Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy), formerly named Buletin Agronomi, first published in 1962. This journal is published by the Indonesian Society of Agronomy (Perhimpunan Agronomi Indonesia, PERAGI) and the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. J. Agron. Indonesia publishes primary research papers, review articles, and research notes in all areas of agronomy. Issues are published online in April, August, and December. This journal has been accredited Fourth Rank (Peringkat 4) by Decree of the Director General of Research and Development Number 295/C/C3/KPT/2026 dated January 2, 2026, concerning the Accreditation Ranking of Scientific Journals for Period 2 of the Year 2025. This accreditation is valid from Vol. 53 No. 1 (April 2025) to Vol. 57 No. 2 (August 2029). P-ISSN: 2085-2916 | E-ISSN: 2337-3652
Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
In vitro growth of Coelogyne hybrid (Coelogyne pandurata x Coelogyne rumphii) on medium 2.4D and BAP
Coelogyne is a genus of ornamental orchids renowned for its distinctive floral characteristics and high conservation and economic value, particularly Coelogyne pandurata, which is commonly referred to as a black orchid. Efforts in cultivating black orchids in vitro require media modification with the addition of growth regulators to optimize plant development. Growth regulators that can be used include auxins and cytokinins. This study evaluates the effects of 2.4D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ) and BAP on the in vitro growth and shoot proliferation of Coelogyne pandurata X Coelogyne rumphii hybrid seedlings. The experiment used a completely randomized design with two factors: 2,4-D and BAP, each with four concentration levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ppm), resulting in 16 treatment combinations. The variables observed were the percentage of callus formation, callus color, shoot number, root number, leaf number, and plant length. The results showed that the optimal callus growth was achieved with a combination of 2,4-D at 0.5 ppm and BAP at 0.5 ppm, resulting in 100% callus formation. The 2,4-D treatment yields the optimum results in terms of leaf numbers (23.56) and plant height (2.15 cm), while the 1.5 ppm BAP treatment achieves the optimum results in terms of leaf numbers (31) and shoot numbers (22.39). Keywords: auxin; black orchid; callus; cytokinin; plant growth regulator
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Hartati, Ahmad Yunus, Samanhudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated strategies to overcome aluminum toxicity in tropical acid soils
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major constraint to crop productivity in tropical acidic soils, which predominate in much of Indonesia and other humid regions. This review summarizes advances in understanding Al phytotoxicity, plant tolerance mechanisms, and agronomic, plant breeding, and molecular strategies to overcome Al stress. Plants exhibit two primary adaptation strategies: Al efflux from root tips, with organic acid exudation being crucial (mediated by the ALMT and MATE transporters), and internal detoxification through chelation, compartmentalization, production and activation of antioxidants, osmolytes accumulation, and hormonal regulation. Recent research emphasizes the role of Al receptors, signaling pathways, and regulatory genes such as Nramp and ABC transporters in enhancing Al tolerance. Agronomic strategies, including liming, exogenous compound applications, biostimulants, and beneficial microbes, complement molecular breeding and gene editing approaches such as CRISPR/Cas to develop acid-tolerant cultivars. The success of Brazil and China in conquering acidic soils is attributed to their ability to integrate genomics, physiology, and sustainable agronomic management in transforming acidic soils into productive agroecosystems. Continued collaboration and application of modern biotechnology tools will accelerate the development of crops resistant to Al toxicity, enabling sustainable agricultural productivity in tropical acidic soils. Keywords: Al phytotoxicity; agronomy and crop improvement; research focus and strengths; tolerance mechanisms; ultisols
Copyright (c) 2025 Didy Sopandie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zinc and boron micronutrients application enhance sweet corn productivity
Sweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata) is a valuable crop whose productivity depends not only on macronutrients but also on micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) and boron (B), which play essential roles in plant physiological processes. However, the effectiveness of foliar-applied micronutrients in sweet corn cultivation under tropical conditions remains insufficiently studied. This research aimed to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of a micronutrient fertilizer containing Zn (5.46%) and B (3.59%) when combined with reference and reduced doses of NPK fertilizer. The experiment was conducted from February to May 2025 at the Sindangbarang Experimental Farm, IPB University. This experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four treatments, namely control (no fertilizer), reference fertilizer, reference fertilizer + 1 dose of micronutrient fertilizer, and ¾ dose of reference fertilizer + 1 dose of micronutrient fertilizer, with six replications. Results showed that micronutrient application significantly enhanced vegetative growth and yield components compared to the control. The combination of reference NPK and one dose of micronutrient fertilizer produced the highest productivity, with a 78.8% increase over the control and a relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) value of 114.5%, indicating a 1.14-fold improvement over the reference treatment. These findings suggest that integrating Zn and B into fertilization strategies can enhance sweet corn performance and support more efficient nutrient management in tropical agroecosystems. Keywords: crop yield improvement; foliar fertilization; micronutrient uptake; tropical field experiment; Zea mays physiology
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafith Furqoni, SP., M.Si. Ph.D., Erik Mulyana, Astryani Rosyad, Adrian Khairullah, Sofian Annas, Suwarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological characteristics of Phalaenopsis hybrids treated with 1500 ppm colchicine
