Indonesian Journal of Primatology (InaJP) is an international peer-reviewed and open-access journal that publishes significant and important research from all areas of primatology fields such as biomedical, biology, and conservation. Bio-anthropology, bio-psychology, social, policy, and environmental aspects of primatology are covered by InaJP. E-ISSN 2964-5441 InaJP is published by Primate Research Center, IPB University, Indonesia. We accept submissions from all over the world. Our Editorial Board members are prominent and active international researchers in primatology fields who ensure an efficient, fair, and constructive peer-review process. All accepted articles will be published on payment of an article-processing charge and will be freely available to all readers with worldwide visibility and coverage. For a limited time, no payment will be charged for articles submitted until 2024.
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Daily Behaviour of Long-tailed Macaque in the Captive, Semi-wild, and Wild Habitats: Preliminary Reports
One of the endangered non-human primates, Macaca fascicularis, can adapt to various conditions of habitats, including full-housed, semi-wild, and natural habitats. This species has multi-male, multi-female social bonds that influence their daily behaviour activity. This study tried to describe the daily behaviour of Macaca fascicularis in their original habitats through a web-based survey. This study categorised the original habitat as captive, semi-wild, and wild. The focus of behavioural frequency data observed in all habitats includes feeding, locomotion, sleeping, grooming, playing, and aggression. This study used statistical analysis for each paired habitat. The daily behaviour for all pairs showed similar budgets, except for captive 1 and 2, which showed significant differences (p-value<0.05). Six behaviours showed no significant difference (similar frequency) in all habitats. The factors that impact the daily behaviour for each habitat include environmental enrichment and condition, natural resources, individual number proportion (group size), and response to human and anthropogenic disturbance.
Copyright (c) 2022 Indonesian Journal of Primatology
Distribution of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Deli Island, Pandeglang, Banten
Deli Island is one of the habitats for the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) outside its natural distribution. Not much is known about the existence of Deli Island, included information on habitat use. This study was conducted to determine the distribution and distribution pattern of long-tailed Macaques in utilizing Deli Island as their habitat. The study was conducted in June-July 2022. The study used the transect method and the determination of the waypoint using GPS. Data were analyzed using ArcMap GIS 10.3 program to describe the presence and distribution of long-tailed macaques. The results showed that 27 groups of long-tailed macaques were identified on Deli island spread over several points, large groups were found in fishermen's huts with a total of 42 individuals. This condition illustrates that the distribution pattern of groups of long-tailed macaques on Deli Island is in the random category with nearest neighbor ratio 1,089431.
Distribution, Long-tailed macaque, Distribution Pattern, Deli Island
Copyright (c) 2023 Indonesian Journal of Primatology
Evaluation Of The Haematology Profile And Blood Chemistry Of Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766) At Primate Research Center, IPB University
Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766) or macaque is a primate that was successfully bred by Primate Research Centre (PRC) IPB University as an effort to conserve and use it as a model animal in biomedical research. macaque with ID. Tattoo 6180 is a male macaque ± 23 years old in a coral cage B which focuses on breeding purposes in captivity to produce offspring. Health evaluation of ID. Tattoo 6180 becomes one of the important things related to those goal. The purpose of this study was to measure the haematological and blood chemistry profile of macaque with ID. Tattoo 6180. The method used in this research is descriptive observational to identify blood cell composition, leukocyte differentiation, and blood chemistry. Based on the measurement results, it is known that the hematologic profiles including White Blood Cell/WBC (7.5×103/µl), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin/MCH (23.4 pg), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration/MCHC (33.2 g/dL), and Platelets/PLT (231×103/µl) have values ​​outside the normal range. The results of the leukocyte differential examination showed that the N/L value was 4.68 exceeded the normal value. In addition, the results of blood chemistry measurements including SGOT (119.1 U/L), Calcium (7.0 mg/dL), Phosphorus (37.9 mg/dL), and Cholesterol (87 mg/dL) also have values ​​outside the normal range. Results examination showed that the macaque with ID. Tattoo 6180 was diagnosed as hyperchromic macrocytic / microcytic without anaemia, stress, thrombocytopenia, muscle injury / inflammation of the heart, and hypercholesterolemia. Further examination is needed to establish the macaque health status.
