Biodegradation of Ammonia from Polluted Water using a Biofilters Inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus: A Case Study of the Musi River, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
-
ammonia, Biodegradation, biofilter, nitrifying bacteria, water quality
Abstract
High concentrations of ammonia in rivers can cause water pollution through eutrophication. It is necessary to reduce ammonia in an environmentally friendly manner using biofilters, such as zeolite. Water samples from the Musi River, South Sumatra, were collected from six stations, namely Palembang City (Gandus, AMPERA, PUSRI) and Banyuasin Regency (Marga Sungsang, Sungsang II, Sungsang IV). The biofilter was designed to combine physical filtration using filter media such as activated carbon, anthracite, ferrolite, silica sand, and zeolite with biodegradation by nitrifying bacteria. The controls were treated in the same manner as the other samples, without the addition of the bacterial combination. The best decomposing bacteria were determined based on the reduction in ammonia and nitrite levels in the water. Over 14 days, the system achieved a 68.92% reduction in ammonia concentration. The nitrite levels were effectively maintained below 0.063 mg/L throughout the process. Evaluation of the optimal bacterial consortium (Sample C2) showed a significant improvement in key water quality parameters: pH decreased from 8.1 to a more neutral 6.5, while dissolved oxygen increased significantly from 5.4 to 9.42 mg/L, indicating improved aerobic conditions. Molecular identification revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus as the ammonia- and nitrite-degrading bacteria, respectively. The biofiltration system can
reduce ammonia pollution and improve river water quality at the laboratory scale.
Full text article
References
1. Mashaly, A.F.; Fernald, A. Identifying Capabilities and Potentials of System Dynamics in Hydrology and Water Resources as a Promising Modeling Approach for Water Management. Water 2020, 12, 1432, doi:10.3390/w12051432.
2. Rahutami, S.; Said, M.; Ibrahim, E. Actual Status Assessment and Prediction of the Musi River Water Quality, Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Ecol. Eng. 2022, 23, 68–79, doi:10.12911/22998993/152284.
3. Chen, Z.; Wu, G.; Wu, Y.; Wu, Q.; Shi, Q.; Ngo, H.H.; Saucedo, O.A.V.; Hu, H.-Y. Water Eco-Nexus Cycle System (WaterEcoNet) as a Key Solution for Water Shortage and Water Environment Problems in Urban Areas. Water Cycle 2020, 1, 71–77, doi:10.1016/j.watcyc.2020.05.004.
4. Widyarani; Wulan, R.D.; Hamidah, U.; Komarulzaman, A.; Tina, R. Domestic Wastewater in Indonesia: Generation, Characteristics and Treatment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 32397–32414, doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19057-6.
5. He, J.; Wu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, B.; Meng, D.; Zhou, H.; Lu, L.; Deng, W.; Shao, Z.; Qin, Y. Management of Water Quality Targets Based on River-Lake Water Quality Response Relationships for Lake Basins – A Case Study of Dianchi Lake. Environ. Res. 2020, 186, 109479, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109479.
6. Bassi, N. Use of Water Accounts Based Indicators for Water Management in India. River 2023, 2, 307–325, doi:10.1002/rvr2.53.
7. Lusiana, E.D.; Mahmudi, M.; Hutahean, S.M.; Darmawan, A.; Buwono, N.R.; Arsad, S.; Musa, M. A Multivariate Technique to Develop Hybrid Water Quality Index of the Bengawan Solo River, Indonesia. J. Ecol. Eng. 2022, 23, 123–131, doi:10.12911/22998993/144420.
8. Cevallos-Mendoza, J.; Amorim, C.G.; Rodriguez-Diaz, J.M.; Montenegro, M.C.B.S.M. Removal of Contaminants from Water by Membrane Filtration: A Review. Membranes 2022, 12, 570, doi:10.3390/membranes12060570.
9. Xu, R.; Cai, Y.; Wang, X.; Li, C.; Liu, Q.; Yang, Z. Agricultural Nitrogen Flow in a Reservoir Watershed and Its Implications for Water Pollution Mitigation. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 267, 122034, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122034.
10. Kakade, A.; Salama, E.; Han, H.; Zheng, Y.; Alsareii, S.A.; Li, X. World Eutrophic Pollution of Lake and River: Biotreatment Potential and Future Perspectives. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2021, 23, 101604, doi:10.1016/j.eti.2021.101604.
11. Covatti, G.; Grischek, T. Sources and Behavior of Ammonium During Riverbank Filtration. Water Res. 2021, 191, 116788, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116788.