The increasing number of Phalaenopsis sp. enthusiasts needs to be balanced with the availability of good-quality cultivars, one of which can be achieved by improving flower morphological characteristics through colchicine induction. Colchicine-induced plants often exhibit superior traits such as larger, thicker, and more durable flowers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 1500 ppm colchicine concentration on the floral morphological characteristics of the Phalaenopsis sp., with a particular focus on flower size, petal thickness, and sepal morphology. This research provides genetic diversity information on Phalaenopsis sp., which can serve as a basis for future breeding programs and as a reference material for orchid growers and researchers. The materials used were flower buds of three Phalaenopsis varieties: Phalaenopsis Fuller’s Sunset, Phalaenopsis Golden Tree, and Phalaenopsis OX X-Ray. Each treatment was replicated three times. Morphological data were analyzed qualitatively through scoring and converted into binary data according to the Guide Book of Orchid Plant Characterization by the Ornamental Plant Research Center (2007). The results showed that 1500 ppm colchicine affects Phalaenopsis Fullers Sunset in the form of rhombus-shaped petals, and on Phalaenopsis Golden Tree in the form of pointed lateral sepal tips, concave transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of petals, and on Phalaenopsis OX X-Ray in the form of split dorsal sepal edges, and open petal arrangement. Overall, colchicine treatment also induced apparent enlargement of flowers in all three Phalaenopsis hybrids. Keywords: chromosome; flower morphology; mutagenesis; ornamental plant; polyploidy
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Hartati, Samanhudi, Ida Rumia Manurung, Ayu Lestari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth of morel berry (Physalis angulata L.) from different cutting types and plant growth regulators
Morel berries are generally propagated using seeds, and vegetative propagation could be an alternative for rapid propagation. This research aimed to evaluate morel berry seedlings from different cutting types and natural plant growth regulators. This research was carried out from May to October 2024 at Plant Laboratory 3, Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Lampung. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors, i.e., cutting type and plant growth regulators. Observation variables included growth percentage, number of shoots, and shoot length. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the DMRT test at the 5% level. Based on data, there is no interaction between the first factor (cutting type) and the second factor (PGR). Vegetative propagating of themorel berry using shoot cuttings had a growth percentage of 81%. PGR from mungbean sprout extract had higher growth stimulation than other sources. A more in-depth study is needed regarding the appropriate concentration for each type of PGR. Keywords: ciplukan; natural PGR; shoot cutting; stem cutting; vegetative propoagation
Copyright (c) 2025 Hevia Purnama SARI, Ferziana Ferziana, Hilman Hidayat, Riana Jumawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Shallot distribution model under hydroclimatic extremes and soil physical properties in Sleman, Yogyakarta
Global climate change significantly affects the agriculture sector, including reducing crop productivity and potential distribution through the frequency of hydrometeorological disasters. Despite its economic importance, limited research has explored the effects of such hydroclimatic extremes on shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) cultivation. This study aims to identify the soil-climate conditions, extreme events, variable contributions, and potential distribution areas of shallot in Sleman regency. The MaxEnt model was used herein to predict the suitable distribution area of shallot under hydroclimatic extremes and soil physical properties. The results show that shallot potential distribution in Sleman regency is governed by the synergistic action of climatic extremes and soil physical structure based on MaxEnt analysis. The dominance of Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) and soil moisture underscores the necessity of maintaining a stable soil–water equilibrium under intensifying hydroclimatic variability. These insights support the use of high-resolution soil and climate mapping to inform adaptive irrigation scheduling, precision tillage, and organic amendment strategies. Keywords: Climate change; extreme events, maximum entropy, soil properties, species distributions
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Khoiru Zaki, Umi Munawaroh, Muhammad Rahman Yulianto, Susilowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic diversity and adaptation to aluminum toxicity in local upland rice of Kalimantan
Acidic soils with high aluminum (Al) toxicity are a major constraint to upland rice productivity in many tropical regions, including Kalimantan. Local rice cultivars often possess adaptive traits that can be utilized for breeding tolerant varieties. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Kalimantan local upland rice cultivars using SSR markers and their adaptation to aluminum toxicity stress. A total of 93 rice accessions obtained from the Agricultural Gene Bank of IAARD were subjected to both genetic diversity and Al stress adaptation analyses. The genetic diversity analysis used 11 SSR markers, while the adaptation study employed a hydroponic method with 45 ppm Al in Yoshida nutrient solution. Root and shoot growth were observed after 21 days of stress treatment. The SSR markers were highly polymorphic, grouping the accessions into four clusters at a 35% similarity level. Most accessions showed tolerance to Al stress based on relative root and shoot growth parameters. Accessions P. Pulut Timai, Padai Cina, Raya, Parai Paliping, and P. Pulut Ayang/Pang were the most adaptive. Root length, shoot length, and shoot fresh weight exhibited moderate heritability. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding Al-tolerant upland rice adapted to acidic soils. Keywords: adaptability; aluminum stress; molecular marker; SSR; upland rice
