Perbandingan Tingkat Kematian Daphnia magna yang Dipapar Aspirin, Parasetamol, dan Kombinasinya pada Berbagai Dosis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29244/jvetbiomed.3.2.%25p.Keywords:
aspirin, Daphnia magna, LC50, parasetamol, kombinasiAbstract
Aspirin memiliki efek analgesik, tetapi sifat asamnya dapat merusak saluran cerna, sehingga aspirin dikombinasikan dengan parasetamol untuk meningkatkan efek analgesik sekaligus menurunkan dosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi toksik dan nilai lethal concentration 50 (LC50) setelah paparan 24 jam kombinasi aspirin-parasetamol dibanding kedua obat tunggalnya pada Daphnia magna. Uji menggunakan media air hijau dengan 11 konsentrasi bertingkat sampai 1.800 ppm. Parameter yang diamati meliputi jumlah individu immobile, jumlah kematian, pH air, dan kadar oksigen terlarut pasca paparan. Angka kematian diuji Probit untuk mendapatkan nilai LC50 dan dilanjutkan dengan ANOVA serta Uji Tukey untuk membandingkan potensi toksisitas antar kelompok. Parameter lingkungan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aspirin, parasetamol, dan kombinasinya dapat menyebabkan imobilisasi dan kematian pada Daphnia magna. Aspirin dan kombinasi aspirin-parasetamol menurunkan pH air hingga di bawah ambang toleransi Daphnia, tetapi tidak mempengaruhi kadar oksigen terlarut pada media air hijau. Aspirin memiliki LC50 sebesar 164,79 ppm dan secara signifikan lebih toksik dibandingkan parasetamol (LC50 = 657,34 ppm; p < 0,05). Kombinasi aspirin-parasetamol menghasilkan LC50 sebesar 403,94 ppm yang tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan keduanya. Berdasarkan hasil ini, paparan sediaan aspirin, parasetamol, dan kombinasi aspirin-parasetamol secara akut dikategorikan sebagai sediaan praktis tidak toksik pada Daphnia magna.
References
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Christin F, Elystia S, Yenie E. 2015. Uji toksisitas akut limbah cair tahu terhadap Daphnia magna dengan metode renewal test. JOM FTEKNIK. 2(2): 1–9.
Cuiping H, Na Z, Limei H, Tang T, Yang Y, Xiangping N. 2023. Assessment of ecotoxicity effects of aspirin on non-target organism (Daphnia magna) via analysis of the responses of oxidative stress, DNA methylation-related genes expressions and life traits changes. Ecotoxicology. 32(2): 137–149. doi: 10.1007/s10646-023-02624-z.
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Daniel D, Dionísio R, de Alkimin GD, Nunes B. 2019. Acute and chronic effects of paracetamol exposure on Daphnia magna: How oxidative effects may modulate responses at distinct levels of organization in a model species. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 26(4): 3320–3329. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3788-y.
Danil de Namor AF, Cambanis A, Al Hakawati N, Khalife R. 2022. From solution studies of pharmaceuticals (aspirin and related compounds) to the thermodynamics of aspirin-β-cyclodextrin interaction in water and n,n-dimethylformamide. Int J Mol Sci. 23(19): 11750. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911750.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. 2013. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain. Conchrane Library. 6: 1–31. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010210.pub2.
Du J, Mei CF, Ying GG, Xu MY. 2016. Toxicity thresholds for diclofenac, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen in the water flea Daphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 97(1): 84–90. doi: 10.1007/s00128-016-1806.
El-Deeb MM, Habashy MM, Mohammady EY. 2011. Effects of pH on survival, growth, and reproduction rates of the crustacean, Daphnia magna. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 5(11): 1–10.
[EPA] Encironmental Protection Agency. 2001. Appendix f. ecological effect data and ecotox reviews. [Internet]. [diakses 23 Mei 2025]. Tersedia dari: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/endanger/litstatus/effects/redleg-frog/ rotenone/appendix-f.pdf.