12. Cheng, L.; Ye, Z.; Cheng, S.; Guo, X. Agricultural Ammonia Emissions and Its Impact on PM2.5 Concentrations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region from 2000 to 2018. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 291, 118162, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118162.
13. Wierzbicka, E. Novel Methods of Nitrate and Nitrite Determination – A Review. J. Elementol. 2020, 25, 7–106, doi:10.5601/jelem.2019.24.3.1848.
14. Melki; Isnansetyo, A.; Widada, J.; Murwantoko. Distribution of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Sediment with Relation to Water Quality at the Musi River, Indonesia. Hayati J. Biosci. 2018, 25, 198–205, doi:10.4308/hjb.25.4.198.
15. Aryawati, R.; Ulqodry, T.Z.; Isnaini; Surbakti, H. Fitoplankton sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran Organik di Perairan Sungai Musi Bagian Hilir Sumatra Selatan. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 2021, 13, 163–171, doi:10.29244/jitkt.v13i1.25498. [Indonesian].
16. Brontowiyono, W.; Asmara, A.A.; Jana, R.; Yulianto, A.; Rahmawati, S. Land-Use Impact on Water Quality of the Opak Sub-Watershed, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4346, doi:10.3390/su14074346.
17. Balcıoğlu, G.; Yilmaz, G.; Gönder, Z.B. Evaluation of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) Treating Confectionery Wastewater at Long-Term Operation Under Different Organic Loading Rates: Performance and Membrane Fouling. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 126261, doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126261.
18. Berned-Samatán, V.; Jiménez, S.; Rubio, C.; Tellez, C.; Coronas, J. Self-Supported Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Membranes Applied to Air and Water Filtration. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2022, 97, 159–167, doi:10.1002/jctb.7231.
19. Zhang, F.; Fu, H.; Lou, H.; Sun, X.; Zhang, D.; Sun, P.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Lu, J.; Bao, M. Assessment of Eutrophication from Xiaoqing River Estuary to Laizhou Bay: Further Warning of Ecosystem Degradation in Typically Polluted Estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2023, 193, 115209, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115209.
20. Beretta-Blanco, A.; Carrasco-Letelier, L. Relevant Factors in the Eutrophication of the Uruguay River and the Río Negro. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 761, 143299, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143299.
21. Saravanan, A.; Kumar, P.S.; Jeevanantham, S.; Karishma, S.; Tajsabreen, B.; Yaashikaa, P.R.; Reshma, B. Effective Water/Wastewater Treatment Methodologies for Toxic Pollutants Removal: Processes and Applications Towards Sustainable Development. Chemosphere 2021, 280, 130595, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130595.
22. Shin, H.; Kim, W.; Son, D.; Hong, K. Performance Assessment of a Combined System Using a Biological Aerated Filter and Electro-Coagulation for Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2020, 15, 4481–4493, doi:10.20964/2020.05.68.
23. Alown, F.; Ameen, F.; Vadiveloo, A. Batch Biosorption Studies of Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3-N) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using the Ubiquitous Bacteria Klebsiella sp.: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies. Ann. Microbiol. 2025, 75, 1, doi:10.1186/s13213-024-01788-1.
24. Skleničková, K.; Koloušek, D.; Pečenka, M.; Vejmelková, D.; Šlouf, M.; Růžičková, I. Application of Zeolite Filters in Fish Breeding Recirculation Systems and Their Effect on Nitrifying Bacteria. Aquaculture 2020, 516, 734605, doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734605.
25. Mallongi, A. Dinamika Polutan dan Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan, 1st ed.; Gosyen Publishing: Sleman, Indonesia, 2019. [Indonesian].
26. Pranoto; Heraldy, E. Kimia Air; Bumi Aksara: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2022. [Indonesian].
27. Ren, L.; Guo, Z.; Zhang, L.; Cui, H.; Li, C.; Lin, Z.; Zhen, Z.; Zhou, J.L. A Novel Aerobic Denitrifying Phosphate-Accumulating Bacterium Efficiently Removes Phthalic Acid Ester, Total Nitrogen and Phosphate from Municipal Wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 2023, 52, 103532, doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103532.
28. Fatwa, E.B.; Yoswaty, D.; Effendi, I. Identification of Indigenous Bacteria from Dumai Sea Waters Using 16s rRNA Method. J. Coast. Ocean. Sci. 2021, 2, 184–188, doi:10.31258/jocos.2.3.184-188.
29. Loh, Z.Z.; Zaidi, N.S.; Syafiuddin, A.; Yong, E.L.; Boopathy, R.; Kueh, A.B.H.; Prastyo, D.D. Shifting from Conventional to Organic Filter Media in Wastewater Biofiltration Treatment: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8650, doi:10.3390/app11188650.