Copyright (c) 2025 Gunawan Gunawan, Trikoesoemaningtyas Trikoesoemaningtyas, Nurul Hidayatun, Joko Prasetiyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of maturity stage, after ripening period, and seed storability of upland rice seeds at various phosphorus fertilizer doses
The increasing demand for rice makes upland rice a promising alternative. However, one major challenge in upland rice cultivation is the availability of high-quality seeds. This study aimed to determine the physiological seed maturity, after-ripening period, storage longevity, and optimal fertilizer dose to produce high-quality IPB 10G Tanimar. The research used a split-plot randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The main plot was phosphate fertilizer doses (50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 SP-36), and the sub-plot was seed maturity stages (112, 116, 120, 124, and 128 days after planting(DAP). The results showed that fertilizer dose had no significant effect on vegetative and generative growth. The application of 100 kg ha⁻¹ P fertilizer produced the best seed quality based on the initial vigor index. The best maturity stage was 124 DAS with a heat unit of 2,505 °Cd, as indicated by the parameters of initial vigor index, germination rate during storage, and storability. The shortest after-ripening period was also found at 124 DAS, with the minimum germination rate (>80%) achieved one week after storage (WAS). The best storage vigor at the end of the observation period (8 WAS) was at 124 DAS, with a germination rate of 79.67% and a vigor index of 21.89%. Keywords: high-quality seed; heat unit; phosphate fertilizer; storage longevity; vigor index
Copyright (c) 2025 Irfan Firmansyah, Eny Widajati, Maryati Sari, Heni Purnamawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of shallots with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and cattle manure
Continuous and excessive application of inorganic-N fertilizer leads to accumulation of chemical residues in soils, as plants typically utilize only about 50% of the applied nitrogen, which can further lead to environmental pollution. Resolve the low nitrogen uptake and fertilizer use efficiency, organic amendments, and beneficial microorganisms provide viable alternatives. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of different PGPR concentrations and cattle manure doses on nitrogen uptake dynamics and nitrogen use efficiency parameters (NUpE, NUtE, and NUE), as well as shallot growth and yield, to determine the most efficient treatment that supports nutrient efficiency and sustainable agronomic practices. The experiment used a constant nitrogen inorganic fertilizer of 100 kg ha-1. A factorial randomized block design was employed, consisting of four PGPR concentrations: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mL L-1. The second factor was cattle manure dosage consisted of 0, 10, and 30 ton ha-1. Observation variables included plant growth, yield components, nitrogen uptake dynamics, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The results indicated significant interactions between PGPR and cattle manure in the number of tillers at 8 weeks after planting (WAP), crop growth rate (CGR) at 6–8 WAP, chlorophyll index, fresh and dry weight, and bulb weight. The treatment combining 30 mL L-1 PGPR with 30 t ha-1 cattle manure significantly increased average bulb weight by 136.6% compared to without PGPR + without cattle manure. This treatment also achieved the highest nitrogen uptake across all growth stages, peaking at 1 kg ha-1 per day at 56 DAP and recorded the highest NUpE from 41.90% to 64.50%, and reduced soil nitrogen losses by 22.6%. Consistent improvements in NUpE, NUtE, and NUE indicate that this integration enhances nitrogen translocation into shallot bulbs, leading to more efficient nutrient use, supporting higher productivity, and sustainable nutrient management. Keywords: Allium ascalonicum; NUE; NUpE; NUtE; organic fertilizer
Copyright (c) 2025 Christina Adela Marpaung, Adi Setiawan, Sudiarso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing frass and PGPR on the growth and yield of kailan (Brassica oleracea)
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and frass application have drawn interest as ways to increase plant productivity. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of frass and PGPR application on the growth and yield of kailan. The effects of varying frass dosages/F (0, 15, 20, and 25 tons ha-1) and PGPR concentrations/P (0, 5, and 12.5 mL L-1) on plant height, leaf number, leaf area, scaffold weight, and leaf weight per plant at 14, 21, and 28 days after planting (DAP) were examined. The growth of plants was generally enhanced by increasing dosages of frass and PGPR. The treatment F25P5 consistently produced the best results across all parameters, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing plant growth and yield. Positive correlations between plant height, leaf area, and leaf weight per plant (0.99) were found using correlation analysis, suggesting that leaf expansion is essential for biomass accumulation. Plant height, leaf number, and biomass-related parameters clustered together, confirming their interdependence in growth, and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 explained 94.09% of the variance. The results highlight that while excessive doses of frass and PGPR may have declining effects, balanced treatments significantly increase plant productivity. Optimizing the dosage of Frass and Rhizobia is crucial to achieving the best results for Brassica oleracea. Frass 25 tons ha-1 and PGPR 5 mL L-1 appear to be the most effective treatment. Keywords: biofertilization; ecofriendly fertilization; Rhizobacteria
Copyright (c) 2025 Undang Undang, Elya Hartini, Wafa Fauziah, Ristina Siti Sundari, Farhan Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of drought stress tolerance in doubled haploid lines of green super rice at the vegetative stage