Blood parameters, Hyperchromic macrocytic, Macaque, Stress, Thrombocytopenia
Apoptosis of Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7) Induced by Psidium guajava Simplisia Extract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. In 2014, the death rate caused by this cancer reached 585,720 cases. The most common cancers suffered by women include breast cancer (29%), lung cancer (13%), colon cancer (8%), uterine cancer (6%), and thyroid cancer (6%) (Siegel et al. 2014). Therefore, many studies have been conducted to find the best treatment for fighting this cancer. Breast cancer is caused by abnormal cells in the breast that occur continuously. Breast cancer can be affected by several mechanisms, such as angiogenesis (Schneider & Miller 2005), metastasis (Weigelt et al. 2005), and apoptosis (Yang et al. 2006). Apoptosis is a normal cell death process that occurs after several times of replication. This process of apoptosis has a critical role in normal cells and cancer cells. Cell death due to apoptosis is regulated by an interplay between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. These proteins are the result of gene expression, for example, the Bax gene that expresses the Bax protein and the Bcl-2 gene that expresses the Bcl-2 protein (Martin & Dowsett 2013). Various kinds of treatments have been developed to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and surgery. However, this treatment only works in the early stages of cancer, and later, cells become resistant to these various treatments. In addition, multiple medications can also kill other normal cells. Therefore, research on the treatment of cancer has been developed using bioactive compounds found in natural ingredients, such as fruits (Abrahim et al. 2012). One of the plants that have been widely developed for cancer treatment is guava (Psidium guajava). This plant has been known to have many purposes, such as antibacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-acne, and anti-inflammatory (Ryu et al. 2012). This study aims to examine the effect of guava extract on the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ATCC HTB 22), which can later be used as candidates for anticancer drugs.
Leukocyte Differential Study in Macaca nemestrina infected by Plasmodium spp
The differential count of leukocytes in Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques) infected by Plasmodium is a way to determine the pattern of the immune response that is increased by the presence of a disease in the body in the form of a parasite in the blood, namely Plasmodium spp. Plasmodium is a parasitic protozoan that can cause malaria and is transmitted through infected mosquito bites. This parasitic protozoan can infect birds, reptiles, rodents, primates, and humans. This study also distinguished the percentage of white blood cells (leukocytes) between infected and uninfected macaques with Plasmodium spp, with the number of samples taken by as many as 24 monkeys. Whole blood was made a thin review on a glass preparation. After drying, it was fixed using methanol by soaking it for 15 minutes and then soaking it in Giemsa›s solution for 30 minutes. The number of leukocytes and differential leukocytes was counted using a light microscope. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) examination as confirmation of microscopic examination. The calculation results showed the percentage of neutrophils and monocytes in monkeys infected by Plasmodium spp. Greater than the uninfected macaque, basophils were still in normal numbers for lymphocytes and eosinophils.
Food Preference of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1821) in IPB Dramaga Campus
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) will expand their daily home range to obtain good and plentiful food sources, thus often causing conflict. Identification of long-tailed macaque feed preferences needs to be done as a form of minimizing conflict. This research aims to identify the type of feed and feed preference, and also to analyze the daily activity of long-tailed macaques. The research was conducted by vegetation analysis and field observation of the daily activities of long-tailed macaques. The results of this research showed that there were 22 types of feed plants and 2 types of non-plant feeds. Long-tailed macaques are kind of fructivore animals but will be opportunistic omnivores if the availability of fruits decreases. Long-tailed macaques are more interested to eat fruit, especially Belimbing Bintang fruit (Averrhoa carambola), Matoa fruit (Pometia pinnata), and Jabon fruit (Neolamarckia cadamba).
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of LDLR Gene as Atherogenesis Markers on Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) are non-human primate species that most commonly used as animal model in the study of atherosclerosis. Genetic variation in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) has been associated with normal variations in plasma lipid profile and the risk of coronary heart disease (CAD) in humans. In this study, the screening of nucleotide polymorphisms on LDLR genes as molecular markers of atherogenesis in M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina was performed. The LDLR gene of exon region 6 is amplified with a specific primers. The nucleotide sequences of the amplicons is determined by the sequencing technique and the results were bioinformatic analyzed. Analysis of exon 6 region LDLR gene in M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina revealed no SNP in this exon. Based on the alignment results, the entire sample has a type of haplotype I. The type of haplotype owned by the six animals is related to the hyper-repons. Both of this species are a potential species for animals model in the study of atherosclerotic disease. The use of exon 6 as a genetic marker of M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina on a fat cholesterol diet makes the animal selection of hypo- from hyper-responder are more efficient.