30. Turan, M. Backwashing of Granular Media Filters and Membranes for Water Treatment: A Review. AQUA – Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society 2023, 72, 274–298, doi:10.2166/aqua.2023.207.
31. Dragic, D.; Drljaca, D.; Zoric, S. Start-Up of Biofilter for Nitrification and Effect of Filtration Rate on the Ammonium Removal Efficiency in Drinking Water Treatment on Pilot Plant. Water Supply 2024, 24, 1207–1223, doi:10.2166/ws.2024.038.
32. Papciak, D.; Domon, A.; Zdeb, M. The Influence of the Biofiltration Method on the Efficiency of Ammonium Nitrogen Removal from Water in Combined Treatment Systems. Water 2024, 16, 722, doi:10.3390/w16050722.
33. Cash, P.; Isaksson, O.; Maier, A.; Summers, J. Sampling in Design Research: Eight Key Considerations. Des. Stud. 2022, 78, 101077, doi:10.1016/j.destud.2021.101077.
34. Sun, H.; Han, C.; Liu, Z.; Wei, Y.; Ma, S.; Bao, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Yan, H. Nutrient Limitations on Primary Productivity and Phosphorus Removal by Biological Carbon Pumps in Dammed Karst Rivers: Implications for Eutrophication Control. J. Hydrol. 2021, 607, 127480, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127480.
35. Islam, H.; Nelvia; Zul, D. Isolasi dan Uji Potensi Bakteri Nitrifikasi Asal Tanah Kebun Kelapa Sawit dengan Aplikasi Tandan Kosong dan Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit. Solum 2021, 18, 23–31, doi:10.25077/jsolum.18.2.23-31. [Indonesian].
36. Fitriani, N.; Wahyudianto, F.E.; Salsabila, N.F.; Maya, R.; Radin, S.; Kurniawan, S.B. Performance of Modified Slow Sand Filter to Reduce Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, and Iron in River Water as Water Treatment in Disaster Areas. J. Ecol. Eng. 2023, 24, 1–18, doi:10.12911/22998993/156009.
37. Devda, V.; Chaudhary, K.; Varjani, S.; Pathak, B.; Patel, A.K.; Singhania, R.R.; Taherzadeh, M.J.; Ngo, H.H.; Wong, J.W.C.; Guo, W.; et al. Recovery of Resources from Industrial Wastewater Employing Electrochemical Technologies: Status, Advancements and Perspectives. Bioengineered 2021, 12, 4697–4718, doi:10.1080/21655979.2021.1946631.
38. Weaver, L.; Abraham, P.; Pang, L.; Karki, N.; McGill, E.; Lin, S.; Webber, J.; Banasiak, L.; Close, M. Comparative Reductions of Norovirus, Echovirus, Adenovirus, Campylobacter jejuni and Process Indicator Organisms During Water Filtration in Alluvial Sand. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 888, 164178, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164178.
39. Lubarsky, H.; de M.N. Fava, N.; Freitas, B.L.S.; Terin, U.C.; Oliveira, M.; Lamon, A.W.; Pichel, N.; Byrne, J.A.; Sabogal-Paz, L.P.; Fernandez-Ibanez, P. Biological Layer in Household Slow Sand Filters: Characterization and Evaluation of the Impact on Systems Efficiency. Water 2022, 14, 1078, doi:10.3390/w14071078.
40. Casas, M.E.; Larzabal, E.; Matamoros, V. Exploring the Usage of Artificial Root Exudates to Enhance the Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Slow Sand Filters: Synthetic vs. Real Wastewater Conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 832, 153978, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153978.
41. Lu, X.; Wan, Y.; Zhong, Z.; Liu, B.; Zan, F.; Zhang, F.; Wu, X. Integrating Sulfur, Iron (II), and Fixed Organic Carbon for Mixotrophic Denitrification in a Composite Filter Bed Reactor for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment: Performance and Microbial Community. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 795, 148825, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148825.
42. Shukla, S.K.; Al Mushaiqri, N.R.S.; Al Subhi, H.M.; Yoo, K.; Sadeq, H. Low Cost Activated Carbon Production from Organic Waste and Its Utilization for Wastewater Treatment. Appl. Water. Sci. 2020, 10, 1–9, doi:10.1007/s13201-020-1145-z.
43. Gijn, K.V.; Chen, Y.L.; Langenhoff, M. Optimizing Biological Effluent Organic Matter Removal for Subsequent Micropollutant Removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 106247, doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106247.