Current climate change has caused drought in various regions, which has decreased rice yields. Green super rice (GSR) has the characteristic of being tolerant to water limitation. GSR lines were bred through anther culture technique to obtain doubled haploid (DH) plants. This study aimed to analyze the response of DH GSR lines to drought stress at the vegetative stage and identify potential lines based on the weighted selection index. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The materials used consisted of twenty DH lines, Inpari 42 Agritan GSR, and Inpari 18 as check varieties, Salumpikit as a drought-tolerant check, and IR 20 as a drought-sensitive check. Qualitative data were analyzed using the non-parametric Friedman test. The result showed different responses among the lines for leaf rolling, leaf drying, and recovery ability. Line SN14 exhibited moderate leaf drying and showed improvement to mild tolerance during the recovery phase. Nine lines (SN12, 14, 32, 40, 51, 57, 58, 59, and 60) were selected using a selection index based on leaf rolling, leaf drying, and recovery ability. These lines can be further tested for drought tolerance tests until the reproductive stage, and the tolerant lines could be useful for future development. Keywords: abiotic stress; anther culture; climate change; selection index; water limitation
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nurhidayah, Bambang Sapta Purwoko, Iswari Saraswati Dewi, Willy Bayuardi Suwarno, Iskandar Lubis, Wira Hadianto, Arief Munandar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L) DC) to potassium sources and application time
Jack bean or koro pedang is a potential source as a soybean substitute for food and feed. In production, the plant is also useful in crop rotation and intercropping to support sustainable agriculture systems. However, jack bean production in Indonesia is still challenging. One of the obstacles in the production is the flowers and pods dropping, which reduces yield markedly. This study aimed to evaluate the source and timing of additional potassium fertilizer on the generative phase and yield of jack bean. The experimental design used a randomized complete block design with two factors, i.e., the source of potassium fertilizer as the first factor consisting of five levels: no fertilizer application, base fertilizer, base fertilizer + goat manure, base fertilizer + rice husk ash, and base fertilizer + KCl. The second factor was fertilization time, i.e., at 46 and 121 days after planting. The treatment of the potassium fertilizer source and fertilization timing affected several generative characters, but did not have much effect on productivity. Future studies should identify other potassium fertilizer sources to find the optimal dose to support plants in the generative phase. Keywords: additional potassium; flower drop; koro pedang; pod formation
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta Yuliani Velisitas Eklemis, Heni Purnamawati, Siti Marwiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular diversity of citrus genotypes using callose synthase 7 gene markers linked to Huanglongbing resistance
Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, is a notable disease affecting citrus plantations globally. Several studies showed that the callose synthase 7 gene is crucial for the citrus defense system against this pathogen. The study aimed to analyze the nucleotide variations and genetic diversity among several citrus genotypes using specific gene primers designed from the callose synthase 7 gene sequence. Genomic DNA from eleven citrus genotypes was amplified using the specific primers, and Sanger sequencing was employed to identify the nucleotide sequence of the PCR products. The results revealed a total of 66 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 10 insertions, and 11 deletions were detected in callose synthase 7 gene fragment sequences. Of these, one out of five noteworthy SNPs identified at a position of 200 bp downstream of the START codon showed distinguishing features between susceptible and resistant/tolerant genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis clearly discriminated the eleven citrus genotypes into two clusters at a dissimilarity coefficient of 0.05, with all genotypes grouped in the first cluster, except for the Chinese box orange and orange jasmine. The identification of notable SNPs in this study can aid in developing new markers for the rapid selection of genotypes with enhanced HLB resistance in citrus breeding programs. Keywords: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus; nucleotide variations; Sanger sequencing; phylogenetic analysis; SNP
Copyright (c) 2025 Kristianto Nugroho, Agus Purwito, Dewi Sukma, Mia Kosmiatin, Tri Joko Santoso, Ali Husni, Chaireni Martasari, Puji Lestari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of row orientation and cowpea row numbers on sweet corn-cowpea intercropping
Intercropping between sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata Sturt) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) can improve land productivity, but requires optimization of row orientation and cowpea row number. This study evaluated the effects of row orientation and cowpea row number on the growth, yield, and economic performance of sweet corn–cowpea intercropping. The experiment was conducted from June to September 2024 at the IPB experimental field in Sawah Baru, Bogor, Indonesia. A split-plot design with four replications was employed. The main plots consisted of two row orientations (North–South and East–West), while the sub-plots included maize monoculture, intercropping with one row, and two rows of cowpea. A significant interaction between row orientation and cowpea row number was observed on maize height, leaf number, and stem diameter at two weeks after planting. Although row orientation did not significantly affect maize and cowpea performance, the East–West orientation increased cowpea yield by 14.6% and reduced maize yield by 5.3% compared to the North–South orientation. The East–West orientation combined with one cowpea row produced the highest land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.93) and benefit–cost ratio (R/C = 1.45). Keywords: LER, R/C ratio, aggressivity, competitive ratio
Copyright (c) 2025 Atikah Fajri, Heni Purnamawati, Maya Melati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Systematic reviews of self-pruning incidents on commercial horticulture plants
