fund allocations in North Aceh Regency fluctuated, poverty rates decreased, and village development increased significantly. Within five years, more than 50% of villages in North Aceh changed their status from underdeveloped to developing villages. Fluctuations in the Village Fund also occurred in the five research villages, and there was an increase in the number of poor BLT recipients in several villages. The five villages continued to experience holistic village development, including social, economic, and ecological improvements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aceh
  topic: keywords
subject: developing villages index
  topic: keywords
subject: rural poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: village fund
  topic: keywords
creator: Silvia Zahara
creator: Irfan Zikri
creator: Sofyan
creator: Andi Sahriani Safitri
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Irfan Zikri, Silvia Zahara, Sofyan, Andi Sahriani Safitri
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 175
ending page: 190
doi: 10.22500/12202452625

Water Governance Conflict in Kupang: between Limited Water Debit versus Commercialization
type: item
description: This study aims to present the long-standing water governance dilemma in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, which has never been fully resolved. On the one hand, the people of Kupang City and Kupang Regency experience water shortages during the dry season. On the other hand, the practice of water commercialization appears to be carried out by local political economy elites in a vulgar and massive manner. Commercialization is understood as an effort involving a set of rules, policies, and norms that empower the market to provide clean water, and even produce and distribute water to citizens. This research was a qualitative study that employed in-depth interviews with 20 informants, observations at 5 water selling locations, and focus group discussions with drinking water customers. Using the commercialization perspective, this paper challenged the view that water scarcity in Kupang is due to limited water debit, rapid population growth, and low rainfall. This study found that the water problem in Kupang was caused by the massive commercialization of water, which was dominated by the private sector with government support through water sales operation permits, as well as illegal water drilling by local communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: water, government, businessman, local people
  topic: keywords
creator: Didimus Dedi Dhosa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Didimus Dedi Dhosa
date: 2024-12-23
publication date: 2024-12-23
starting page: 162
ending page: 174
doi: 10.22500/12202451316

Actor Analysis in Resolving Social Violence in The Mining Area of Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province
type: item
description: Actor participation has a significant impact on dealing with social violence because they possess the resources and abilities required to intervene and address social violence effectively. Actors with substantial resources can influence policies aimed at resolving, preventing, and enhancing community capacity in handling social violence. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct an analysis and mapping of actor resources in order to identify the strengths of each actor in the mining area of Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The method used is the Casey index to measure the actor capital index, and the Promethee analysis tool is used to rank actor capital and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of actor capital. The results of data processing found that the actors who play a role in overcoming social violence in the mining area of Kolaka Regency have the status of Village Head, Bhabinkabtibmas (Police), Babinsa (Army), and Community Leaders. The status of Village Heads tends to have quite high levels of social, economic, and human resource capital but low cultural capital. The author recommend that the government strengthen the capacity of village heads in handling conflicts and create Village Regulations regarding conflict resolution and social violence based on local cultural wisdom.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: actor capital
  topic: keywords
subject: casey index
  topic: keywords
subject: promethee
  topic: keywords
subject: social violence
  topic: keywords
creator: Suliamin Kasnar Sul
creator: Sofyan Sjaf
creator: Hermanto Siregar
creator: Sri Mulatsih
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Suliamin Kasnar Sul, Sofyan Sjaf, Hermanto Siregar, Sri Mulatsih
date: 2024-12-19
publication date: 2024-12-19
starting page: 148
ending page: 161
doi: 10.22500/12202452355

What Drives The Success of Rural Development? Evidence from West Java, Indonesia
type: item
description: Success in rural development lies in identifying and developing the appropriate factors to make development work. Finding the best way to achieve successful rural development is a question that is currently difficult to answer. This study aims to identify the factors that can influence the success of village development, by focusing on the variables contained in each dimension of the Village Development Index (IDM), namely the dimensions of social resilience, economic resilience, environmental resilience, and village fiscal independence. This study focuses on the conditions of 5,312 villages in West Java Province, Indonesia. The data in this study is obtained from the Village Potential (Podes) 2019 micro data and Village Development Index 2020 by conducting descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that sustainable development in villages can be achieved by ensuring the availability of village social infrastructure, and increasing the effectiveness of village economic institutions. In addition, the government needs to ensure the focused and strategic development plans so that village revenue can be efficiently utilized for development. These factors must be utilized by all village communities in order to avoid conflicts that occur in the village.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: rural development
  topic: keywords
subject: village development index
  topic: keywords
subject: village potential
  topic: keywords
creator: Fahmi Ramadhani
creator: Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Fahmi Ramadhani, Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra
date: 2024-11-28
publication date: 2024-11-28
starting page: 135
ending page: 147
doi: 10.22500/12202449391

