Shared Habitat Distribution of Javan Hawk-eagle, Javan Leopard, and JavanGibbon in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia
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Submitted
August 4, 2025
Accepted
January 9, 2026
Published
March 2, 2026
Keywords:
-
elang jawa, macan tutul jawa, owa jawa, habitat bersama spesies kunci
Abstract
Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (NP) is recognized as an important habitat for rare or key species of Java Island such as the Javan Hawk-eagle, Javan leopard, and Javan gibbon. Although these species exhibit different movement patterns (aerial, arboreal, and terrestrial), their spatial overlap within the landscape suggests potential ecological interactions, particularly within the trophic structure which is rarely integrated before. This study aims to identify, describe, and provide recommendations for the management of key species shared habitats based on spatial approach. Spatial analysis was used to examine the distribution of shared habitats and their biophysical characteristics, including land cover, elevation, and slope. A literature and policy review was conducted to align the findings with existing Conservation Strategies and Action Plans, based on applicable regulations and NP zonation. The analysis reveals that habitat distribution within the NP is categorized into 28.78% two key species and 55.84% three key species shared habitat. Biophysically, key species shared habitat is primarily found in forested areas between 500–1,500 meters above sea level (masl), and mostly located on steep slope around 25–45%. In terms of Gunung Halimun Salak NP zonation, two key species and three key species habitats are mainly located within the core, forest, and use zones of the Gunung Halimun Salak NP. The recommendations are developed aligned with the Conservation Strategy and Action Plan, regulations, and NP zonation for the comprehensive and integrated habitat management strategies of the key species shared habitat.
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References
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2. Forsius, M.; Kujala, H.; Minunno, F.; Holmberg, M.; Leikola, N.; Mikkonen, N.; Autio, I.; Paunu, V.V.; Tanhuanpää, T.; Hurskainen, P.; et al. Developing a Spatially Explicit Modelling and Evaluation Framework for Integrated Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation: Application in Southern Finland. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 775, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145847.
3. Wahyuni, S.; Nasution, E.K. Studi Populasi Owa Jawa (Hylobates Moloch) Di Lereng Gunung Slamet Jawa Tengah. Biosfera 2017, 33, 46, doi:10.20884/1.mib.2016.33.1.359.
4. Schulze, K.; Malek, Ž.; Verburg, P.H. How Will Land Degradation Neutrality Change Future Land System Patterns? A Scenario Simulation Study. Environ. Sci. Policy 2021, 124, 254–266, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.06.024.
5. Azmi, N.; Syartinilia; Mulyani, Y.A. Model Distribusi Spasial Habitat Elang Jawa (Nisaetus Bartelsi) Yang Tersisa Di Jawa Barat. Media Konserv. 2016, 21, 9–18.
6. Nurfatimah, C.; Syartinilia; Mulyani, Y.A. Potential Habitat of Javan Hawk-Eagle Based on Multi-Scale Approach and Its Implication for Conservation. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2017, 54, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/54/1/012064.
7. Nurfatimah, C.; Syartinilia; Mulyani, Y.A. GIS-Based Approach for Quantifying Landscape Connectivity of Javan Hawk-Eagle Habitat. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2018, 149, 0–10, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/149/1/012017.
8. Nursamsi, I.; Partasasmita, R.; Cundaningsih, N.; Ramadhani, H.S. Modeling the Predicted Suitable Habitat Distribution of Javan Hawkeagle Nisaetus Bartelsi in the Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 2018, 19, 1539–1551, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d190447.
9. Gunawan, H.; Sihombing, V.S. Preferensi Habitat Macan Tutul Jawa (Panthera Pardus Melas Cuvier 1809) Di Jawa Bagian Barat. J. Penelit. Hutan dan Konserv. Alam 2017, 14, 35–44, doi:10.20886/jphka.2017.14.1.35-44.
10. Nurhuda, A.; Huda, D.N.; Senjani, M. Penginderaan Jauh Dan SIG Untuk Analisis Wilayah Kesesuaian Habitat Macan Tutul Jawa (Panthera Pardus Melas Cuvier, 1809) Studi Kasus Di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Semin. Nas. Geomatika 2019, 3, 217, doi:10.24895/sng.2018.3-0.959.