Pruning is a crucial practice in horticulture to maintain tree health, reduce production costs, and improve yield. However, conventional pruning remains labor-intensive and costly. Self-pruning has the potential to provide a sustainable alternative, yet studies on its mechanisms and applications in horticultural crops are still limited. This review aimed to systematically synthesize the mechanisms, incidence, and potential applications of self-pruning in horticultural crops. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 framework to ensure transparency and minimize bias. Literature searches were conducted in ScienceDirect and Garuda databases using the keywords self-pruning, pruning, cladoptosis, autophagy, and senescence in both English and Indonesian. The search was restricted to articles published within the last 10 years (2013–2022). Inclusion criteria were original research or review articles on self-pruning in plants. Exclusion criteria were duplicate records, articles from irrelevant fields, non-systematic studies, and grey literature. Bias reduction was addressed by predefined criteria, time limits, specific keywords, and independent screening by two reviewers. From 5,588 records identified, only 25 articles met the inclusion criteria. However, none of the eligible studies specifically addressed self-pruning in horticultural crops. The limited number of relevant articles was due to restricted database coverage and the absence of standardized quality assessment tools within the PRISMA framework. This review highlights a critical research gap on self-pruning in horticultural crops. Broader database searches and the development of standardized quality assessment tools are required. Evaluating the incidence and mechanisms of self-pruning in commercial horticultural crops is essential as a new perspective to support sustainable horticultural production. Keywords: autophagy; abscission; cladoptosis; programmed cell death; senescence
Copyright (c) 2025 Elda Kristiani Paisey, Edi Santosa, Deden Drajat Matra, Ani Kurniawati, Supijatno Supijatno, Siti Halimatus Sadiyah, Hayu Siwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating phosphate-solubilizing fungi and moderate phosphorus application for sustainable corn production
Corn (Zea mays) is a vital staple crop and the second-largest agricultural commodity in Indonesia. However, productivity remains suboptimal, often due to nutrient imbalances, particularly in phosphate-rich soils where availability to plants is limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of reducing phosphate fertilizer by 50% in combination with bioagents Trichoderma harzianum, Metarhizium anisopliae, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on key agronomic traits of corn. A randomized block design was employed to measure parameters including root volume, root-to-shoot ratio, leaf width, and seed sphericity. Results showed that applying 50% phosphate fertilizer alone yielded the highest root volume (70.00±18.19 mL) and root-to-shoot ratio (0.50±0.32), suggesting improved root development. In contrast, treatment with Metarhizium produced the widest leaves (10.14±0.30 cm) but showed the lowest values for root volume and root-to-shoot ratio. These findings highlight the potential of combining moderate phosphate input with beneficial bioagents to improve corn performance in marginal soils. The approach offers a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative for managing nutrient imbalances. Further studies on long-term effects and economic feasibility are recommended to support wider adoption of these practices in sustainable agriculture. Keywords: maize; Metharizium; nutrient management; sustainable agriculture; Trichoderma
Copyright (c) 2025 Sigit Prastowo, Distiana Wulanjari, Agung Sih Kurnianto, Ati Kusumawati, Lenny Widjayanthi, Indah Ibanah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of fern Davallia denticuluta L. extract using different solvents as biostimulants for Kopay chili (Capsicum annuum L.) production
Ferns are a potential source of biostimulant compounds due to their rich content of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate different solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from Davallia denticulata and to identify the optimal extract formulation for enhancing the growth and yield of Kopay chili. This research was conducted from February to May 2024 at the Plant Physiology Research Laboratory and Greenhouse, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Padang. A completely randomized design with 16 treatment combinations involving four solvents (A1 = aquadest, A2 = methanol, A3 = ethanol, A4 = butanol) and four extract concentrations (B0 = 0 mg L-1, B1 = 25 mg L-1, B2 = 50 mg L-1, and B3 = 100 mg L-1) was employed. Plant growth parameters responded differently to various combinations of extract concentration and solvent type. Methanol extract at 100 mg L-1 significantly increased plant height, ethanol at 50 mg L-1 improved shoot dry weight and root biomass, butanol at 100 mg L-1 increased chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, and methanol at 25 mg L-1 resulted in higher fruit weight. These results indicate that Davallia denticulata extract, when properly formulated, holds strong potential as a natural biostimulant to improve growth and productivity in chili cultivation. Keywords: active compouns; chili growth; plant extract; secondary metabolites; solvents extraction
Copyright (c) 2025 Suwirmen, Zozy Aneloi Noli, Fepi Dwi Marta , Chairul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of biodiversity risks in urban agriculture: Case of Jakarta, Indonesia
Urban agriculture is a permanent and dynamic part of urban socio-economic and ecological systems. It uses typical urban resources, competes with other urban functions for land and water, is influenced by urban policies and plans, and contributes to urban social and economic development. To assess agricultural sustainability and predict future food security, it is essential to understand the relationship between farming systems and biodiversity. The research aimed to assess biodiversity risk in urban agriculture. This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, and incorporated a field survey that involved collecting data from research and literature reviews. The field survey involved collecting data from research questionnaires distributed to respondents to determine their perceptions of biodiversity risks to flora and fauna resulting from urban agricultural activities. The results of the study showed that the p-value was greater than the alpha level (α = 0.05), indicating that urban agriculture in East Jakarta does not significantly affect biodiversity risks of flora and fauna. Keywords: agripolitan; city greenery; conservation; East Jakarta; food security