Social Changes in the Development of Beef Cattle in Oil Palm Plantation Areas: Case of Jayakarta Village, Central Bengkulu Regency
type: item
description: The development of beef cattle production requires social interaction in the context of space and time. The development of beef cattle areas cannot be separated from the dynamics of social change that occur at the microlevel in the rural areas, making it interesting to study. This research aims to analyze the factors that played a role in the development of the beef cattle population in Jayakarta Village, Talang Empat Subdistrict, Central Bengkulu Regency, between 1972 and 2022. Data was collected through in-depth interviews involving key informants using the snowball method and then analyzed using an interactive method with a social change theory approach to aspects of structural and cultural change in rural communities. The research results show that the development of beef cattle is caused by the gradual production and reproduction of various cattle-rearing systems. The development of the beef cattle population is encouraged through the Government Livestock Program and the massive expansion of oil palm plantations, especially by private plantations that provide a source of cattle feed in plantation areas. Structural changes led to the formation of a semi-intensive rearing system starting in 2010 and an extensive rearing system that started in 2013, causing a change in the culture of rural community beef cattle rearing system, which was initially only intensive.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: beef cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: rearing systems
  topic: keywords
subject: production area
  topic: keywords
subject: social change
  topic: keywords
creator: Andi Ishak
creator: Jhon Firison
creator: Erpan Ramon
creator: Zul Efendi
creator: Taufik Hidayat
creator: Emlan Fauzi
creator: Wawan Eka Putra
creator: Sarwo Ferdi Wibowo
creator: Taupik Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Andi Ishak, Jhon Firison, Erpan Ramon, Zul Efendi, Taufik Hidayat, Emlan Fauzi, Wawan Eka Putra, Sarwo Ferdi Wibowo, Taupik Rahman
date: 2024-11-25
publication date: 2024-11-25
starting page: 121
ending page: 134
doi: 10.22500/12202448872

Dinamika Sosio-Ekologi Pedesaan: Perspektif dan Pertautan Keilmuan Ekologi Manusia, Sosiologi Lingkungan dan Ekologi Politik
type: item
description: Perkembangan bidang keilmuan ekologi-manusia, sosiologi lingkungan, dan ekologi-politik dipandang sangat impresif, selama dua dekade terakhir. Sekalipun berjalan tidak linier, transformasi ekologi-manusia menjadi sosiologi-ekologi-manusia (sosiologi lingkungan) telah mendorong munculnya ekologi-politik sebagai bidang keilmuan baru untuk melengkapi dua bidang sebelumnya. Sekalipun memiliki akar epistemologis yang sama, namun ketiga bidang studi tetap bekerja pada “wilayah keilmuanâ€ yang otonom. Sebagai bidang kajian paling mutakhir, ekologi politik dapat dikatakan sebagai bidang keilmuan yang mengambil manfaat paling besar atas dua bidang keilmuan sebelumnya yaitu sosiologi-ekologi-manusia dan antropologi budaya (cikal-bakal human ecology). Dari perspektif lain, bidang kajian ekologi politik berkembang sebagai konsekuensi kompleksitas persoalan yang dihadapi oleh sistem ekologi planet bumi, dimana relasi manusia dan alam berlangsung relatif rumit dan saling menegasikan satu sama lain. Manakala aspek kekuasaan (power), konflik kepentingan, dan kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi-politik harus diperhitungkan, maka ekologi-politik lebih mampu membedah persoalan yang tidak dapat dianalisis oleh ekologi manusia. “Dinamika konflik sumberdaya alam dan lingkunganâ€ serta “olah kekuasaan pemangku kepentinganâ€ menjadi fokus kajian ekologi politik saat ini. Dengan makin rumitnya dimensi persoalan ekologi dan lingkungan di abad 21, maka kerjasama para ahli dari ketiga cabang ilmu di atas makin diperlukan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Arya Hadi Dharmawan
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
doi: 10.22500/sodality.v1i1.5939

Back Matter
type: item
description: Back Matter
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Back Matter
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamad Shohibuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Shohibuddin
date: 2025-02-20
publication date: 2025-02-20

Front Matter
type: item
description: Front Matter
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Front Matter
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamad Shohibuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Shohibuddin
date: 2025-02-20
publication date: 2025-02-20

Rural Women Entrepreneurship based on Tourism Village through Post-Disaster Socio-Ecological Capital
type: item
description: Women have always been considered in several studies as the most vulnerable group to disaster risk and less involved in the post-disaster recovery process. This paper aims to find out and analyze the entrepreneurial activities of rural women who joined the management of Nusa Tourism Village as one of the post-disaster economic recovery efforts. The main question that will be answered in this study is how rural women are involved in entrepreneurial activities based on tourism villages after the tsunami. To answer this question, this paper uses qualitative methods with a constructivist paradigm and narrative approach. Data collection was conducted through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that women of Nusa Village carried out tourism village-based entrepreneurial activities through socio-ecological capital. This socio-ecological capital consists of elements of social capital in the form of social relations, beliefs, collective norms, and collective actions. The element of ecological capital is in the form of the utilization of land, water, plants, and household waste which is packaged through various tour packages. This study concludes that socio-ecological capital is an important capital for rural women in carrying out entrepreneurial activities to recover the post-disaster economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: tourism village
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-ecological capital
  topic: keywords
subject: women
  topic: keywords
creator: Dony Arung Triantoro
creator: Ashabul Yamin Asgha
creator: Futri Syam
creator: Anhar Fazri
rights: Copyright (c)
date: 2024-01-31
publication date: 2024-01-31
starting page: 223
ending page: 239
doi: 10.22500/11202350396

Back Matter
type: item
description: BAc Matter
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Back Matter
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamad Shohibuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mohamad Shohibuddin
date: 2024-06-03
publication date: 2024-06-03

Front Matter
type: item
description: Front Matter
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Front Matter
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamad Shohibuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mohamad Shohibuddin
date: 2024-06-03
publication date: 2024-06-03