Avian Feeding Guild Composition in Papua Lowland Forest: A ComparativeAcross Habitat Types in Manokwari
Abstract
Changes in forest cover from forest to non-forest systems alter habitat structure and resource availability, thereby affecting the functional composition of bird communities. This study aimed to identify and compare the structure of avian feeding guilds along a forest successional gradient in the lowland forest of Manokwari. Bird surveys were conducted using repeated point counts across
six habitat types representing early (mixed shrub and agricultural habitats), intermediate (mixed plantation and young secondary forest), and late successional (old secondary and primary forest). Species were classified into feeding guilds based on their primary food. Guild species richness and relative abundance were calculated, and the effects of habitat succession on guild abundance were
analysed using a negative binomial generalized linear mixed model. A total of 55 species belonging to 15 feeding guilds were recorded. Aerial frugivores contributed the highest proportion of species richness (21.82%), whereas insectivore–nectarivore showed the highest relative abundance (21.67%), followed by arboreal frugivores (20.77%) and nectarivores (20.31%). Bird abundance was markedly higher in intermediate and late successional habitats than in early successional habitats, indicating greater trophic resource availability in more structurally complex vegetation. The GLMM revealed significant effects of habitat succession (Wald χ² = 48.32, p < 0.001) and feeding guild (Wald χ² = 331.93, p < 0.001) on bird abundance, demonstrating a functional shift in trophic guild dominance along the successional gradient. These findings highlight the importance of intermediate and late successional forests in maintaining functional diversity and supporting key ecosystem processes in tropical lowland forests.
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References
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3. Jagruti, R.; Geeta, P. Feeding Guilds of Urban Birds of Vadodara City. ~ 78 ~ Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 2017, 4, 78–85.
4. LI, N.; WANG, Z.; ZHANG, S.; YAN, C.; LI, X.; LU, C. Importance of Bird Traits for Seed Dispersal Patterns of Co‐fruiting Trees in a Patchy Forest. Integr. Zool. 2019, 14, 470–478, doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12374.
5. Kiros, S. A Preliminary Study on Bird Diversity and Abundance from Wabe Fragmented Forests around Gubre Subcity and Wolkite Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int. Int. J. Avian Wildl. Biol. 2018, 3, doi:10.15406/ijawb.2018.03.00116.
6. Iswandaru, D.; Febryano, I.G.; Santoso, T.; Kaskoyo, H.; Winarno, G.D.; Hilmanto, R.; Safe’i, R.; Darmawan, A.; Zulfiani, D. Bird Community Structure of Small Islands: A Case Study on the Pahawang Island, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Silva Balc. 2020, 21, 5–18, doi:10.3897/silvabalcanica.21.e56108.
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9. Alexander, J.; Smith, D.A.E.; Smith, Y.C.E.; Downs, C.T. Drivers of Fine-Scale Avian Functional Diversity with Changing Land Use: An Assessment of the Effects of Eco-Estate Housing Development and Management. Landsc. Ecol. 2019, 34, 537–549, doi:DOI: 10.1007/s10980-019-00786-y.
10. Bregman, T.P.; Lees, A.C.; MacGregor, H.E.A.; Darski, B.; de Moura, N.G.; Aleixo, A.; Barlow, J.; Tobias, J.A. Using Avian Functional Traits to Assess the Impact of Land-Cover Change on Ecosystem Processes Linked to Resilience in Tropical Forests. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2016, 283, 20161289, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1289.
11. Prescott, G. W., Gilroy, J. J., Haugaasen, T., Uribe, C. A. M., Foster, W. A., and Edwards, D.P. Reducing the Impacts of Neotropical Oil Palm Development on Functional Diversity. Biol. Conserv 2016, 197, 139–145, doi:doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.013.
12. Francis, E.A. Paramount Roles of Wild Birds as Bioindicators of Contamination. Int. Int. J. Avian Wildl. Biol. 2017, 2, doi:10.15406/ijawb.2017.02.00041.
13. Marwa, J.; Sineri, A.S.; Hematang, F. Biecological Carrying Capacity of Forest and Land in Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province. J. Sylva Lestari 2020, 8, 197, doi:10.23960/jsl28197-206.