Copyright (c) 2025 Fetty Dwi Rahmayanti, Andi Gunawan, Anas Miftah Fauzi, Edi Santosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding gene interactions controlling resistance to pepper yellow leaf curl disease through phenotype-based analysis
Pepper yellow leaf curl disease (PYLCD) is the primary disease that affects chili plants, resulting in a loss of quality and quantity. The identification of chili plants resistant to PYLCD is a solution to support optimal chili cultivation. The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic parameters to obtain information on the genetic control of chili resistance to PYLCD. The genotypes used in this study consisted of four parental, four hybrid genotypes, and 180 individuals of the F2 population. The results showed that the genotypes "F6074" and "IPBC12" were categorized as resistant, while the genotypes “IPBC5” and “YUNI” were categorized as susceptible. The distribution of resistance level in chili peppers to yellow curly leaf disease tends to follow a ratio of 13:3, with a dominance of susceptible traits. The assumption for this phenomenon is that resistance to PYLCD is controlled by at least two genes. Both genes have dominant and recessive epistatic interactions. Keywords: Begomovirus; chi-square; epistasis; resilience
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mycorrhiza application improves rice morpho-physiological traits in different soil water content
Mycorrhizal fungi are beneficial soil microorganisms that establish mutualistic associations with plant roots, significantly enhancing nutrient and water uptake under abiotic stress conditions. In West Kalimantan, limited soil water content frequently constrains rice cultivation, negatively impacting plant growth and yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the morphophysiological traits of rice under varying levels of soil water content. The experiment was conducted from February to June 2022 in Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan, using a split-split-plot randomized complete block design. The main plot factor was mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculated and uninoculated), the subplot factor was soil water content (100%, 80%, and 60%), and the sub-subplot factor was rice variety (Inpari 32 and Inpari 42). The results demonstrated that mycorrhizal inoculation significantly improved rice tolerance to moderate drought stress through adaptive morphophysiological mechanisms. This was indicated by increased phosphorus uptake efficiency and enhanced net assimilation rate, even at 60% soil water content. These physiological improvements contributed to better plant morphological development, including greater plant height (84.73 cm), dry biomass (8.36 g), number of panicles (15.83 panicles), panicle length (22.21 cm), number of grains per panicle (189.96 grains), and grain weight per clump (72.31 g). Keywords: mutualistic associations; mycorrhizal inoculation; physiological improvements; rice tolerance
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmudi Mahmudi, Radian Radian, Safriadi Safriadi, Singgih Tiwut Atmojo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of PGPR from sugarcane roots and mimosa roots on chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Chili pepper is a high-value horticultural crop that has significant nutritional and economic value. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a vital role in enhancing plant growth and productivity while supporting sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the effect of PGPR derived from sugarcane roots and mimosa roots applied to chili pepper plants. The study was conducted using a factorial randomized complete block design. The first factor was the concentration of sugarcane root PGPR (0, 10, 20, 30 mL L-1), and the second factor was the mimosa root PGPR (0, 10, 20, 30 mL L-1). Observation variables included nitrogen uptake, plant height, flowering age, and fruit weight. The results showed that the application of sugarcane root PGPR had a significant effect on plant height and nitrogen uptake, with a concentration of 20 mL L-1 producing the highest nitrogen uptake (1.66 g). PGPR from mimosa root significantly affected flowering age and fruit weight, with a concentration of 30 mL L-1 significantly increasing fruit weight. However, the combination of both types of PGPR did not have a significant effect on all the variables observed. Thus, the application of PGPR from sugarcane root and mimosa root separately effectively increased the growth and yield of chili pepper plants, while the combination of both did not show a synergistic effect. Keywords: chili; Mimosa pudica; nitrogen
Copyright (c) 2025 Khoirul Bariyyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seeds morphology, anatomy, and quality of Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata after storage
The fluctuations in seed food reserves can trigger a cascade of physiological and biochemical events that ultimately manifest as discernible changes in seed morphology and anatomy. The purpose of this research was to evaluate seeds morphology, anatomy, and quality of Musa balbisiana “Klutuk NTT” and Musa acuminata “Sumatrana” accessions and their storability. Morphological evaluation included seed size and the weight of 100 grains. Anatomical evaluations were carried out for seed structure. The seed quality of the Klutuk NTT banana accessions was observed after being stored for 5, 25, and 41 months, while the Sumatrana banana accessions were observed after being stored for 5, 23, and 41 months. The Klutuk NTT seeds are sized 4 mm to 5.8 mm, while Sumatrana seeds are sized 4 mm to 5 mm. The Klutuk NTT and Sumatrana seeds had a seed coat, endosperm, embryo, micropyle, inner and outer integuments, chalazal, and operculum. The embryonic structure of both Klutuk NTT and Sumatrana seeds exhibited an inverted T-shape. After storage, the two accessions showed significant differences in moisture content, germination rate, vigor index, and seedling growth performance. The Klutuk NTT accessions demonstrated a significant increase in moisture content, germination rate, vigor index, and seedling emergence uniformity, suggesting improved seed performance after storage. In contrast, the Sumatrana accessions showed a significant decline in all measured parameters, except for moisture content. These results suggest that the Klutuk NTT accession may possess a physiological seed dormancy mechanism. Keywords: Banana; germination; true seed; viability; vigor