Fekete-Kertesz I, Kunglne-Nagi Z, Monlar M. 2016. Ecological impact of micropollutants on aquatic life determined by an innovative sublethal endpoint Daphnia magna heartbeat rate. Carpath J Earth Environ Sci. 11(2): 345–354.
Gayen T, Tripathi A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AKM. 2023. Ecotoxicological impacts of environmentally relevant concentrations of aspirin in the liver of Labeo rohita: Biochemical and histopathological investigation. Chemosphere. 333. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138921.
Ghorpade VS, Dias RJ, Mali KK, Mulla SI. 2019. Citric acid crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel films for extended release of water soluble basic drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 52: 421–430. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.013.
Gondo CC, Pribadi F, Aini N, Manyering GG, Arifah IM, Gondo ZA. 2022. Pengaruh NSAIDs sebagai golongan non opioid pada pasien gout: Review literatur. JIPJISK. 12(4): 795–802.
Gunawan R dan Arindita NPY. 2024 Pain relief trio: A comparative analysis of paracetamol, aspirin, and ibuprofen. SINTA. 4(1): 245–265.
Gunawan SG, Nafrialdi RS, Elysabeth. 2012. Farmakologi dan Terapi Edisi 5. Jakarta (ID): Badan Penerbit FKUI.
Halim SV, Prayitno AA, Wibowo YI. 2018. Profil swamedikasi analgesik di masyarakat Surabaya, Jawa Timur. JFIKI. 16(1): 86–93.
Heckmann LH, Sibly RM, Timmermans MJ, Callaghan A. 2008. Outlining eicosanoid biosynthesis in the crustacean Daphnia. Front Zool. 5(11): 1. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-5-11.
Li J. 2012. The influence of pH on the acute toxicity of NSAIDs (ketoprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen) towards Daphnia magna (water flea). Ecotoxicology. 97(1): 1–13.
Liu S, Ding R, Nie X. 2019. Assessment of oxidative stress of paracetamol to Daphnia magna via determination of Nrf1 and genes related to antioxidant system. Aquat Toxicol. 2(11): 73–80. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.014.
Mgbedo NE. 2022. Pharmacology of aspirin and paracetamol. J GAU Med School. 2(70): 1–16.
Michalaki A, Grintzalis K. 2023. Acute and transgenerational effects of non-steroidal antiinflamatory drugs on Daphnia magna. Toxics. 11(4): 320. doi: 10.3390/toxics11040320.
Michalaki A, McGivern AR, Poschet G, Büttner M, Altenburger R, Grintzalis K. 2022. The effects of single and combined stressors on daphnids-enzyme markers of physiology and metabolomics validate the impact of pollution. Toxics. 10(10): 604. doi: 10.3390/toxics10100604.
Miladiyah I. 2012. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) pada penggunaan aspirin sebagai antireumatik. Sains Medika. 4(2): 210–226.
Moyer AM, Fridley BL, Jenkins GD, Batzler AJ, Pelleymounter LL, Kalari KR, Ji Y, Chai Y, Nordgren KKS, Weinshilboum RM. 2011. Acetaminophen-NAPQI hepatotoxicity: A cell line model system genome-wide association study. Toxicol Sci. 120(1): 33–41.doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq375.
Nuryeti Y, Ilyas Y. 2018. Pengelolaan obat kadaluwarsa dalam upaya pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan di puskesmas wilayah kerja Kota Serang. HIGIENE. 4(1): 138–142.
[OECD] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004. Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. Paris (FR): OECD Publishing. [Internet]. [diakses 23 Mei 2025]. Tersedia dari: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069947-en.
Pi Y, Li X, Xia Q, Wu J, Li Y, Xiao J, Li Z. 2018. Adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in water by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Chemical Engineering Journal. 37: 3.
Praskova E, Zivna D, Stepanova S, Sevcikova M, Blahova J, Marsalek P, Siroka Z, Voslarova E, Svobodova Z. 2012. Acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid to juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 33(3): 72–6.