14. Novarino, W.; Mardiastuti, A.; Prasetyo, L.B.; Widjakusuma, R.; Mulyani, Y.A.; Kobayashi, H.; Salsabila, A.; Nazri Janra, M. Komposisi Guild Dan Lebar Relung Burung Strata Bawah Di Sipisang, Sumatera Barat Guild Composition and Niche Breadth of Understorey Birds in Sipisang, West Sumatra. Biota 2008, 13, 155–162.
15. Fletcher, R.J.; Didham, R.K.; Banks-Leite, C.; Barlow, J.; Ewers, R.M.; Rosindell, J.; Holt, R.D.; Gonzalez, A.; Pardini, R.; Damschen, E.I.; et al. Is Habitat Fragmentation Good for Biodiversity? Biol. Conserv. 2018, 226, 9–15, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.022.
16. Mariano-Neto, E.; Santos, R.A.S. Changes in the Functional Diversity of Birds Due to Habitat Loss in the Brazil Atlantic Forest. Front. For. Glob. Chang. 2023, 6, doi:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1041268.
17. Asefa, A.; Davies, A.B.; McKechnie, A.E.; Kinahan, A.A.; Van Rensburg, B.J. Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Bird Diversity in Ethiopian Montane Forests. Condor 2017, 119, 416–430, doi:10.1650/CONDOR-16-81.1.
18. Fahrig, Arroyo-Rodríguez, V.; Bennett, J.R.; Boucher-Lalonde, V.; Cazetta, E.; Currie, D.J.; Eigenbrod, F.; Ford, A.T.; Harrison, S.P.; Jaeger, J.A.G.; Koper, N.; et al. Is Habitat Fragmentation Bad for Biodiversity? Biol. Conserv. 2019, 230, 179–186, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.12.026.
19. Remeš, V.; Harmáčková, L.; Matysioková, B.; Rubáčová, L.; Remešová, E. Vegetation Complexity and Pool Size Predict Species Richness of Forest Birds. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2022, 10, 1–10, doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.964180.
20. Joel, Y.H.; Iniunam, I.A.; Dami, D.F.; Ottosson, U.; Chaskda, A.A. A Comparison of the Sampling Effectiveness of Acoustic Recorder, Camera Trap and Point Count Methods in Sampling Nocturnal Birds in Afrotropical Landscapes. Ecol. Evol. 2024, 14, doi:10.1002/ece3.11389.
21. Pratt, T.K.; Beehler, B.M. Birds of New Guinea; Second Edi.; Princeton University Press: Oxford, 2015; ISBN 978-1-4008-6511-6.
22. Rumblat, W. Pengembangan Indeks Komunitas Burung Sebagai Indikator Kualitas Ruang Terbuka Hijau Perkotaan Di DKI Jakarta. 2016.
23. Sam, K.; Koane, B.; Jeppy, S.; Sykorova, J.; Novotny, V. Diet of Land Birds along an Elevational Gradient in Papua New Guinea. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 44018, doi:10.1038/srep44018.
24. Sastranegara, H.; Mardiastuti, A.; Mulyani, Y.A. Guild Composition and Niche Overlap of Insectivorous Birds in Evergreen Rainforest. J. Manaj. Hutan Trop. 2020, 26, 13–20, doi:10.7226/jtfm.26.1.13.
25. Panda, B.P.; Prusty, B.A.K.; Panda, B.; Pradhan, A.; Parida, S.P. Habitat Heterogeneity Influences Avian Feeding Guild Composition in Urban Landscapes: Evidence from Bhubaneswar, India. Ecol. Process. 2021, 10, doi:10.1186/s13717-021-00304-6.
26. Nugroho, S. P. A.; Mardiastuti, A.; Mulyani, Y. A.; & Rahman, D.A. Bird Communities in the Tropical Peri-Urban Landscape of Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2023, 24, 6988–7000.
27. Iova, B.; Gideon, O.; Novotny, V.; Sam, K.; Kigl, M.; Koane, B.; Paul, L.; Yama, S.; Jepi, S. Bird Species Diversity, Distribution, and Community Composition in Different Forest Types in Papua New Guinea. Case Stud. Environ. 2023, 7, doi:10.1525/cse.2023.1836576.