Atherosclerosis, LDLR gene, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
Observation of Leukocyte Differential in Macaca fascicularis
Leukocytes play a crucial role in immune defense mechanisms. The differential leukocyte count and morphological examination are commonly used in laboratory test to identify anomalies in leukocytes distribution and detect morphological irregularities. This study aimed to performed a differential leukocyte count using peripheral blood smear samples obtained from 5 Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) bloods. Staining of peripheral blood smears was followed by observation under a light microscope to perform differential leukocyte counts and morphological examination. The differential leukocyte count results showed signs of lymphocytosis and neutropenia in samples AJ400, AB924, and AJ150, which may suggest infections, such as viral or bacterial infections. Additionally, signs of monocytosis showed in samples AB924 and AJ150, possibly attributed to bacteremia or endocarditis. However, the morphological examination showed no abnormalities or immature cells.
Copyright (c) 2024 Indonesian Journal of Primatology
Mosquito Community in Primate Captivity (Tarsius sp.) and its Potential as Transmitters of Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Diseases.
By means of conservation, ectoparasites monitoring and surveillance especially mosquitoes in primate captivity become important. Mosquito is one of the ectoparasites which acts as a vector of various types of zoonotic diseases such as Dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, filariasis, and others. This study was aimed to determine the diversity of mosquito species, their fluctuations as well as the potential of mosquitoes as a Dengue virus (DENV) vector around the tarsier captivity in the animal conservation laboratory IPB Primate Research Center (IPB PRC). Mosquitoes were collected from February to April 2020 using light traps and sweep net every two hours from 06.00 pm to 06.00 am. Detection of the presence of Dengue virus (DENV) is carried out using Reverse Transcriptase Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) against Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus. The results showed that there were 4 species of mosquitoes caught around the tarsier captivity namely Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Armigeres foliatus. The dominant mosquito species were Armigeres subalbatus (62.11%) and Aedes albopictus (41.61%). Detection of Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 in Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus gave negative results. The presence of mosquitoes that have the potential to carry zoonotic disease around the tarsier captivity in IPB PRC shows the potential for Mosquito-Borne Diseases to both tarsiers and human.
Isolation and Biochemical Characterisation of Long-Tailed Macaque Aerobic Gut Bacteria from Tinjil Island, Indonesia
Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis; LTM) is a common non-human primate used as an animal model in the medical field for its genetic similarity with humans. Maintaining the gut microbiota balance of LTM is crucial to avoid the possibility of disease in LTM caused by dysbiosis. Therefore, this study aims to isolate bacteria from the semi-wild LTM from Tinjil Island to know the diversity of their gut microbiota. We serially diluted four semi-wild LTM fecal samples and spread them onto the nutrient agar medium for bacteria enumeration through Total Plate Count (TPC). Then, we follow Bergey's Manual Determinative of Bacteriology. The bacteria isolates would be identified morphologically and biochemically. The average of total viable bacteria obtained was 1.86 x 109 CFU/g. Aerobic isolation of bacteria from all the samples resulted in 19 isolates of gram-positive bacteria, of which six putative species of Staphylococcus sp., three Bacillus sp., four Micrococcus sp., and four Corynebacterium sp. In general, isolating cultivable fecal microbiota from fecal samples of semi-wild LTM from Tinjil Island has provided an overview of its gut microbiota composition based on limited analytical methods using cultured-dependent methods.
Seasonal Variation in the Activity Budget and Daily Path Length of Semi-Provisioned Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Daunne Forest, Nawalpur, Nepal
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, Mammalia: Primates: Haplorhini: Cercopithecidae) show a great deal of adaptability in different types of habitats. Understanding how these animals allocate their time with regard to their daily activities and ranging behavior is helpful to the design of effective conservation plans by allowing us to better understand their ecological necessities and behavioral responses to environmental changes. This study examined seasonal variation in the activity budget and ranging behavior of a semi-provisioned group of rhesus macaques inhabiting the Daunne Devi Temple area in the Daunne Forest, a subtropical forest in mid-hill of central Nepal. Behavioral data were collected on the adult members of the group using focal animal sampling from 27 October 2021 to 10 May 2022 (for a total of 29 days /227 hours of observation) during three time periods of the day: morning, 7.00–11.00 am; afternoon, 11.00–2.00 pm; and late afternoon, 2.00–6.00 pm. Simultaneously, ranging behavior was recorded by instantaneous scan sampling at 10-minute intervals with the aid of a GPS receiver. The adults in the study group spent the majority of the time resting (33.83%), followed by moving (26.67%), feeding (22.92%), and grooming (15.42%). Males spent significantly more time resting and moving, whereas females spent significantly more time in feeding and grooming. The time invested by the rhesus macaques in different activities showed seasonal variation, but lacked statistical significance. Daily path length ranged between 540.1–2905.4 m (mean = 1590 ± 576.96 m) with a statistically significant seasonal difference that might be attributed to the number of temple visitors and availability of provisioned food. Although the sample size was small and study duration was short, this is one of only a few studies providing empirical evidence suggesting the seasonal variation in activity budget and daily path length of semi-provisioned rhesus macaques.