Prasticha YD, Surahmaida. 2024. Uji brine shrimp lethality test ekstrak etanol 96% daun Ande-ande lumut (Selaginella doederleineii). BIOSPECIES. 17(2): 1–6. doi: 1022437/biospecies.v17i2.35582.
Rahman A, Hossain M, Rashed-Un-Nabi M. 2022. Physiological and environmental factors affecting survival and growth of Daphnia magna. Aquatic Ecology. 56(2): 201–215. doi: 10.1007/s10452-022-09912-6.
Rasdinah N dan Uno WZ. 2022. Edukasi penyimpanan dan pembuangan obat rusak atau expire date dalam keluarga. Pharmacare Society. 1(1): 27–34.
Santos D, Moreira W, de Araújo T, Bernardo M, Fonseca I, Ostroski I, de Barros MA. 2024. Removal of emerging contaminants from water by using carbon materials derived from tingui shells. Separations. 11(7): 215. doi: 10.3390/separations11070215.
Satayeva A, Kerim T, Kamal A, Issayev J, Inglezakis V, Kim J, Arkhangelsky E. 2022. Determination of aspirin in municipal wastewaters of Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 1123(1). doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012067.
Shahmohamadloo RS, Rudman SM, Clare CI, Westrick JA, Wang X, De Meester L, Fryxell JM. 2023. Intraspecific genetic variation is critical to robust toxicological predictions of aquatic contaminants. BioRxiv. 6 (6): 543817. doi: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543817.
Silvagno F, Vernone A, Pescarmona G. 2020. The role of glutathione in protecting against the severe inflammatory response triggered by COVID-19. Antioxidants. 9(7): 624. doi: 10.3390/antiox9070624.
Simbolon SB, Katar Y, Rusjdi SR. 2018. Efektivitas kombinasi ekstrak kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val) dan madu terhadap ulkus lambung mencit BALB/c akibat pemberian aspirin secara mikroskopis. JKA. 7(1): 26–32.
Szabelak A, Bownik A. 2021. Behavioral and physiological responses of Daphnia magna to salicylic acid. Chemosphere. 270: 128660. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.
Weider LJ, Lampert W. 1985. Differential response of Daphnia genotypes to oxygen stress: Respiration rates, hemoglobin content and low-oxygen tolerance. Oecologia. 65: 487–491.
Yong BJC. 2021. Penggunaan parasetamol pada covid-19. Cermin Dunia Kedokt. 48(7): 412. doi: 10.55175/cdk.v48i7.1457.
Angelia T. 2021. Efek samping aspirin. JMH. 3(1): 1709–1712.
Berliana A. 2020. Aspirin dosis rendah untuk mencegah preeklamsia pada kehamilan. JIKSH. 9(2):1029–1036.
Christin F, Elystia S, Yenie E. 2015. Uji toksisitas akut limbah cair tahu terhadap Daphnia magna dengan metode renewal test. JOM FTEKNIK. 2(2): 1–9.
Cuiping H, Na Z, Limei H, Tang T, Yang Y, Xiangping N. 2023. Assessment of ecotoxicity effects of aspirin on non-target organism (Daphnia magna) via analysis of the responses of oxidative stress, DNA methylation-related genes expressions and life traits changes. Ecotoxicology. 32(2): 137–149. doi: 10.1007/s10646-023-02624-z.
Dai Z, Xia X, Guo J, Jiang X. 2013. Bioaccumulation and uptake routes of perfluoroalkyl acids in Daphnia magna. Chemosphere. 90(5): 1589–96. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.026.
Daniel D, Dionísio R, de Alkimin GD, Nunes B. 2019. Acute and chronic effects of paracetamol exposure on Daphnia magna: How oxidative effects may modulate responses at distinct levels of organization in a model species. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 26(4): 3320–3329. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3788-y.
Danil de Namor AF, Cambanis A, Al Hakawati N, Khalife R. 2022. From solution studies of pharmaceuticals (aspirin and related compounds) to the thermodynamics of aspirin-β-cyclodextrin interaction in water and n,n-dimethylformamide. Int J Mol Sci. 23(19): 11750. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911750.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. 2013. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain. Conchrane Library. 6: 1–31. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010210.pub2.
