Pb and Cd Accumulation of Avicennia marina Leaves and Roots in the Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protected Forest, Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
The Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protection Forest (AKMPF) in Jakarta is an urban mangrove area affected by ongoing human-caused pollution. There is little information on how much Pb and Cd accumulate in Avicennia marina tissue, the dominant species there. This study measures Pb and Cd concentrations in the leaves and roots of Avicennia marina and examines whether distance from the shoreline affects metal accumulation. Sampling was conducted from June to August 2022 using three transect plots (20 × 140 m) in two distance zones: within 100 meters of the shoreline and beyond 100 meters of the shoreline. A total of 12 plant samples (six leaves and six roots) were collected, digested using wet-acid digestion, and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, Shapiro–Wilk and Levene's tests, paired and Welch's t-tests, correlation analysis, and translocation factor (TF). Pb was found at a higher concentration than Cd in both leaves and roots. Pb levels were significantly higher
in leaves compared to roots (p < 0.05), but Cd levels were similar in both organs. There were no significant differences between shoreline-distance zones, which suggests that metal exposure was fairly uniform. Translocation factor values above 1 indicate that
Avicennia marina can move metals to its above-ground parts. Overall, the results suggest that Avicennia marina is a tolerant bioindicator that helps take up, store, and move heavy metals in urban mangrove ecosystems.
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