11. Ardiansyah, I.R.; Hernowo, J.B.; Gunawan, H. Analisis Kesesuaian Koridor Halimun Salak Sebagai Perluasan Habitat Macan Tutul Jawa (Panthera Pardus Melas) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. J. Penelit. Hutan dan Konserv. Alam 2020, 17, 127–142, doi:10.20886/jphka.2020.17.2.127-142.
12. Noer, I.S.; Hendra, G.; Rahman, D.A. Penggunaan Habitat Dan Pemodelan Distribusi Spasial Macan Tutul Jawa Di Kawasan Gunung Sawal, Jawa Barat. J. Penelit. Hutan dan Konserv. Alam 2021, 18, 53–66.
13. Ye, X.; Wu, Q.; Li, X.; Zhao, X. Incorporating Interspecific Relationships into Species Distribution Models Can Better Assess the Response of Species to Climate Change, a Case Study of Two Chinese Primates. Ecol. Indic. 2022, 142, 109255, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109255.
14. Filloy, J.; Oxbrough, A.; Oddi, J.A.; Ramos, C.S.; Ribero, M.N.; Santoandré, S.; Vaccaro, A.S. Understorey Structural Complexity Mediated by Plantation Management as a Driver of Predation Events on Potential Eucalypt Pests. For. Ecol. Manage. 2023, 531, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120799.
15. Langlois Lopez, S.; Daunt, F.; Wilson, J.; O’Hanlon, N.J.; Searle, K.R.; Bennett, S.; Newell, M.A.; Harris, M.P.; Masden, E. Quantifying the Impacts of Predation by Great Black-Backed Gulls Larus Marinus on an Atlantic Puffin Fratercula Arctica Population: Implications for Conservation Management and Impact Assessments. Mar. Environ. Res. 2023, 188, 105994, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105994.
16. Reisland, M.A.; Malone, N.; Lambert, J.E. Endangered Apes — Can Their Behaviors Be Used to Index Fear and Disturbance in Anthropogenic Landscapes ? Diversity 2021, 13, doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/d13120660.
17. Yuliamalia, L.; Sunarto; Utami, T. Conservations Javan Hawk Eagle (Nisaetus Bartelsi) in Gunung Picis Ponorogo Nature Reserve. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 940, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012037.
18. Syartinilia; Mulyani, Y.A.; Suyitno, R.A.; Condro, A.A.; Balen, S.B. Van Population Estimates of the Endangered Javan Hawk-Eagle Based on Habitat Distribution Modeling and Patch Occupancy Surveys. J. Raptor Res. 2023, 57, 1–14, doi:10.3356/JRR-22-16.
19. Septiana, E.; Binti, A.; Rahman, A.; Manaf, K. Development and Analysis of GIS Regional Political Profiles in West Java Utilizing the Spatial Overlay Join Method. 2024, 2.
20. Smith, I.T.; Knetter, S.J.; Svancara, L.K.; Karl, J.W.; Johnson, T.R.; Rachlow, J.L. Overlap Between Sagebrush Habitat Specialists Differs Among Seasons: Implications for Umbrella Species Conservation. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 2021, 78, 142–154, doi:10.1016/j.rama.2021.06.007.
21. Wanghe, K.; Guo, X.; Hu, F.; Ahmad, S.; Jin, X.; Khan, T.U.; Xiao, Y.; Luan, X. Spatial Coincidence between Mining Activities and Protected Areas of Giant Panda Habitat: The Geographic Overlaps and Implications for Conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2020, 247, 108600, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108600.
22. Mata, C.; Donoso, D.S.; Malo, J.E.; Gonz, B.A. Acta Oecologica Low Habitat Overlap at Landscape Scale between Wild Camelids and Feral Donkeys in the Chilean Desert. 2016, 70, 1–9, doi:10.1016/j.actao.2015.11.002.
23. Maslo, B.; Leu, K.; Faillace, C.; Weston, M.A.; Pover, T.; Schlacher, T.A. Selecting Umbrella Species for Conservation : A Test of Habitat Models and Niche Overlap for Beach-Nesting Birds. BIOC 2016, 203, 233–242, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.09.012.