44. Liang, H.; Wang, W.; Liang, W.; Deng, X.; Ruan, X.; Zhang, D.; Yang, Y. Facile Fabrication of Nitrate-Activated Magnesite Wastes-Derived Porous Adsorbents with Abundant Active Sites for Highly Efficient Phosphate Removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 109126, doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.109126.
45. Zhang, Y.; Duoerkun, G.; Shi, Z.; Cao, W.; Liu, T.; Liu, J.; Zhang, L.; Li, M.; Chen, Z. Construction of TiO2/Ag3PO4 Nanojunctions on Carbon Fiber Cloth for Photocatalytically Removing Various Organic Pollutants in Static or Flowing Wastewater. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 571, 213–221, doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.049.
46. Al-abdalall, A.H.; Al-dakhell, S.A.; Al-abkari, H.A. Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Air-Conditioning System Ducts to Different Ultraviolet Radiation Doses. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 2019, 13, 2383–2388, doi:10.22207/JPAM.13.4.54.
47. Awe, F.A.; Chidi-ezeh, E.L.; Mekuleyi, G.O. Assessment of Ultra-Violet (UV) Light in the Control of Fish Pathogens Isolated from the Eggs of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J. Res. Rev. Sci. 2024, 11, 94–103, doi:10.36108/jrrslasu/4202.11.0112.
48. Zhang, J.; Shao, Y.; Wang, H.; Liu, G.; Qi, L.; Xu, X.; Liu, S. Current Operation State of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Urban China. Environ. Res. 2021, 195, 110843, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110843.
49. Su, T.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, K.; Chen, X.; Cheng, Y.; Zhang, G.; Wu, D.W.; Sun, S. Advanced Treatment of Secondary Effluent Organic Matters (EfOM) from an Industrial Park Wastewater Treatment Plant by Fenton Oxidation Combining with Biological Aerated Filter. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 784, 147204, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147204.
50. Ponnusami, A.B.; Sinha, S.; Ashokan, H.; Paul, M.V.; Hariharan, S.P.; Arun, J.; Gopinath, K.P.; Le, Q.H.; Pugazhendhi, A. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) Combined Biological Process for Wastewater Treatment: A Review on Advancements, Feasibility and Practicability of Combined Techniques. Environ. Res. 2023, 237, 116944, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116944.
51. Sambu, A.H.; Malik, A.; Anwar, A. The Effectiveness of Nitrification and Denitrification Bacteria on Organic Waste of Vannamei Shrimp Cultivation. Harpodon Borneo 2021, 14, 102–110, doi:10.35334/harpodon.v14i2.2271.
52. Khastini, R.O.; Zahranie, L.R.; Rozma, R.A.; Saputri, Y.A. Review: Peranan Bakteri Pendegradasi Senyawa Pencemar Lingkungan Melalui Proses Bioremediasi. Bioscientist: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 2022, 10, 345–360, doi:10.33394/bioscientist.v10i1.4836. [Indonesian].
53. Patil, P.B.; Bhandari, V.M.; Ranade, V.V. Improving Efficiency for Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen from Wastewaters Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2021, 70, 105306, doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105306.
54. Ahmad, A.L.; Chin, J.Y.; Harun, M.H.Z.M.; Low, S.C. Environmental Impacts and Imperative Technologies Towards Sustainable Treatment of Aquaculture Wastewater: A Review. J. Water Process Eng. 2022, 46, 102553, doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102553.
55. Adam, M.R.; Othman, M.H.D.; Puteh, M.H.; Ismail, A.F.; Mustafa, A.; Rahman, M.A.; Jaafar, J. Impact of Sintering Temperature and pH of Feed Solution on Adsorptive Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater Using Clinoptilolite Based Hollow Fibre Ceramic Membrane. J. Water Process Eng. 2020, 33, 101063, doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101063.
56. Adam, M.R.; Othman, M.H.; Kadir, S.H.S.A.; Sokri, M.N.M.; Iwamoto, Y.; Tai, Z.S.; Tanemura, S.; Honda, S.; Puteh, M.H.; Rahman, M.A.; et al. Influence of the Natural Zeolite Particle Size Toward the Ammonia Adsorption Activity in Ceramic Hollow Fiber Membrane. Membranes 2020, 10, 63, doi:10.3390/membranes10040063.
57. Genethliou, C.; Triantaphyllidou, I.E.; Giannakis, D.; Papayianni, M.; Sygellou, L. Simultaneous Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen, Dissolved Chemical Oxygen Demand and Color from Sanitary Landfill Leachate Using Natural Zeolite. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 406, 124679, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124679.
