Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Support Mangrove Restoration in the Northern Coast of Indramayu Regency
Abstract
Indramayu Regency, a low-lying coastal area in West Java, has experienced substantial mangrove deforestation. Climate change, worsened by global warming, which causes rising sea levels, has made coastal ecosystems vulnerable. Mangroves play an important role in preventing ecological imbalance in coastal ecosystems and play a role in securing local livelihoods. Considering the dense population on the Indramayu coast, it is imperative to conduct vulnerability mapping as a decision support for policymakers to implement sustainable coastal management in Indramayu. This study aimed to develop a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for the Indramayu coastal ecosystem using a geospatial analysis of multiple parameters: geomorphology, shoreline change rates, sea level rise, wave height, coastal slope, and tidal range. The methodology employed a grid-based approach (4×4 km²) along the coastline to identify priority zones for restoring mangroves. This study also included the Mangrove Vulnerability Index (MVI) assessment and combined it with relevant policy documents to provide recommendations for mangrove restoration efforts. The results indicate severe coastal vulnerability, with 37.14% of the area classified as highly vulnerable. In contrast, mangrove ecosystems showed greater resilience, with 77.14% of the grids categorized as having low vulnerability. These findings provide science-based recommendations for policymakers to prioritize resource allocation in mangrove restoration programs.
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References
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2. Ilahude, D., Usman, E. Pendekatan secara Empirik terhadap Gejala Perubahan Garis Pantai Daerah Indramayu dan Sekitarnya. Jurnal Geologi Kelautan 2009, 7(2), pp 99 - 110. https://doi.org/10.32693/JGK.7.2.2009.175.
3. Donato, D.C., Kauffman, J.B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., Kanninen, M. Mangroves among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4, 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123.
4. Leal, M., Spalding, M.D., Eds. The State of the World's Mangroves 2022, Global Mangrove Alliance: Washington, DC, USA, 2022.
5. Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., Manuri, S., Krisnawati, H., Taberima, S., & Kurnianto, S. The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change. 2015, 5(12), 1089–1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734.
6. IPCC. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2021.
7. Richards, D.R., Friess, D.A. Rates and Drivers of Mangrove Deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113
8. Kasim, F. Penilaian Kerentanan Pantai Menggunakan Metode Integrasi CVI-MCA dan SIG, Studi Kasus: Garis Pantai Pesisir Utara Indramayu, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia, 2011.
9. Gornitz, V., Seeber, L. Vertical Crustal Movements Along the East Coast, North America, from Historical and Late Holocene Sea Level Data. Tectonophysics 1990, 178, 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90165-9.
10. National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB). IRBI Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia Tahun 2021, Pusat Data, Informasi dan Komunikasi Kebencanaan BNPB: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021.
11. Indramayu Environmental Agency (DLH Indramayu) 2018. Daya Dukung dan Daya Tampung Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Indramayu. Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Indramayu, Indramayu, Indonesia, 2018.
12. National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). Kaji Ulang RAN API: Kajian Basis Ilmiah Bahaya Perubahan Iklim, Bappenas: Jakarta, Indonesia, 2018.
13. Anshari, A. I., Nadir, M., Alham, I., & Paharuddin, P. Analysis of wave and tidal characteristics after marine sand mining using mike-21 modeling: a case in north galesong takalar, indonesia. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 2023, 42(13), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i134113.
14. Prayogo, L. M, Mangrove vegetation mapping using sentinel-2a imagery based on google earth engine cloud computing platform. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 2021,6, 249-255. https://doi.org/10.21107/ijseit.v6i1.12175
15. Mondal, B., Roy, A., Saha, A.K., Vulnerability assessment of mangrove areas in coastal West Bengal, India. Remote Sens. Appl.: Soc. Environ, 2022, 25, 100680. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100680.
16. Mondal, B., Bhomia, R.K., Saha, A.K., MacKenzie, R.A., Assesment of coastal and mangrove vulnerability in the Andaman Island, Indian Ocean. Geoscience Frontiers, 2024, 15, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101820.
17. Rochmayanto, Y., Priatna, D., Ginoga, K.L., Prihartini, J.N., Wibowo, A., Salminah, M., Salaka, F.J., Lestari, N.S., Mutaqin, M.Z., Samsoedin, I., et al. Strategi dan Teknik Restorasi Ekosistem Hutan Mangrove, IPB Press: Bogor, Indonesia, 2021.