The PCNA GENE EXPRESSION AS A MARKER OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN THE BRAIN OF LONG-TAILED MACAQUES (Macaca fascicularis)
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's is still difficult to do, thus it is important to carry out further research to find biomarkers that can be used to detect early Alzheimer's disease. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is known as a proliferation marker, which has the potential to detect neurogenesis in the brain. This study aimed to identify PCNA gene expression in the brain as a marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Macaca fascicularis. Macaca fascicularis was used in this study because of their similarities with humans in terms of their behavioral complexity, as well as high cognitive abilities and the formation of a pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the brain. This study used the brains of 7 monkeys in the hippocampus and cortical regions. Monkeys previously have been divided into old and adult age groups. The detection of PCNA gene expression was done using RT-qPCR method. The results showed the gene expression tended to be higher in the adult group and the hippocampus region, although based on statistical analysis showed no significant differences
Alzheimer’s disease, Macaca fascicularis, Neurogenesis, PCNA, RT-qPCR
Behavior of Sumatran Lorises (Nycticebus coucang) in the Captive, Primate Research Center-IPB University
Lorises are protected and endangered animals, according to the IUCN and government regulations in permen LHK No. P.106/2018 , because of poaching, habitat fragmentation, and illegal sales that occur. This study aims to determine the suitability of the cages by observing the behavior and use of the cages space by the sumatra lorises in the Primate Research Center- IPB. The method used is Observation of daily behavior using the animal focal method sampling, namely a direct observation method using one individual and an instantaneous point samplingmethod, namely recording all behavior for a certain duration of time, which will produce data on the percentage of animal behavior every 10 minutes. The time resulting from observations of 3 individual lorises was 144 hours. The study results showed locomotion behavior at 46.69%, social behavior at 2.63%, elimination at 1.6%, rest at 25.11%, grooming at 6.16%, foraging at 2.4%, eating at 3.88%, and being alert at 11.53%. Lorises in Primate Research Center use the entire cages space provided to carry out active and inactive activities. The conservation aspect is sufficiently supportive of the housing and feed aspects provided.
Morphometric Analysis of Growth in Captive-bred Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina Linnaeus 1766)
ABSTRACT The pig-tailed macaque has a high vulnerability to human infectious disease pathogens as well as nonhuman primate viruses, making it a good animal model for biomedical research. The goals of this research are to better understand the morphometric and growth rate variations between male and female pig-tailed macaques living in tropical captivity as their natural climate, which will be useful in developing research techniques as well as modifying and developing equipment and instruments. The research was carried out on captive pig-tailed macaques born and kept at the Research Animal Facility in Lodaya (RAF-L) Primate Research Center IPB University (PRC-IPB). The characteristics were separated into four categories: head size, torso, upper limb, and lower limb. During the study period, 70 animals were measured, 32 males and 38 females. The repetition of measurements at distinct timepoints according to body development varies for each individual depending on the animal's situation at that time. There was no visible difference in body and extremity sizes between male and female animals between the ages of 1 and 4 years. Males' head proportions appear to expand consistently in height and width after they are beyond 2 years old, in contrast to females. The growth trend of females tends to decrease from one year of age until sexual maturity, in contrast to males which show a growth spurt at the ages of 1 and 4 years. Differences in size and growth rate indicating sexual dimorphism are visible after the female reaches sexual maturity.