28. Hennigan, P. Negative Binomial Regression Guide. 2021, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.24396.74885/1.
29. Tryjanowski, P.; Møller, A.P.; Morelli, F.; Indykiewicz, P.; Zduniak, P.; Myczko, Ł. Food Preferences by Birds Using Bird-Feeders in Winter: A Large-Scale Experiment. Avian Res. 2018, 9, doi:10.1186/s40657-018-0111-z.
30. Ouin, A.; Cabanettes, A.; Andrieu, E.; Deconchat, M.; Roume, A.; Vigan, M.; Larrieu, L. Comparison of Tree Microhabitat Abundance and Diversity in the Edges and Interior of Small Temperate Woodlands. For. Ecol. Manage. 2015, 340, 31–39, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.12.009.
31. Xu, W.; Yu, J.; Huang, P.; Zheng, D.; Lin, Y.; Huang, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Dong, J.; Zhu, Z.; Fu, W. Relationship between Vegetation Habitats and Bird Communities in Urban Mountain Parks. Animals 2022, 12, 2470, doi:10.3390/ani12182470.
32. Warmetan, H.; Mulyani, Y.A.; Mardiastuti, A.; Rushayati, S.B. Bird Community in Six Successional Stages of Habitats in Manokwari, Papua. Media Konserv. 2025, 30, 322, doi:10.29244/medkon.30.2.322.
33. Basnet, T.B.; Rokaya, M.B.; Bhattarai, B.P.; Münzbergová, Z. Heterogeneous Landscapes on Steep Slopes at Low Altitudes as Hotspots of Bird Diversity in a Hilly Region of Nepal in the Central Himalayas. PLoS One 2016, 11, 1–19, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150498.
34. Xu, X.; Xie, Y.; Qi, K.; Luo, Z.; Wang, X. Detecting the Response of Bird Communities and Biodiversity to Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Due to Urbanization. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 624, 1561–1576, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.143.
35. Zambrano, J.; Fagan, W.F.; Worthy, S.J.; Thompson, J.; Uriarte, M.; Zimmerman, J.K.; Umaña, M.N.; Swenson, N.G. Tree Crown Overlap Improves Predictions of the Functional Neighbourhood Effects on Tree Survival and Growth. J. Ecol. 2019, 107, 887–900, doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13075.
36. Lorenzón, R.E.; Beltzer, A.H.; Olguin, P.F.; Ronchi-Virgolini, A.L. Habitat Heterogeneity Drives Bird Species Richness, Nestedness and Habitat Selection by Individual Species in Fluvial Wetlands of the Paraná River, Argentina. Austral Ecol. 2016, 41, 829–841, doi:10.1111/aec.12375.
37. Remeš, V.; Remešová, E.; Friedman, N.R.; Matysioková, B.; Rubáčová, L. Functional Diversity of Avian Communities Increases with Canopy Height : From Individual Behavior to Continental- Scale Patterns. 2021, 11839–11851, doi:10.1002/ece3.7952.
38. García‐Callejas, D.; Godoy, O.; Buche, L.; Hurtado, M.; Lanuza, J.B.; Allen‐Perkins, A.; Bartomeus, I. Non‐random Interactions within and across Guilds Shape the Potential to Coexist in Multi‐trophic Ecological Communities. Ecol. Lett. 2023, 26, 831–842, doi:10.1111/ele.14206.
39. Tate, E.G.; Pitt, A.L.; Little, M.D.; Tavano, J.J.; Nickerson, M.A. Factors Contributing to the Range Expansion and Population Increase of a Native Generalist Species. Amphibia-Reptilia 2022, 43, 299–311, doi:10.1163/15685381-bja10098.
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Authors
Warmetan, H. (2026) “Avian Feeding Guild Composition in Papua Lowland Forest: A ComparativeAcross Habitat Types in Manokwari”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(2), p. 267. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.2.267.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hermanus Warmetan, Yeni A Mulyani, Ani Mardiastuti, Siti B Rushayati
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How to Cite
Warmetan, H. (2026) “Avian Feeding Guild Composition in Papua Lowland Forest: A ComparativeAcross Habitat Types in Manokwari”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(2), p. 267. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.2.267.