Du J, Mei CF, Ying GG, Xu MY. 2016. Toxicity thresholds for diclofenac, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen in the water flea Daphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 97(1): 84–90. doi: 10.1007/s00128-016-1806.
El-Deeb MM, Habashy MM, Mohammady EY. 2011. Effects of pH on survival, growth, and reproduction rates of the crustacean, Daphnia magna. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 5(11): 1–10.
[EPA] Encironmental Protection Agency. 2001. Appendix f. ecological effect data and ecotox reviews. [Internet]. [diakses 23 Mei 2025]. Tersedia dari: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/endanger/litstatus/effects/redleg-frog/ rotenone/appendix-f.pdf.
Fekete-Kertesz I, Kunglne-Nagi Z, Monlar M. 2016. Ecological impact of micropollutants on aquatic life determined by an innovative sublethal endpoint Daphnia magna heartbeat rate. Carpath J Earth Environ Sci. 11(2): 345–354.
Gayen T, Tripathi A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AKM. 2023. Ecotoxicological impacts of environmentally relevant concentrations of aspirin in the liver of Labeo rohita: Biochemical and histopathological investigation. Chemosphere. 333. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138921.
Ghorpade VS, Dias RJ, Mali KK, Mulla SI. 2019. Citric acid crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel films for extended release of water soluble basic drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 52: 421–430. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.013.
Gondo CC, Pribadi F, Aini N, Manyering GG, Arifah IM, Gondo ZA. 2022. Pengaruh NSAIDs sebagai golongan non opioid pada pasien gout: Review literatur. JIPJISK. 12(4): 795–802.
Gunawan R dan Arindita NPY. 2024 Pain relief trio: A comparative analysis of paracetamol, aspirin, and ibuprofen. SINTA. 4(1): 245–265.
Gunawan SG, Nafrialdi RS, Elysabeth. 2012. Farmakologi dan Terapi Edisi 5. Jakarta (ID): Badan Penerbit FKUI.
Halim SV, Prayitno AA, Wibowo YI. 2018. Profil swamedikasi analgesik di masyarakat Surabaya, Jawa Timur. JFIKI. 16(1): 86–93.
Heckmann LH, Sibly RM, Timmermans MJ, Callaghan A. 2008. Outlining eicosanoid biosynthesis in the crustacean Daphnia. Front Zool. 5(11): 1. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-5-11.
Li J. 2012. The influence of pH on the acute toxicity of NSAIDs (ketoprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen) towards Daphnia magna (water flea). Ecotoxicology. 97(1): 1–13.
Liu S, Ding R, Nie X. 2019. Assessment of oxidative stress of paracetamol to Daphnia magna via determination of Nrf1 and genes related to antioxidant system. Aquat Toxicol. 2(11): 73–80. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.014.
Mgbedo NE. 2022. Pharmacology of aspirin and paracetamol. J GAU Med School. 2(70): 1–16.
Michalaki A, Grintzalis K. 2023. Acute and transgenerational effects of non-steroidal antiinflamatory drugs on Daphnia magna. Toxics. 11(4): 320. doi: 10.3390/toxics11040320.
Michalaki A, McGivern AR, Poschet G, Büttner M, Altenburger R, Grintzalis K. 2022. The effects of single and combined stressors on daphnids-enzyme markers of physiology and metabolomics validate the impact of pollution. Toxics. 10(10): 604. doi: 10.3390/toxics10100604.
Miladiyah I. 2012. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) pada penggunaan aspirin sebagai antireumatik. Sains Medika. 4(2): 210–226.
Moyer AM, Fridley BL, Jenkins GD, Batzler AJ, Pelleymounter LL, Kalari KR, Ji Y, Chai Y, Nordgren KKS, Weinshilboum RM. 2011. Acetaminophen-NAPQI hepatotoxicity: A cell line model system genome-wide association study. Toxicol Sci. 120(1): 33–41.doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq375.