Effect of organic and NPK fertilizers on flowering, pod formation, and seed production of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), known as tolo beans in Indonesia, is a nutrient-dense legume consumed as young pods, dry seeds, or livestock feed. Despite its nutritional value and agronomic potential, cowpea productivity in Indonesia remains low. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of poultry manure and NPK fertilizers on flowering, pod formation, and seed filling of cowpea. The experiment was conducted from July to October 2024 at the Sawah Baru Experimental Field, IPB, using a randomized complete block design. Treatments included poultry manure at 0, 10, 20, and 30 tons ha-1 and NPK (16-16-16) at 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1. Results showed that poultry manure at 10-30 tons ha-1 and NPK above 100 kg ha-1 significantly increased the productive nodes at the ninth week after planting. Both fertilizers enhanced plant growth and yield. The highest average seed yield was obtained at 30 tons ha-1 poultry manure (3.64 tons grain ha-1) and 300 kg ha-1 NPK (3.38 tons grain ha-1), highlighting the benefit of integrating organic and inorganic fertilization to boost cowpea productivity. Keywords: cowpea; chicken manure; NPK fertilizer; kacang tolo
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitratunnisah, Heni Purnamawati, Iskandar Lubis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Humic acid and chicken manure improve growth and productivity of organic edamame
Edamame (Glycine max L.), a soybean harvested for young pods, has high nutritional content and is promising as an export commodity. Here, organic edamame was produced by incorporating chicken manure and humic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chicken manure, humic acid, and their interaction on the growth and productivity of edamame. The study used a factorial randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications, and it was carried out at the IPB Experimental Station, Cikarawang A, Dramaga, Bogor, from May to September 2024. The first factor was chicken manure: 0, 8, 16, and 24 tons ha-1, and the second factor was humic acid: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1. Vegetative variables were observed at 5 weeks after planting (WAP). The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were determined from the period between 3 and 5 WAP. Yield components included the number, length, and weight of pods and pod yield. The results showed that the interaction of chicken manure and humic acid significantly increased root length, RGR, number of flowers, number of productive nodes, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, pod weight per plant, and pod yield. Chicken manure at 9.5 tons ha-1 and humic acid at 90 kg ha-1 were the optimum doses to significantly increase pod yield. This study highlights the potential use of humic acid to reduce the amount of chicken manure demand in organic farming systems. Keywords: leaf greenness; net assimilation rate; nutrient levels; organic fertilizer; relative growth rate
Copyright (c) 2025 Regata Ringga Hanessa Putry, Maya Melati, Munif Ghulamahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of seed physiological maturity and storability of several sorghum varieties
Seed vigor reaches a maximum at physiological maturity and decreases during storage. This study aimed to determine the physiological maturity and enhance the storability of sorghum seeds. Experiments were conducted at BRIN Lebak-Bulus from March 2023 to March 2024. The initial experiment employed a two-factor randomized complete block design, incorporating five sorghum varieties and five seed maturity levels. The second experiment used a complete randomized design with two factors (nest: temperature storage 18 °C and 26 °C, and nested: combined seed moisture content (MC) 10-11% and 12-13%, and storage period (1-24 weeks). The results indicated the seed physiological maturity stages of the five sorghum varieties were: Numbu 46 days after anthesis (DAA), Super-1 39 DAA, Bioguma-1 51 DAA, Samurai-2 55 DAA, and Pahat 40 DAA. The Numbu stored at 18 °C, 10-11% MC had storability up to 24 weeks (72.3% germination) and at 18 °C, 12-13% MC up to 20 weeks (72.3%), while at 26 °C, 10-11% MC had storability up to 18 weeks (71.3%) and 26 °C, 12-13% MC up to 22 weeks (70.3%). The Bioguma-1 and Samurai-2 seeds were suspected of having after-ripening dormancy. From the beginning until 24 weeks, they did not deteriorate, although the viability was below 70%. Keywords: germination; seed moisture content; storage period; viability; vigor
Copyright (c) 2025 Karima Rizki Faizal, Satriyas Ilyas, Abdul Qadir, Soeranto Human https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seed priming boosted waxy corn yield across different water regimes
Plant resistance to drought stress could be improved by seed priming using natural plant growth regulators, such as coconut water. This research aimed examine the physiological characteristics, root development, and yield responses of waxy corn following different seed priming treatmens using coconut water and to determine to the optimal coconut water concentration for seed priming under each drought condition. The research was conducted at Banguntapan Sub-district and Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta - Indonesia, in July-October 2023. The research used a split-plot design with a main plot of watering intervals and a subplot of coconut water concentration with three replications. The main plot consisted of three levels: watering every day, once every three days, and once every six days. The subplot consisted of four levels of coconut water concentrations, i.e., 0, 33, 67, and 100%. The results indicated that seed priming with 100% coconut water increased corn yield. The increased yield could be attributed to the different photosynthetic rates and total seed weight under both well-watered and drought-stress conditions. Keywords: coconut water; drought stress; root improvement