58. Budianto, A.; Pratiwi, A.G.; Ningsih, S.A.; Kusdarini, E. Reduction of Ammonia Nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand of Fertilizer Industry Liquid Waste by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon in Batch and Continuous Systems. J. Ecol. Eng. 2023, 24, 156–164, doi:10.12911/22998993/164759.
59. Bueno, S.; Durán, E.; Gámiz, B.; Hermosín, M.C. Formulating Low Cost Modified Bentonite with Natural Binders to Remove Pesticides in a Pilot Water Filter System. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 104623, doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104623.
60. Purwaningrum, S.I.; Syarifuddin, H. Analisis Kinerja Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) RSUD H. Abdurrahman Sayoeti Kota Jambi. Jurnal Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2023, 6, 61–68, doi:10.22437/jpb.v6i2.29270. [Indonesian].
61. Ibush, L.; Smaji, R.; Rozeta, H.; Lorike, S.; Berat, D.; Demokrat, N.; Veton, H.; Osman, F.; Pajtim, B. The Impact of Wastewater on the Quality of Water of Nerodime River. Ecol. Eng. Environ. Tech. 2023, 24, 10–18, doi:10.12912/27197050/159431.
62. John, E.M.; Krishnapriya, K.; Sankar, T.V. Treatment of Ammonia and Nitrite in Aquaculture Wastewater by an Assembled Bacterial Consortium. Aquaculture 2020, 526, 735390, doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735390.
63. EPA. Factsheet on Water Quality Parameters - pH; Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2021; pp. 1–3.
64. Oyekeye, M.O.; Yusuf, S.A.; Adeosun, S.O. Evaluation of Activated Carbon-Sourced from Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Shell in Rainwater Purification. The Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago 2022, 50, 29–35.
65. Manik, K.E.S. Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, 1st ed.; Prenada Media Group: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2016. [Indonesian].
66. Hidayah, E.N.; Djalalembah, A.; Asmar, G.A.; Cahyonugroho, O.H. Pengaruh Aerasi dalam Constructed Wetland pada Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 2018, 16, 155–161, doi:10.14710/jil.16.2.155-161. [Indonesian].
67. Xu, M.; Chen, L.; Xin, Y.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.; Meng, X.; Zhang, W.; Sun, H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, W.; et al. Characteristics and Mechanism of Ammonia Nitrogen Removal by Heterotrophic Nitrification Bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae LCU1 and Its Application in Wastewater Treatment. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 297, doi:10.3390/microorganisms13020297.
68. Li, D.; Huang, M.; Dong, S.; Jin, Y.; Zhou, R.; Wu, C. Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis of Heterotrophic Nitrifying Bacterium Klebsiella sp. TN-10 in Response to Nitrogen Stress. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 353, doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020353.
69. Ren, J.; Huang, X.; Tang, J.; Min, H.; Tang, D.; Jiang, R.; Liu, Y. Nitrogen Removal Characteristics of Novel Bacterium Klebsiella sp. TSH15 by Assimilatory/Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction and Ammonia Assimilation. Bioresour. Technol. 2024, 394, 130184, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130184.
70. Petrilli, R.; Fabbretti, A.; Cerretani, A.; Pucci, K.; Pagliaretta, G.; Picciolini, M.; Napolioni, V.; Falconi, M. Selection, Identification and Functional Performance of Ammonia-Degrading Microbial Communities from an Activated Sludge for Landfill Leachate Treatment. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 311, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11020311.
71. James, G.; Radhakrishnan, V.; Marathippallam, J.; Preena, J.; Geetha, P. Isolation and Characterization of Nitrifying Bacteria Associated with Mangrove Sediments in Aquaculture. Discover Oceans 2025, 2, 1–18, doi:10.1007/s44289-025-00053-w.
72. Xiang, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, Q.; Peng, M.; Zhao, Y.; Li, Q.; Li, Q.; Tang, A.; Liu, Y.; Liu, H. Fabrication of PVDF/CdS/Bi2S3/Bi2MoO6 and Bacillus/PVA Hybrid Membrane for Efficient Removal of Nitrite. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021, 275, 119195, doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119195.
73. Huang, Y.; Liang, M.; Zhao, S.; Chen, S.; Liu, J.; Liu, D.; Lu, Y. Isolation, Expression, and Biochemical Characterization: Nitrite Reductase from Bacillus cereus LJ01. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 37871–37882, doi:10.1039/d0ra06129h.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeni Meiyerani, S. Kel., M.Si, Dr. Melki, S.Pi., M.Si, Prof. Dr. Hary Widjajanti, M.Si, Prof. Dr. Rozirwan, M.Sc, Dr. Riris Aryawati, M.Si
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Article Details
How to Cite