captivity, growth rate, morphometric, pig-tailed macaque, sexual dimorphism
Gen expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) as animal model for Papillomavirus study
Cervical cancer is one of the fourth cancers in the world that occurs in women. Papillomavirus infection has been reported as one of the causative agents of cervical cancer. Apoptotic mechanism is one of the signs of cancer. Cynomolgus monkeys have been widely used as animal models in biomedical research because they are similar to humans in terms of genetics, anatomy, and physiology compared to other animals. Previous studies reported that cynomolgus monkeys have undergone spontaneous infection by papillomavirus, but this infection did not show the phenomenon of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prediction of papillomavirus-infected cervical cancer through apoptotic mechanisms regulated by Bax and Bcl-2 genes. Gene expression was performed in this study using Real-Time PCR technique. The results showed an increase in Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression in positive group cynomolgus monkeys with papillomavirus infection. Bcl-2 as anti-apoptotic gene expression increased significantly higher than Bax as pro-apoptotic gene. Bax and Bcl-2 have potential as biomarkers to predict the phenomenon of cervical cancer in cynomolgus monkeys with papillomavirus infection.
Pilot Study on Food-processing Behaviour by Males Long-tailed Macaques on Tinjil Island, Indonesia
Non-Human Primates (NHP) have a slow life history compared to other mammals due to their complex brain growth. Brain complexity correlates with behaviour complexity, especially feeding behaviour, which enables primates to have the capability in leaf processing step, tool use, or even food washing. Macaca fascicularis on Tinjil Island is one of the NHP species conducting food-cleaning behaviour. Thus, this study aims to figure out the food-cleaning behaviour differences across the age classes of juvenile and male long-tailed macaques (LTM). The feeding behaviour of two age classes of male LTM through 3 different types of food processing was analysed using focal animal sampling and instantaneous recording methods. Then, the data were statistically analysed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. We found that both age classes used Step 1 of the processing food type more than other types. Analysis within each age class showed different results that juvenile male LTM had a higher frequency of Step 0 and lower frequency of Step 1 than adult male LTM and vice versa. The result indicates no significant differences in the three food type processing between juvenile and adult male LTM.
Distribution and Population of Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles, 1821) in KHDTK Aek Nauli, North Sumatera
Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is one of the endemic Sumatran primate from Hylobatidae family. Siamang distribution can be found on North Sumatra, southern Lake Toba to Bukit Barisan Selatan. Siamang has a unique morphology in the form of voice bag (gular sac) so it can make a very loud sound in voicing behavior. The purpose of this study was to identified the distribution, population characteristic and the voice timing of siamang in KHDTK Aek Nauli. There are 15 distiribution points of siamang that dispersed in three types of land cover, it is primary and secondary as well as pine dominated forests. Based on Chi-square test was obtained that spatial pattern of siamang have been clumped, whichmeans x2hit more than or equal to x20,025. The number of siamang group are identified about 15 groups with 49 individuals. The population was estimated between 39±11 individuals with accuracy of 71.8%. Population density was around2.05±0.57 individuals/km2 and 0.78±0.57 groups/km2. The voice timing of siamang in KHDTK Aek Nauli is most often done at 09.00–11.00 a.m.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Primatology
A Case Study of Suspected Pseudomonas putida Infection in Macaca fascicularis by Histopatholohical Analysis of the Organs of Lungs, Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys
Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium that found in soil and water habitats where there is oxygen. The bacteria was obtained through bacteria culture from organs swab of Cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis. This study aims to evaluate and analyse the histological slides of Macaca fascicularis organs including the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen that are suspected of Pseudomonas putida infection,. The most common lesion found is cell necrosis which can be seen in lungs, liver and spleen samples. Another lesion that can be found in liver, lungs and kidneys are congestion around the cells, whereas haemorrhages can be found in red pulp and capsules of the spleen as well as the tubules of kidneys. Abundant inflammatory cells can be found in all the organ sample, such as liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys as all the organs are infected with the bacteria. The last lesion that can be found in lungs sample is benign pulmonary nodules. Based on the histopathological analysis, we can conclude that the most affected organs caused by P. putida infection is the lungs whereas the least affected organs by P. putida are the kidneys.