18. Directorate General of Fisheries, Departement of Agriculture, Statistik Perikanan Indonesia, Departemen Perikanan: Jakarta, Indonesia, 1991.
19. Enríquez, A.R., Marcos, M., Falqués, A., Roelvink, D. Assessing Beach and Dune Erosion and Vulnerability Under Sea Level Rise: A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 2019, 6, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00004.
20. Setyawan, W.B., Pamungkas, A. Perbandingan Karakteristik Oseanografi Pesisir Utara dan Selatan Pulau Jawa: Pasang-surut, Arus, dan Gelombang. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan III 2017, Nugraha, W.A., Romadhon, A., Insafitri, Eds., Universitas Trunojoyo Madura: Madura, Indonesia, 2017, pp. 191–202. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324223310 (accessed on 22 June 2024).
21. Eger, A.M., Marzinelli, E., Gribben, P., Johnson, CR., Layton, C., Steinberg, P.D., Wood, G., Silliman, B.R., Verges, A. Playing to the Positives : Using Synergies to Enhance Kelp Forest Restoration, 2020, Front. Mar. Sci. 7:544. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00544
22. Bayraktarov, E., Brisbane, S., Hagger, V., Smith, C.S., Wilson, K.A., Lovelock, C.E., Gillies, C., Steven, A.D.L., Saunders, M.I., Priorities and Motivations of Marine Coastal Restoration Research, 2020, Front. Mar. Sci. 7:484. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00484
23. Alongi, D.M. The Impact of Climate Change on Mangrove Forests. In Climate Change and Mangrove Ecosystems; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015, pp. 1–20.
24. Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Koedam, N., Dehairs, F. The Importance of Mangrove Conservation in the Context of Climate Change. Environ. Conserv. 2005, 32, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892904001951.
25. Goldberg, L., Goldberg, L., Lagomasino, D., Lagomasino, D., Thomas, N., Thomas, N., Fatoyinbo, T. Global declines in human-driven mangrove loss. Global Change Biology, . (]2020,26(10), 5844–5855. https://doi.org/10.1111/GCB.15275.
26. Primavera, J.H., Esteban, J.M.A. A review of mangrove rehabilitation in the Philippines: Successes, failures, and future prospects. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 2008, 16, 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9101-y.
27. Winterwerp, J.C., Albers, T., Anthony, E.J., Friess, D.A., Mancheño, A.G., Moseley, K., Muhari, A., Naipal, S., Noordermeer, J., Oost, A., et al. Managing erosion of mangrove-mud coasts with permeable dams – Lessons learned. Ecol. Eng. 2020, 158, 106078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106078.
28. Sagala, P.M., Bhomia, R.K., Murdiyarso, D. Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Support Mangrove Restoration in the Northern Coast of Java, Indonesia. Reg. Stud. Mar.. Sci. 2024, 70, 103445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103445.
29. Sasmito, S.D., Basyuni, M., Kridalaksana, A. et al. Challenges and opportunities for achieving Sustainable Development Goals through restoration of Indonesia’s mangroves. Nat Ecol Evol 7, 62–70 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01926-5 Su, J., Yin, B., Chen, L., Gaspartos, A., Priority areas for mixed-species mangrove restoration: the suitable species in the right sites, 2022, Environ. Res. Lett. 17 (1 – 16)
30. Sasmito, S.D., Basyuni, M., Kridalaksana, A. et al. Challenges and opportunities for achieving Sustainable Development Goals through restoration of Indonesia’s mangroves, 2023, Nat Ecol Evol 7 (62–70), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01926-5
Authors
Fathimatuzzahra, N., Setiawan, Y. and Agus, S.B. (2026) “Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Support Mangrove Restoration in the Northern Coast of Indramayu Regency”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(3), p. 423. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.3.423.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Fathimatuzzahra, Yudi Setiawan, Syamsul Bahri Agus
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How to Cite
Fathimatuzzahra, N., Setiawan, Y. and Agus, S.B. (2026) “Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Support Mangrove Restoration in the Northern Coast of Indramayu Regency”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(3), p. 423. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.3.423.