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy)
Improving edamame yield on peat soil via Rhizobium and soil amendment applications
Soil amendment is a key factor in improving peat soil suitability for agriculture from the perspective of its fertility and quality. Red mud is potentially used as a peat soil ameliorant. The study aimed to evaluate red mud application as an ameliorant and application of Rhizobium on peat soil for growing edamame. The research was conducted at Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, from February to October 2024. A completely randomized design factorial was used to compile field experiments. The ameliorant factor consisted of 4 levels: control (dolomite 8 tons ha-1) and Red Mud of 10 tons ha-1, 15 tons ha-1, and 20 tons ha-1. The second factor was without and with Rhizobium. The application of Red Mud as an ameliorant increased pH, Na, and P2O5 levels and increased base saturation in peat soil. The Red Mud increased Na absorption in edamame tissues and increased pod yield. The highest edamame yield was reached with 20 tons ha-1 of red mud which was similar to with 8 tons ha-1 dolomite. Rhizobium has a role in supporting the formation of better root nodules. Keywords: crop yield; microorganisms; red mud; soil chemistry; soybean
Improving cassava growth and yield through auxin paste treatment on cuttings: A clonal comparison
Cassava is an important crop for carbohydrate production, primarily propagated through stem cuttings. Auxin has been proven for decades to be an effective material for increasing the rooting of cuttings. The combination of NAA and IBA is more effective than a single auxin and synergizes in promoting root growth. This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield of cassava clones to different auxin concentrations of NAA+IBA mixture. The research used a randomized complete block design arranged in a factorial with 9 (3x3) treatments repeated 3 times. The first factor was the type of cassava clone, consisting of K1 = Garuda, K2 = Katsesart, and K3 = Roti, while the second factor was the concentration of NAA + IBA (1:1), namely A0 (0 ppm), A1 (1,000 ppm), and A2 (2,000 ppm). The results showed that clones responded differently to auxin concentration. Increasing the auxin concentration from 1,000 ppm to 2,000 ppm did not increase growth and yield, irrespective of clones. The application NAA + IBA (1:1) significantly increased fresh leaf weight, plant height, fresh stem weight, total number of roots, and number of storage roots as compared to the control at 8 months after planting (MAP). At 8 MAP, the Kasetsart clone produced higher growth and yield than Garuda and Roti clones, as indicated by the average plant height, total number of roots, and number of storage roots. Keywords: hormone; IBA; Manihot esculenta; NAA; production
Biostimulant potential from seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) on rice seedling development
Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) liquid extract contains hormones, and macro and micronutrients that might benefit plant growth and development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a biostimulant liquid of seaweed extract on the vigor of rice seedlings. The research was conducted in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. A factorial treatment design was conducted with a randomized block design. The first factor was the seedling method (wet sowing (S1) and dry sowing (S2)), and the second factor was six biostimulant concentrations (no biostimulant (K0), 0.8% (K1), 1.6% (K2), 2.4% (K3), 3.2% (K4), and 4.0% (K5)). The observed variables included seedling height, leaf area, number of tillers, root dry weight, and seedling dry weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and DMRT at α = 0.05. The results showed that the wet sowing method produced better seedling vigor than the dry sowing method after 14 days. The wet sowing method combined with a 0.8% seaweed extract resulted in the highest seedling vigor. The present study concluded the biostimulant potential of seaweed extract for rice. Keywords: Dry sowing; Oryza sativa; seedling vigor; sowing method; wet sowing
IBA-induced rooting in Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. cuttings for germplasm conservation
Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq. is an endemic species distributed in Sumatra and Kalimantan and classified as least concern due to the lack of recent research data on its abundance and distribution. Excessive exploitation, deforestation, the long time required to reach the generative phase, and the dioecious flowering type have caused a population decline. Plant propagation through cuttings can support conservation activities. The success of cuttings is determined by the concentration of plant growth regulators (PGR), making studies on PGR concentration important. This research aimed to determine the best indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentration for inducing roots and shoots in N. reinwardtiana. The study was conducted from February to October 2023. The research was arranged based on a completely randomized design with IBA concentration treatments consisting of 5 levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg L-1. The results showed that there was no significant effect of IBA on all variables. However, 5 mg L-1 IBA gave the best responses on shoot height increase (10.9 cm), leaf number increase (5.0 leaves), and root length (8.7 cm). These findings suggest that the growth of N. reinwardtiana cuttings may rely heavily on endogenous auxin levels, reducing the observable effects of exogenous IBA application. The non-significant results highlight the potential of this species to thrive without external auxin under certain conditions, which could simplify propagation protocols. Keywords: biodiversity; conservation; endemic species; extinct; plant growth regulator