24. Raine, F.; Troy, J.R.; Holmes, N.D.; Veech, J.A.; Green, M.C. Habitat Suitability Modeling for the Endangered Hawaiian Petrel on Kauai and Analysis of Predicted Habitat Overlap with the Newell ’ s Shearwater. 2017, 12, 131–143, doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.10.002.
25. Makandar, A.; Kaman, S. Land Use Land Cover Study of Sentinel-2A and Landsat-5 Images Using NDVI and Supervised Classification Techniques. ICTACT J. Image Video Process. 2024, 12, doi:10.36647/CIML/02.02.A003.
26. Ursu, C.; Benedek, J. Accuracy Assessment of Four Land Cover Datasets at Urban , Rural and Metropolitan Area Level. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050756.
27. Riza Ardiansyah, I.; Budi Hernowo, J.; Gunawan, H. Analisis Kesesuaian Koridor Halimun Salak Sebagai Perluasan Habitat Macan Tutul Jawa (Panthera Pardus Melas) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. J. Penelit. Hutan dan Konserv. Alam 2020, 17, 127–142, doi:10.20886/jphka.2020.17.2.127-142.
28. Luthfi, M.; Elfidasari, D.; Pairah, P. Aktivitas Harian Elang Jawa (Nisaetus Bartelsi) Di Bumi Perkemahan Sukamantri Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. J. Bios Logos 2020, 10, 99, doi:10.35799/jbl.10.2.2020.29082.
29. Septiana, W.; Munawir, A.; Pairah, P.; Sodahlan, M.E.; Irawan, Y.; Santosa, Y.; Prasetyo, L.B. Distribution and Characteristics of Javan Hawk Eagle Nesting Trees in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia. J. Biodjati 2020, 5, 182–190, doi:10.15575/biodjati.v5i2.8481.
30. Ina, T.R.M.; Rahman, D.A.; Setiawan, Y.; Giri, S. Population Monitoring of Javan Leopard and Javan Gibbon in Potential Areas in Mount Halimun Salak National Park. Media Konserv. 2022, 27, 128–139, doi:10.29244/medkon.27.3.128-139.
31. Iskandar, E.; Sinarga, W.; Riendriasari, S.; Rahmuddin; Tedjosiswojo, K.; Kyes, R.C. Survey of the Javan Gibbons (Hylobates Moloch) in West and Central Java, Indonesia: Trends in Population Density. Biol. Syst. Open Access 2018, 07, doi:10.4172/2329-6577.1000184.
32. Suyitno, R.A.; Syartinilia Assessing Potential Habitat of Javan Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus Bartelsi) Based on Landscape Characteristic in Banten Province. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 590, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/590/1/012001.
33. Fahmi, I.; Syartinilia Habitat Preferences of Current Record of JHE (Nisaetus Bartelsi) in Lowland Forest in Ujung Kulon National Park. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 590, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/590/1/012004.
34. Lamont, M.M.; Iverson, A.R. Shared Habitat Use by Juveniles of Three Sea Turtle Species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2021, 606, 187–200, doi:10.3354/meps12748.
35. Sutton, L.J. Multi ‐ Scale Habitat Overlap in Two Broad ‐ Ranged Sympatric Neotropical Forest Eagles Reveals Shared Environmental Space and Habitat Use Multi-Scale Habitat Overlap in Two Broad-Ranged Sympatric Neotropical Forest Eagles Reveals Shared Environmental Space and Habitat Use. 2024, doi:10.1111/ibi.13251.
Authors
Suyitno, R.A. (2026) “Shared Habitat Distribution of Javan Hawk-eagle, Javan Leopard, and JavanGibbon in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(1), p. 121. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.1.121.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rofifah Aulia Suyitno, Syartinilia, Yeni Aryati Mulyani, Anton Ario
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How to Cite
Suyitno, R.A. (2026) “Shared Habitat Distribution of Javan Hawk-eagle, Javan Leopard, and JavanGibbon in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(1), p. 121. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.1.121.