Nuryeti Y, Ilyas Y. 2018. Pengelolaan obat kadaluwarsa dalam upaya pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan di puskesmas wilayah kerja Kota Serang. HIGIENE. 4(1): 138–142.
[OECD] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004. Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2. Paris (FR): OECD Publishing. [Internet]. [diakses 23 Mei 2025]. Tersedia dari: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264069947-en.
Pi Y, Li X, Xia Q, Wu J, Li Y, Xiao J, Li Z. 2018. Adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in water by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Chemical Engineering Journal. 37: 3.
Praskova E, Zivna D, Stepanova S, Sevcikova M, Blahova J, Marsalek P, Siroka Z, Voslarova E, Svobodova Z. 2012. Acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid to juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 33(3): 72–6.
Prasticha YD, Surahmaida. 2024. Uji brine shrimp lethality test ekstrak etanol 96% daun Ande-ande lumut (Selaginella doederleineii). BIOSPECIES. 17(2): 1–6. doi: 1022437/biospecies.v17i2.35582.
Rahman A, Hossain M, Rashed-Un-Nabi M. 2022. Physiological and environmental factors affecting survival and growth of Daphnia magna. Aquatic Ecology. 56(2): 201–215. doi: 10.1007/s10452-022-09912-6.
Rasdinah N dan Uno WZ. 2022. Edukasi penyimpanan dan pembuangan obat rusak atau expire date dalam keluarga. Pharmacare Society. 1(1): 27–34.
Santos D, Moreira W, de Araújo T, Bernardo M, Fonseca I, Ostroski I, de Barros MA. 2024. Removal of emerging contaminants from water by using carbon materials derived from tingui shells. Separations. 11(7): 215. doi: 10.3390/separations11070215.
Satayeva A, Kerim T, Kamal A, Issayev J, Inglezakis V, Kim J, Arkhangelsky E. 2022. Determination of aspirin in municipal wastewaters of Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 1123(1). doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012067.
Shahmohamadloo RS, Rudman SM, Clare CI, Westrick JA, Wang X, De Meester L, Fryxell JM. 2023. Intraspecific genetic variation is critical to robust toxicological predictions of aquatic contaminants. BioRxiv. 6 (6): 543817. doi: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543817.
Silvagno F, Vernone A, Pescarmona G. 2020. The role of glutathione in protecting against the severe inflammatory response triggered by COVID-19. Antioxidants. 9(7): 624. doi: 10.3390/antiox9070624.
Simbolon SB, Katar Y, Rusjdi SR. 2018. Efektivitas kombinasi ekstrak kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val) dan madu terhadap ulkus lambung mencit BALB/c akibat pemberian aspirin secara mikroskopis. JKA. 7(1): 26–32.
Szabelak A, Bownik A. 2021. Behavioral and physiological responses of Daphnia magna to salicylic acid. Chemosphere. 270: 128660. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.
Weider LJ, Lampert W. 1985. Differential response of Daphnia genotypes to oxygen stress: Respiration rates, hemoglobin content and low-oxygen tolerance. Oecologia. 65: 487–491.
Yong BJC. 2021. Penggunaan parasetamol pada covid-19. Cermin Dunia Kedokt. 48(7): 412. doi: 10.55175/cdk.v48i7.1457.
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2025-09-30
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Copyright (c) 2025 Halilah Wafa’ Sajidah, Diah Nugrahani Pristihadi, Amaq Fadholly, Munira Laeli Firdaus, Mariah Mada Rahma Nauli Saragih, Nur Aisah Hanum, Anetonia Felicia Iryanto, Imelya Andira Putri, Ramadita Aisyah Putri
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Perbandingan Tingkat Kematian Daphnia magna yang Dipapar Aspirin, Parasetamol, dan Kombinasinya pada Berbagai Dosis. (2025). Jurnal Veteriner Dan Biomedis, 3(2), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.29244/jvetbiomed.3.2.%p.