histopathological, internal organs, Macaca fascicularis, Pseudomonas putida
Sexual Behaviour of Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Semi-Natural Captivity, Tinjil Island, Indonesia
The long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) is a primate species widely used in ecology, socio-economics, and biomedical. Long-tailed macaques have a high degree of adaptation to various types of environments. This species can be used and traded as long as it is the product of captivity. Over time, with increasing demand, there is a tendency to increase the number of long-tailed macaques catch quotas from nature and reduce the habitat of these primates in Indonesia. This demand causes the need for a conservation effort to increase the long-tailed macaques’ population outside their natural habitat. Tinjil Island is a semi-natural breeding place managed by the Primate Research Center (PRC), LPPM IPB University. We studied this area to observe the long-tailed macaques’ daily behaviour. We observed sexual behaviour with the ad-libitum method. Overall, the frequency of each stage of sexual behaviour carried out by the long-tailed macaques is genital inspect by 20% (for 12 seconds), male mounts by 9% (for 5 seconds); intromission by 44% (for 26 seconds), ejaculation success by 17% (for 10 seconds), vocalization by 7% (for 4 seconds), and running by 3% (for 1.6 seconds). Success in sexual behaviour is influenced by the sex age of primates, the period of lust, and food availability. This study is expected to provide information on sexual behaviour that can support reproductive success and successful reproductive management of long-tailed macaques in captivity.
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide or Haloperidol Oral Premedication during Midazolam-Ketamine Anaesthesia on Physiological and Blood Gas Parameters in Adult Male Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)
Capturing wild animals with minimal stress is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Oral premedicants can ease handling and subsequent anaesthetic administration. This study evaluated anaesthetic protocols and physiological changes during vasectomy in 12 adult male Bonnet Macaques. Group I received 10 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide, and Group II received 1 mg/kg haloperidol orally four hours before midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia. Sedation quality, induction, maintenance, and recovery were assessed. Physiological and blood gas changes were monitored at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Both groups exhibited sedation post-premedication. Induction, maintenance, and anaesthesia depth were similar. Group I had better analgesia, while Group II had superior muscle relaxation. Blood gas analysis indicated mild stress and respiratory acidosis in both groups, with Group II showing more significant hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. Haloperidol-premedicated animals were easier to handle but exhibited increased stress parameters compared to chlordiazepoxide-premedicated animals. Recovery was better in Group I. Both protocols effectively induced sedation and anaesthesia in Bonnet Macaques.
Oral premedication, Blood gas analysis, Physiological parameters, Midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia.
Confirmation of Endoparasites Medication Result of Diarrhoea on Long Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Captivity
Health problems in captive Macaca fascicularis populations still occur frequently, one of which is a disease caused by endoparasites, particularly worms. Anthelmintic treatment plays an essential role in controlling worm infestations. Thus, this study was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of anthelmintic (ivermectin) treatment in controlling gastrointestinal worm infestations caused by diarrhea in the M. fascicularis breeding colony. This descriptive study focused on identifying worm eggs in monkey feces using the formalin-acetate concentration technique. The results showed that only two samples (4%) contained worms, and two species of eggs were identified, namely Strongyloides sp. (2%) and Trichuris sp. (2%). Worms did not cause diarrhea; enteropathogenic bacteria from food, water, and the environment around the monkey cage probably caused it. Therefore, it is essential to implement preventive measures to prevent diarrhea. The administration of ivermectin is effective in controlling gastrointestinal worms that cause diarrhea.
diarrhea, ivermectin, Macaca fascicularis, worm eggs
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Diet Composition and Feeding Preferences of Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in the Cikaniki Resort, Mount Halimun Salak National Park
The Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is a frugivorous primate that relies on fruit as the main component of its diet. Environmental conditions can influence food availability for these species, which in turn affects their behavior and survival. However, detailed data in how seasonal variations impact the gibbon’s diet remain limited, making it challenging to design effective conservation strategies. Thus, understanding these diet preferences is crucial. To address these knowledge gaps, this study aims to analyze the differences in diet composition and feeding preferences of the Javan Gibbon during different seasons at the Cikaniki Resort, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP). We used scan sampling with a 10-minute interval to record the activity of gibbons continuously from January to December 2022, and we found that the diet composition of Javan Gibbons did not differ significantly between the rainy and dry seasons. A total of 73 plant species from 34 families were consumed by the Javan Gibbon throughout 2022, with the dietary composition consisting of 69% fruit, 19% young leaves, 10% flowers, and 2% invertebrates. Javan Gibbon’s food preference in both seasons continued to show fruit as the primary source. The most frequently consumed plants were from the Moraceae family, particularly Ficus villosa and Ficus heteropleura.
Hylobatidae; Owa Jawa; Preferensi Pakan; Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak.