Journal of Soil Science and Environment/Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan is a continuation of the Journal of Soil and Environment/Jurnal Tanah dan Lingkungan, with P-ISSN 1410–7333 and E-ISSN 2549-2853 published twice a year, in April and October by the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources/Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan (a new name from the Department of Soil/Departemen Tanah), Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. The publication of this journal is also carried out in collaboration with Soil Science Association of Indonesia/Himpunan Ilmu Tanah Indonesia (HITI). Journal of Soil Science and Environment/Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan is a media that presents articles on the results of research and studies of the latest developments in the fields of soil, water and environmental sciences as the main study material. JITL has been accredited by Kemendikbudristek (Sinta 3) with Decree No. 225/E/KPT/2022. Valid from Volume 24 Number 1 Year 2022 to Volume 28 Number 2 Year 2026 The journal also has been indexed in Mendeley, Crossref, Google Scholar, and Portal Garuda. JITL citation profile in Google Scholar: - Indexed article: 268 - Citation: 2356 - h-index: 21 - i10-index: 72 Secretariat Address: Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University, Jl. Meranti Wing 12 Lv 4, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680 Website: http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jtanah e-mail: jtl_soilipb@yahoo.com; jitl@apps.ipb.ac.id
Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University
Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Faculty of Agriculture Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University
ESTIMATION OF GHG EMISSIONS BASED ON LAND USE CHANGE IN RUPAT ISLAND SPATIAL PATTERNS
Rupat Island, with 77.39% of its total land area of 152,371 ha consisting of peatlands, has experienced deforestation, forest degradation, and land conversion, making it both vulnerable to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and strategically important for land-based emission control. This study aims to estimate GHG emissions from the LULUCF sector through the identification of land cover/use changes in 2000, 2010, and 2020. Emission calculations were conducted using the stock difference approach of aboveground biomass as emission/sequestration factors for each land cover/use category. Emission projections for 2030 and 2040 were derived by comparing historical land cover/use changes with predicted land cover/use under the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario. These values were then compared with emissions estimated under the Spatial Planning (RTRW) scenario for 2022–2042. The results indicate a declining trend in emissions from land cover/use changes and peat decomposition, decreasing from 10.37 million tons of CO₂ in 2000–2010 to 7.99 million tons of CO₂ in 2010–2020. Total BAU emissions also show a reduction, estimated at 3.79 million tons of CO₂ for 2020–2030 and 3.45 million tons of CO₂ for 2030–2040. Meanwhile, total emissions under the RTRW scenario for 2022–2042 are projected to be 113% lower compared to BAU emissions for 2020–2040, which reached 3.95 million tons of CO₂.
GHG emissions, land use prediction, LULUCF, spatial planning
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Comparative Analysis of Segmentation Parameters in Object-Based Image Classification for Land Cover/Land Use in Sumedang Regency
Information on land cover and land use plays an important role in biophysical regional analysis, spatial planning, resource management, and the formulation of sustainable development policies. To support these needs, accurate remote sensing image classification is crucial. The Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach is considered superior to pixel-based classification, as it provides higher accuracy and minimizes the salt-and-pepper effect. The success of object-based classification is influenced by the segmentation method employed. In this study, two segmentation approaches, namely Original Multiresolution Segmentation (OMN) and Region Grow on Object (RGO), were examined based on combinations of segmentation parameters and evaluated for accuracy using the Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm. The segmentation results indicate that the OMN approach produces smaller and more detailed objects, though they tend to be fragmented, whereas the RGO approach generates larger and more generalized objects with greater spatial stability. Based on object-based classification using RGO segmentation with a scale parameter of 0.5, seven land cover and land use classes were identified, with three dominant categories: plantations (50,393 ha), bare land (29,658 ha), and rice fields (27,092 ha). The classification accuracy of RGO was consistently higher than OMN across all parameter configurations, with the rice field class showing close alignment with official BPS data from 2024, which recorded an area of 30,038 ha. These findings demonstrate that the RGO approach is more effective in producing representative segmentation and classification for land use mapping.
Monitoring of Ecosystem Services for Water Regulation in the Central and Upper Cisangkuy Watersheds
Water regulation ecosystem services in the middle and upper parts of the Cisangkuy watershed play a vital role in the lives of humans and other living beings in the downstream areas. This is related to daily water needs as well as the threat of disasters, given that ecosystem damage in the upstream areas can lead to floods, as has frequently occurred in the research area. This study aims to monitor water regulation ecosystem services based on the biophysical characteristics of the region. The approach used is based on Multi Criteria Evaluation of three main parameters: Topographic Wetness Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and Slope Gradient. The main data used were 30m SRTM DEM and Landsat 5 TM and 8/9 OLI-TIRS satellite imagery for the period 2000–2024. The results of the study show that the TWI values of the research area are spatially dominated by “high” (40.72%) and “very high” (36.79%) classes. For the slope classes, they are dominated by “moderately steep” (23.09%) and “steep” (23.07%) classes. Meanwhile, for vegetation density (NDVI), there was a dynamic change in area. The “very dense” class experienced a significant increase in area from 0.43% (2000) to 1.19% (2004), and sharply increased to 45.26% (2024). Meanwhile, the “dense” class briefly rose from 30.53% (2000) to 38.58% (2004), but then decreased to 26.16% (2024). For the “medium” density class, it briefly rose from 45.05% (2000) to 47.43% (2004) but then decreased to 18.47% (2024). This dynamic change in area impacted the value of water regulating ecosystem services, where the “high” class initially decreased from 37.95% (2000) to 17.23% (2004), but then increased again to 37.76% (2024). These findings confirm that there has been an improvement in the ecosystem of the upper and middle Cisangkuy Watershed over a 20-year period (2004 to 2024). This ecosystem condition is expected to be maintained or further improved to effectively reduce the incidence of floods and their impacts in downstream areas in the future.
The Impact of the Soreang-Pasirkoja Toll Road Development on Economic and Environmental Conditions in the Surrounding Areas
The construction of the Soreang-Pasirkoja Toll Road (Soroja) aims to improve connectivity and encourage economic growth in the Bandung area and its surroundings. This study aims to analyze land cover change as well as the economic and environmental impacts caused by the construction of the Soroja Toll Road. The methods used include spatial analysis of land cover changes in 2017-2023 and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach to assess the priority of impacts and formulate recommendations. The results of the study indicate that the construction of the Soroja toll road has caused significant conversion of agricultural land into developed areas by 10,21%, leading to a decline in food production and changes in the livelihood structure of the community. The recommendations include the need to monitor spatial planning, creating green open spaces, managing proper drainage to mitigate environmental deterioration, and involving communities and the government to reduce the impacts caused by the construction of the Soroja Toll Road.
Analysis of Soil Physical Properties (Texture, Bulk Density, and Permeability) in Jatirono Cocoa Garden, Banyuwangi Regency
Kalibaru District is an area in Banyuwangi Regency that has quite a large potential in the agricultural sector, such as Jatirono cocoa farming in Kajarharjo Village. However, the condition of the cocoa plants which tend to be dry and the fruit yields are less than optimal is one of the reasons this study was conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors causing less than optimal growth of cocoa plants by analyzing the physical properties of the soil such as texture, bulk density, and soil permeability. The research methods used were survey methods and laboratory analysis. The soil sampling points for laboratory analysis were taken at 5 points (A, B, C, D, E) with point A as the center point, then points B and D were 50 meters from point A, while points C and E were 62.5 meters from point A. The results obtained for the texture indicators from the five sample points were sandy loam and clay, for the bulk density indicator the results were medium and high, and for the permeability indicator the results were fast and rather fast. So it can be concluded that the sandy clay texture with a more dominant percentage of sand fraction has a texture that tends to be coarse, this texture affects the bulk density of the soil where sand has a greater bulk density compared to clay, this texture also causes the soil's ability to pass water high or fast.
Application of Multispectral Drone-Based Vegetation Indices for Assessing Growth Conditions in Irrigated Paddy Rice
Monitoring on irrigated rice field is crucial to anticipate crop damage due to drought and flooding. However, conventional observation methods present complex challenges such as observer bias, point-based data, and limited observational coverage. Observations assisted by multispectral (MS) camera technology mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs/drones) were able to address these issues but are still underdeveloped. This study reports the potential use of multispectral cameras mounted on a drone to assess the effects of drought and inundation on rice crops using vegetation indices such as the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index (NDRE). Observations were conducted three times during the vegetative (10 days after transplanting), generative (45 days after transplanting), and ripening (80 days after transplanting) stages on Ciherang and IR64 rice varieties. The rice plants were subjected to different irrigation treatments: drying, flooding, and control. The results showed that the NDRE index had a poor response to vegetation during the vegetative stage but improved during the generative and maturation stages. Meanwhile, the growth of weeds among the rice plants affected the NDVI and NDWI values, especially under dry conditions, making these indices less reliable in such scenarios.
Analysis of Soil Quality Index and Its Relation to Fruit Crop Productivity
Soil quality is a determining factor for crop production. Therefore, proper assessment of soil quality—by integrating various soil characteristics into a Soil Quality Index (SQI)—is essential to reflect overall soil productivity. This study aimed to determine the SQI and its relationship to fruit crop productivity across seven locations with varying soil characteristics. The research was conducted at SMK PP Saree and SMKN Nisam in Aceh Province; SMKN Gelumbang and SMKN Banyuasin 3 in South Sumatra Province; SMKN Metro and SMKN Gedong Tataan in Lampung Province; and SMKN Kelapa in Bangka Belitung Province. The SQI analysis used eight key soil parameters considered critical for determining and managing crop growth and productivity, namely: effective soil depth, texture, bulk density, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation. Each parameter was scored on a scale from 0 to 5. The results showed that the Soil Quality Index can effectively assess soil quality using these eight key parameters as a dataset. The studied soils were categorized as having medium to very good quality, with low organic carbon and low CEC identified as the most common limiting factors. Furthermore, the SQI demonstrated a strong positive correlation with fruit crop performance, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.832.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Application from the Rhizosphere of Ornamental Plants as Biofertilizer to Enhance the Growth of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
The low productivity of sorghum in Indonesia encourages the use of sustainable cultivation. This study aims to determine the distribution of FMA spores on selected ornamental plants, analyze the effect of culture trapping inoculation on spore density, and the effect of FMA application on sorghum plant growth. The study was conducted from January to June 2025, including the identification of FMA spore distribution on 14 ornamental plants, analysis of trapping culture on spore density, and the effect of FMA application on sorghum growth. A Complete Randomized Factorial Design (CRFD) was used with factors of mycorrhiza application (without/with) and growing medium composition (BIOPOS, rice husk, zeolite, and their combinations). Plant height and number of leaves were observed on day 30 after sowing (DAS), analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT (α=5%). The results showed that ornamental plants of Bougainvillea (Bogainvillea sp.) had the highest FMA spore density, with 14 ornamental plants dominated by the genera Glomus (69.23%) and Acaulospora (30.77%). Trapping culture on ornamental plants of Kemuning (Murraya paniculata) (L.) (Rutaceae) produced the highest spore density (429 spores per 10 g soil), making it a potential inoculum source. The application of mycorrhizae and soil medium composition significantly enhanced sorghum growth. The interaction between mycorrhiza and BIOPOS (A2K1) yielded the best growth (height 60.02 cm; 5.50 leaves), far exceeding the treatment without mycorrhiza. FMA from the rhizosphere of ornamental plants has great potential to enhance sorghum growth, especially when combined with suitable growing media such as BIOPOS, supporting sustainable sorghum cultivation.
The Decomposition Rate and Available Nutrients from The Pruning of Understorey Plants in Oil Palm Plantations on Peatland
The implementation of organic farming in peatland coconut plantations faces challenges such as the low availability of natural nutrients, restrictions on the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and the demand for soil fertility conservation to ensure sustainable production. One potential solution is the utilization of undergrowth pruning, predominantly composed of Nephrolepis sp., as a source of organic nutrients.This study aimed to determine the decomposition rate and estimate the nutrient release potential from undergrowth pruning in a coconut plantation on peat soil in Riau Province, Indonesia. The litter bag method was employed with an observation period of eight weeks. Results showed that the decomposition rate of the pruned biomass reached 1.92 g per week, with a dry weight reduction of 68%. The most abundant nutrients released during decomposition were potassium (1.79%), phosphorus (0.07%), and copper (5.68 ppm). These findings suggest that undergrowth pruning has the potential to serve as an alternative nutrient source, supporting environmentally friendly coconut cultivation systems on peatlands.
Effectiveness of Mycorrhiza and Phosphorus of Phosphate Rock on Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
In this study, effect of biofertilizer of mycorrhiza and phosphate rock on growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under different fertilization rates had investigated. Biofertilizer of mycorrhiza were applied to soil as 0, 10, and 20 g per planting hole, meanwhile grinded phosphate rock were added into soil as 0, 45, and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1. Interaction between mycorrhiza and phosphate rock significantly increased the height of eggplant, average weight of an eggplant, and eggplant yield compared to no fertilization treatment. Mycorrhiza application significantly increased the height of eggplant and the average weight of an eggplant, whereas phosphate rock application affected significantly only on the height of eggplant. In the treatment at 0 doses of phosphate rock with double doses of mycorrhiza showed that the average weight of an eggplant were significantly higher than without mycorrhiza application. It was determined that mycorrhiza had positive effect on growth and yield of eggplant and phosphorus bioavailability to eggplant.
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Selected Chemical Peat Properties Distribution in Palm Oil Plantation and Its Relationship with Depth Layer and Distance from Mineral Soil Derived From Ultrabasic Rocks
Peatland at the research site utilized for oil palm plantation situated alongside with ultrabasic mineral soils. High Mg content in the soil has been reported to inhibit plant growth and distrupt nutrient absorption. Research is aimet to study of pH; Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC); macronutrient of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg); beneficial nutrient of sodium (Na); and micronutrients of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and Zink (Zn) distribution in peat and its relationship with peat depth and distance to ultrabasic mineral soil. The composite of 1,0 kg peat soil samples were collected from the depth of 0 – 30 cm, 30 – 60 cm and 60 - 90 cm toposequently with the distance of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 m from the ultrabasic mineral soil. Analysis of peat samples was carried out to determine (i) the contents of K, Ca, Mg, Na extracted by amonium acetate and (ii) the contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn extracted by DTPA. The result of the study showed that pH value decreased significantly along with increasing peat depth and tended to decrease with increasing distance from mineral soil. CEC content fluctuated and tended to increase along with increasing peat depth and distance from mineral soil. Based on the measurement of Mg and Fe, mineral soil nutrient affected peat to the distance of 600 m from its border. According to Balittanah criteria, peat in the transect area contain high level of available Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn and low level of K and Ca. Available content of Cu classified as moderate in all depth and distance, except 600 meter and 60 – 90 cm respectively. Beneficial nutrient of Na showed positive correlation with peat depth, indicating marine influence from mineral soil in subsurface. The great disparity between Mg with other cations may disrupt root absorbtion and lead to K and Ca leaching from peat solum.
mineral soil derived from ultrabasic rocks
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Soil Aggregate Stability Index on Agricultural, Plantation, and Forest Lands
The soil aggregate stability index is one of the critical indicators of soil physical quality, primarily related to the soil's ability to absorb water into the soil and the soil's resistance to rainwater splashing and surface flow erosion in the soil erosion process. The study aimed to determine the soil aggregate stability index class criteria using the dry and wet sieving methods on the OSK 10701 sieve type and to identify the stability of soil aggregates on agricultural land, plantations, and forests around the IPB Dramaga campus. The transformation of the soil aggregate stability class criteria from the conventional sieve to the OSK 10701 sieve types gave excellent results with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89. The soil aggregate stability index differs significantly between soil types and land uses. Podsolic Jasinga has a higher aggregate stability index than Podsolik Dramaga, Regosol Dramaga, and Latosol Dramaga in the upper layer (0-20 cm) and the lower layer (20-40 cm). Forests have a better aggregate stability index than conservation agricultural land, conventional agricultural land, rubber plantations, and oil palm plantations. The difference in stability index between land uses is closely related to soil organic matter contents. Although the soil is denser/more compact, the soil in oil palm and rubber plantations has a lower stability index and is classified as unstable.
Classification of Horticultural Commodities based on Multispectral UAV Image with k-Nearest Neighbor and Minimum Distance Approach.
Horticulture is an agricultural subsector that includes fruit, vegetable, flower and ornamental plants that play an important role in supporting the national economy. Monitoring horticultural cultivation to maintain and improve the quality of horticultural production can utilize remote sensing technology. Remote sensing imagery varies from low resolution such as MODIS (1 km), medium such as Landsat (30 m) and Sentinel-2A (20, 10 m), to high such as IKONOS (1– 4 m). In horticultural agricultural land with a small area, UAV can be used as an alternative because it has high resolution. This study aims to analyze the spectral patterns of horticultural crops based on multispectral UAV images, to map horticultural crops using the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Minimum Distance Classification (MDC) methods, and to analyze the level of accuracy of horticultural crop classification using both methods, The research location is at the Pasir Sarongge Experimental Garden, Cianjur Regency using field observation data and multispectral UAV imagery acquired on November 6, 2022. The analysis of the sample spectral patterns was carried out by taking sample areas from 11 classes including horticulture and non-horticulture which were then used to create spectral characteristic curves. Image classification using the k-NN and MDC methods was assessed based on overall accuracy through an error matrixs. The results of the study showed that the spectral response of horticulture was low in visible light where the green band was slightly higher than the red band, while in the red edge band there was a significant increase and continued to increase in the NIR band. The classification of horticultural plants in both methods shows differences in area due to differences in classifier algorithms. The order of the largest to smallest area in k-NN is chili, carrot, potato, banana, cabbage, onion, and tomato. Meanwhile, the order of the largest to smallest in MDC is chili, banana, carrot, cabbage, potato, onion, and tomato. The overall classification accuracy for k-NN and MDC is 89.37% and 51.48% respectively.
Land Cover/Use Classification at Landsat 8 with Random Forest and Support Vector Machine Algorithm in Sumedang Regency, West Java
Sumedang Regency is one of the selected regencies in the national strategic project, in the form of the construction of the Jatigede Reservoir and the Cisumdawu Toll Road. This development has a negative impact on the agricultural sector because it causes a change in the function of agricultural land, so that measurable monitoring of land cover/use is needed. This study aims to identify the pattern of reflectance values ​​for each land cover/use and compare the RF and SVM approaches in the classification of land cover/use in Sumedang Regency in 2023. The pattern of reflectance values ​​for each land cover/use is unique, but the use of rice fields and fields/dry fields has a similar pattern and is more susceptible to misclassification. The RF and SVM approaches produce high classification accuracy, which is 93.6% for RF and 98% for SVM. The difference in RF and SVM classification results is 34.64%. This difference occurs due to differences in the way the classification works. Keywords : national strategic project, reflectance pattern, machine learning
Land Use Planning for Local Banana in Flood Prone Areas of Katingan Regency
Bananas are the fourth most crucial commodity globally and in Indonesia, significantly contributing to the horticulture sector. The high demand for bananas requires a substantial increase in production, making land resources crucial for development, such as in the Katingan Regency. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential areas for the expansion of local banana cultivation in Katingan Regency. Land suitability is evaluated using a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach with the Analytical Network Process (ANP) and spatial analysis. Land availability is analyzed by integrating land status and spatial planning while also considering different levels of flood-prone areas. Soil type, soil texture, soil drainage, and rainfall are critical criteria in determining land suitability for local bananas. The results indicate that suitable land for local bananas accounts for 79% or 16,079.5 (102) ha, with the suitability class predominantly in class S2 (60%). Available and suitable land for local bananas with varying levels of flood risk covers 12% (2,418.1 (102) of the total study area. The Overall results show a high potential for land allocation for local banana production, with recommendations to expand agricultural development areas in Katingan Regency. Furthermore, it provides a foundation for stakeholders to sustainably increase local banana production, support the local economy, and improve the welfare of the community in Katingan Regency.
Analysis of The Chemical Properties of Ultisol After Addition of Solid Compost and Coal Fly Ash
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of applying solid compost and coal fly ash on the improvement of Ultisol chemical properties and to determine the optimal dosage for its application. Ultisol, known for its high acidity, low organic matter content, and limited nutrient availability, requires specific amendments for optimization. The study was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 12 treatment combinations: four levels of solid compost (0 t.ha-1, 2,5 t.ha-1, 5 t.ha-1 dan 7,5 t.ha-1) and three levels of fly ash (0 t.ha-1, 3 t.ha-1 and 6 t.ha-1), each with three replications. The soil that has been treated is incubated for two weeks, then the chemical properties of the soil are analyzed. The results showed that the combination of solid compost and fly ash significantly improved Ultisol chemical properties, including increasing soil pH, reducing Al-dd levels, and enhancing P-available, organic carbon (organic C), total nitrogen (total N), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and total potassium (total K). The combination of 7,5 t.ha-1 solid compost and 6 t.ha-1 fly ash provided the best results, achieving a soil pH of 5.15, an increase available P to 23.7 ppm, and a high CEC level. This combination effectively improved Ultisol quality, making it more supportive for plant growth.
Effect of Bio-Organic Fertilizer on Soil Organism in Experimental Oil Palm Plantation Cikabayan, Bogor, Indonesia
The use of chemical-based fertilizer continuously without addition of organic matter may have hazardous effects on the environment. Numerous studies have shown that chemical-based fertilizers may disrupt the balance of soil properties, including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Bio-organic fertilizers have become one of the alternative answers to oil palm sustainability and a replacement for chemical-based fertilizers to promote and provide a better service to the soil and environment. This study aims to analyze the effect of application of biofertilizers combined with different dosages of organic matter (bio-organic fertilizers), i.e. 0 kg tree-1, 6 kg tree-1, and 12 kg tree-1, respectively. The study was conducted in Cikabayan Experimental Oil Palm Plantation, Bogor, West Java with 12 year-old-plant oil palm, from May to November 2023. The study showed an increase in the population density of the soil organisms after application of bio-organic fertilizers, especially with the dose of 6 kg tree-1. The change in the soil fauna community structure was also observed in this study, where Collembola dominated the ecosystem after fertilization. These findings offer practical strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of traditional fertilizers. Moreover, the study highlights the role of bio-organic fertilizers in enhancing soil biodiversity by increasing the populations of beneficial soil organisms.
Mapping of Soil pH and NPK Nutrients on Peat Agricultural Land in Kalampangan Village, Palangka Raya City
Kalampangan Village is one of the villages in Sebangau District, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province. Kalampangan Village has an area of 5000Ha with a population of 4000 people. The main livelihood of the population is farming. Farmers convert peatlands into agricultural land to grow food crops. The main challenge of farming on peatlands is the high acidity value of peat soil which causes low soil nutrient content and decreases soil fertility. Therefore, this study aims to map the distribution of nutrient content and acidity of peat agricultural soil in Kelampangan Village. Data measurement in agricultural land was carried out using the Soil Sensor 5 Pin Probe RS485 NPKPHCTH-HMI043 by inserting the sensor feet into the ground and the results will be displayed on the HMI touch screen. While the coordinate points of data collection use the Global Positioning System. The data measurements obtained were analyzed using the Geographic Information System (GIS) application to produce a thematic map of the distribution of soil pH and NPK nutrients. The results show that peat agricultural land in Kalampangan tends to be slightly acidic (pH 4.48-6.64) with majority low N (0-1.24 mg/kg), P (0-18.44 mg/kg), and K (0-14.61 mg/kg) content. The resulting thematic map can be used as a reference for farmers to process peat agricultural land to be more productive, for local governments in formulating agricultural policies, and contribute to the development of science in the field of soil science.
The Potential of Maize Land Availability for Supporting Sustainable Corn Cob Biomass Supply to CBG Factory in West Lombok Regency
Land availability is crucial and determines the supply of corn cobs through sustainable corn cultivation to ensure the continuous production of compressed biogas (CBG). This study aims to assess the potential land for corn cultivation and the sustainability value of the corn cob supply for the CBG plant. The methods used in this study include overlaying land cover maps, spatial planning maps, and forest area maps, as well as conducting a Multiaspect Sustainability Analysis (MSA) to evaluate its sustainability level. The overlay results indicate that the potential additional land for corn cultivation in West Lombok Regency is 14,297 hectares. Meanwhile, the sustainability analysis reveals that the ecological aspect falls into the moderately sustainable category with a score of >50, namely 66.67. The social aspect has a sustainability score of 60, while the technology and infrastructure aspect scores 75, and the legal and institutional aspect also scores 66.67. The economic aspect is classified as less sustainable, with a score of <50, specifically 43.75. Overall, the sustainability status of the corn cob supply is categorized as moderately sustainable, with a score of 62.42.
Multiaspect Sustainability Analysis (MSA)
Synthesis of Zeolite-Geopolymer Composite Granules and Their Adsorption on Methylene Blue
Indonesia is one of the largest textile industrial producers in Southeast Asia. The high production of textile goods and the inadequate processing of textile wastewater have made Indonesia is the country which has the largest textile industry wastewater in Southeast Asia. Textile liquid waste, which is mostly dye waste, needs to be managed so that it does not have a negative impact when the liquid waste is released into the waters. One of the dye waste management techniques is by using adsorbent materials such as zeolite. In this study, zeolite was composited with geopolymer and formed into granules in order to have high adsorption capacity and resistance. The composite was synthesized by mixing zeolite, metakaolin and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), then dried in an oven at 100 °C for 2 hours. The samples used were then tested for adsorption on methylene blue. Sample precursors were also characterized using XRD and SEM. The results of the adsorption test showed that the zeolite-geopolymer granule composite has an adsorption capacity of 52.68 mg/g for small granules and 20.85 mg/g for large granules so that it can be applied in aquatic environments.and could be applied to aquatic environments.
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The Relationship between the Effectiveness of Phytoremediation Methods on the Growth Rate of Water Hyacinth Media in Liquid Waste of C6+
Liquid waste of Cr6+ is often produced by nickel ore mining companies, one of which is CV. Unaha Bakti Persada has a Cr6+ concentration of 0.78 ppm which has not yet reached the 0.1 ppm quality standard, so it is necessary to treat Cr6+ waste using an in vitro phytoremediation technique for water hyacinth media of E. azurea and E. crassipes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of phytoremediation method, the level of damage to water hyacinth and the rate of growth of the water hyacinth plant. The study used an in vitro phytoremediation method for water hyacinth media E. crassipes and E. azurea for 15 days. The results showed that the effectiveness of water hyacinth E. azurea was 87% able to reduce the concentration of Cr6+ 0.78 ppm to 0.1 ppm within 15 days, while E. crassipes and the combination of E. crassipes and E. azurea were 64%. The rate of water hyacinth damage to Cr6+ wastewater was faster in E. azurea, namely 40% compared to E. crassipes by 27% and the combination of E. crassipes and E. azurea by 13%. The growth of water hyacinth in Cr6+ wastewater was faster in the combination of E. Crassipes and E. azurea, namely plant weight 45%, root length 38%, plant height 23% compared to E. azurea, namely plant weight 35%, root length 32%, height plant 17%, and E. crassipes, namely plant weight 45%, root length 38%, plant height 7%.
Remediation Of Lead and Cadmium Contaminated Soil Using Fly Ash and Organic Materials
Agricultural soils that are close to industrial areas are prone to be polluted by lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) caused by industrial waste. Soil remediation is a method to clean the soil from pollutant materials. Utilizing fly ash and organic matter is a way to reduce levels of Pb and Cd pollution in the soil. This research was conducted to study the effect of ameliorants on reducing the availability of Pb and Cd in soil. The greenhouse experiment was carried out using a randomized block design with the application of 3 types of ameliorants, namely fly ash, chicken manure, and cow manure. The experimental design was prepared with 2 dose levels, namely C: control; F1: 450g; F2: 600g; A1: 75g; A2: 105g; S1: 105g; S2: 135g; FAS1: 450 g+75 g+105 g; FAS2: 600g+105g+135g. Each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 27 experimental units. The experimental results showed that the effect of the treatment of fly ash, chicken manure, and cow manure significantly increased soil pH, KB, C-organic, and exchangeable bases as well as reduced levels of availability of Pb and Cd compared to controls. The use of single fly ash (F1 and F2) reduces the availability of Pb in the soil, while the available Cd decreased in the application of a combination of fly ash with chicken and cow manure (FAS1 and FAS2). The application of fly ash alone was able to reduce the availability of Pb and Cd which was higher than of chicken manure and cow manure alone. However, the provision of fly ash has not been able to increase the growth of kale plants. Keywords: Cd, fly ash, chicken manure, cow manure, Pb, remediation
RARE EARTH ELEMENT PRELIMINARY STUDY ON BOBONARO SCALY CLAY MÈLANGE IN OBEN VILLAGE, SUBDRISTRICT OF NEKAMESE, DISTRICT OF KUPANG, NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE
The location of the investigation area is in Oben Village, Nekamese District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province with coordinates 123° 40'40” E - 123° 41'20” E and 10° 16'0” S - 10° 16'40” S. The geology of the study area is generally occupied by mixed rocks dominated by a gray clay, blackish brown, reddish brown, with foreign chunks consisting of peridotite, sedimentary rock consisting of brown and reddish reddish limestone, silt, micaceous sandstones, metamorphic rock: chlorite schist, with quartzite veins. Of the five samples analyzed, namely four samples of soil matrix and one sample of Peridotite, the following results were obtained: six rare earth elements were contained in 4 samples of the soil matrix, namely Yttrium (Y): 3.63 – 68.75 ppm, Praseudymium (Pr): 7.38 – 38.38 ppm, Scandium (Sc): 4.83 – 4.93 ppm, Lanthanum (La): 21.48 – 91.03 ppm, Cerium (Ce): 32.48 – 184.85 ppm, and Neodymium (Nd): 9.4 – 57 ppm specifically for sample 1 also contains 3 rare earth elements, namely: Gadolinium (Gd): 3.48 ppm concentration the average is lower than its abundance in nature, Samarium Sm: 13.1 ppm, and Dysprosium: (Dy): 6.88 ppm. For rock samples only contain Praseudymium (Pr): 7.78 ppm and Cerium (Ce): 87.88 ppm.
The Spectral trends of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) at different fertilization levels
Cabbage is one of the important horticultural commodities that are widely preferred as fresh vegetables or other processed foods because it has a mild sweet taste. To meet the nutritional needs of cabbage plants during the growth process, fertilizer application is a common practice in the community. Identifying, characterizing, and monitoring mixed vegetable crops in fields using traditional methods is a challenge. Observations with multispectral, hyperspectral or proximal sensing optical satellite data such as spectroradiometers have been widely used for identification, characterization and monitoring of plants in agricultural land. However, research on identification, discrimination and quantitative mapping of cabbage spectral profiles in Indonesia using spectroradiometers is still limited. This study aims to identify the spectral response profile of cabbage plants planted in narrow land using the spectroradiometer and to analyze the spectral response of cabbage to different fertilization level treatments. The results showed that the spectral trend of cabbage plants at all growth phases had a trend similar to the spectral changes of green vegetation. Cabbage reflectance is low at visible light wavelengths and high at red edge and near infrared wavelengths. Fertilization treatment significantly affected the cabbage spectral at the 5% level. At the same growth phase with the higher dose of fertilizer, the higher the reflectance of visible light (blue, green and red), red edge and near infrared. Variation of stable reflectance values increased in visible light waves, red edge and near infrared is interpreted to indicate good growth status of cabbage. At the growth phase stage, with increasing age of plants regardless of fertilization level, the reflectance of cabbage in blue and red waves decreased slightly, on the contrary the reflectance of cabbage in red edge and near infrared increased until it reached its peak at 45 days after planting and decreased after 63 days after planting.
Utilization of Decomposer Bacterial Isolate as Compost Bioactivator
Compost is an organic fertilizer that comes from the weathering of organic materials. The conventional composting process takes a long time so the addition of bioactivators is needed to accelerate the compostng process. Environmental Technology and Security (ETS) section of SEAMEO BIOTROP in 2023 produced BIOTROP Compost (BIOPOS) as a result of self-management of leaf waste and mushroom baglogs at SEAMEO BIOTROP. However, BIOPOS still needs further development to explore decomposer bacteria that can be used as BIOPOS bioactivators to accelerate the composting process and improve the quality of the compost produced. This study aims to isolate, characterize, and test the effectiveness of decomposer bacteria as BIOPOS bioactivators in decomposing organic materials. Bacterial isolates BIOPB, BIOKB, BIOPI, KSCMI, and TJCMB were characterized morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. Experimental methods were carried out in production and application of BIOPOS bioactivator. The characterization results showed that the bacterial isolates BIOPB, BIOKB, KSCMI, and TJCMB have potential as decomposer bacteria. The decomposer bacterial isolates were more effective in decomposing BIOPOS materials than EM4, as seen from the high temperature of BIOPOS which reached 52°C.
Study of Two Different Field Measurement Methods of Infiltration: Falling Head and Constant Head, at Various Hydraulic Head
Two field measurement of infiltration rate methods had been performed on Latosol (Oxic dystrudept) Dramaga Bogor in order to investigate the opportunity to generate different result due to the different of hydraulic head applied and the different way of water was supplied. They were constant head and falling head methods. Falling head method was done in two different ways, namely within a certain time interval and within a certain water level interval. Hydraulic head used during measurement were of 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. The falling head and constant head method, clearly, generated different minimum infiltration rate values The falling head method measured on a fixed time interval generated almost the same values of minimum infiltration rate, respectively of 4.8 cm hour -1, 5.5 cm hour -1, and 4.8 cm hour -1 at 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm hydraulic head. The falling head method based on bulk water level interval at 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm generated minimum infiltration rate values respectively of 13.2 cm/hour, 12.8 cm/hour, and 18.8 cm/hour. The constant head method at 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm hydraulic head generated minimum infiltration rate values respectively of 11.0 cm/hour, 18.5 cm/hour, and 19.0 cm/hour. The values were higher than of the fixed time interval based falling head method. Infiltration field measurement using the falling head method either based on time interval or water level interval did not show an increasing trend of minimum infiltration rate values due to the increase of hydraulic head. However, the infiltration field measurement using constant head showed an increasing trend of the minimum infiltration rate values due to the increase of hydraulic head.
infiltration, falling head, constant head, hydraulic head, time interval.
Effects of Steel Slag, Fly Ash and Bottom Ash on the Growth of Rice Plant in Peat Soil
Industrial activities in Indonesia generate waste such as steel slag, fly ash and bottom ash which contain macro, micro and beneficial nutrients. These industrial wastes are able to improve the quality of soil such as peat soil. However, these waste materials also contain toxic heavy metals that need to be assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of steel slag, fly ash and bottom ash on the chemical properties of peat soil, the growth of rice plant (IR 64 variety), yield production and content of toxic heavy metals in rice. The ameliorant applied in each treatment were 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 and 10,0% of the oven-dry soil weight. The incubation experiments showed that the addition of steel slag and fly ash was able to increase pH, available Ca, Mg and Si. Meanwhile bottom ash treatment only slightly improved the chemical properties of peat soil. In the green house experiment, the addition of steel slag, fly ash and bottom ash to peat soil was able to improve the growth of rice plant and yield production. The positive response of rice plants was related to increasing peat soil pH and availability of Si, Ca and Mg derived from the soil amendments. The rice did not contain Pb but contained Cd metals. Cd content in rice was within the maximum permissible limit for the heavy metal contaminants in the rice polished according to SNI 6128:2020.
Determination of the Critical Limit of Phosphorus for Shallot Growth in Brebes Regency, Central Java
Intensification of balanced fertilization is one way to improve shallot quality and production to meet market demand. In order to achieve optimal crop yields, soil phosphorus (P) availability must be above a critical level. This study aimed to determine the critical limit of the P nutrient and determine the best extractor between Bray 1, Olsen, Mehlich I, and 25% HCl and evaluate the effect of P fertilization on the growth of shallot plants in Brebes Regency, Central Java. Determination of the critical level of P in the soil was determined by extracting soil P from 16 locations spread across Brebes Regency. P fertilization was carried out by applying KH2PO4 solution as much as 0, ½X, X, and 2X where X is the recommended dose of P fertilization in the form of P2O5 of 120 kg ha-1. The plants were harvested six weeks after planting. The critical level of soil P is determined using the Cate and Nelson method. The results showed that each P extraction had different correlation coefficient values influenced by the type of extractants. The correlation coefficients between soil P nutrient content extracted by Bray 1, Olsen, Mehlich 1, and HCl 25% methods and plant dry weight were 0.630, 0.341, 0.821, and -0.089, respectively. The correlation values for Bray 1 and Mehlich 1 methods with plant dry weight were statistically significant and highly significant, respectively. The critical limit of soil P content to achieve 90% of relative yield of shallots in Brebes district based on Bray I, and Mehlich I methods were 40 ppm P. The best soil P extractant in Brebes was Mehlich 1. Fertilization was recommended on soils with soil P content less or equal to 40 ppm P.
Synthesis of Geopolymer-Zeolite Granule Composite from Local Raw Materials Using the Hydrothermal Method as Methylene Blue Adsorbent
Zeolite is known as a cation exchange adsorbent and has high adsorption capabilities. These two functions of zeolite have the opportunity to be a solution in dealing with cationic dye waste. The aim of this research was to determine the CEC value and adsorption capacity of zeolite in adsorbing methylene blue. Zeolite powder is made using local metakaolin and added NaOH or water glass using the hydrothermal method. The powdered zeolite product obtained was mixed with geopolymer to form a composite of small granules and large granules. The results of XRD characterization of the synthetic product obtained from a mixture of metakaolin and NaOH were NaA zeolite, while the addition of water glass resulted in NaX zeolite. Zeolite in powder form or geopolymer-zeolite granule composite shows a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) above 200 cmol/kg. The methylene blue adsorption test on each adsorbent showed that the adsorption capacities of NaA zeolite, NaX zeolite, NaA geopolymer-zeolite small granule and large granule composites, and NaX geopolymer-zeolite small granule and large granule composites were respectively 30.81 mg g-1, 32.84 mg g-1, 53.29 mg g-1, 51.64 mg g-1, 38.32 mg g-1, 54.22 mg g-1 and 48.81 mg g-1.
Estimation of Rice Age in Sentinel-2 Image with Gaussian Mixture Model Approach
Monitoring the growth phase or age of rice is carried out to estimate the harvest area and production of rice plants. Remote sensing technology can monitor the age of rice plants, one of which is using Sentinel-2 imagery. This research aims to identify the age of rice plants, and to map/monitor the spatio-temporal distribution of rice age using GMM classification on multi-temporal Sentinel-2 images. The GMM classification is a simple method based on density function. The research was carried out in rice fields at the Agency of Agriculture, Plantation, Food and Horticulture, Cianjur Regency, West Java Province, with observation periods from May - August 2021. The results of the research showed that the temporal spectral response was different between the visible band (blue, green and red) and the near infrared band, where the 3 visible bands have a similar pattern with a lower value than the near infrared band. Result of GMM classification can show the continuity of rice age classes at each image acquisition from 0 - 130 days after planting, so it can be used to monitor the age or growth phase of rice.