Isothermal Modelling of Glyphosate Herbicide Adsorption Using Biochar andHumic Substances from Palm Oil Mill Waste
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glyphosate, biochar, humic substances, palm oil mill waste, langmuir, Freundlich
Abstract
The increasing use of glyphosate containing herbicides raises environmental concerns. These herbicides are persistent environmental pollutants and may harm soil and aquatic ecosystems. Although previous studies have evaluated different adsorbents, the use of palm oil mill waste for glyphosate containment has not been thoroughly researched. This study attempts to fill this gap by turning palm oil mill waste into eco-friendly adsorbents: biochar and humic substances. This study seeks to identify the glyphosate adsorption characteristics of diverse palm oil waste formulations in order to determine the optimal formulation through an isothermal adsorption analysis. Two major materials were used in the batch equilibrium experiments: biochar created from empty palm fruit bunches (B-OPEFB) and humic substances derived from wet decanter solids (HS-WDS). Each of these adsorbents were used on their own, and in different combinations to test how well they retained glyphosate. The results revealed that the adsorption capacity of biochar is largely due to its carbonporous matrix, while humic substances contribute to the adsorption via chemical interactions that are facilitated by active functional groups. Out of all the combinations, the one containing 25% biochar and 75% humic substances achieved the best adsorption efficiencies. The adsorption behavior of this combination was best described by the Langmuir isotherm, with a strong correlation (R² > 0.97). This clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of waste palm oil mills as a soil amendment
to reduce glyphosate contamination. In addition, this waste transformation to active materials for environmental protection supports the practice of sustainable agriculture.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Salma Athiyya, Yulnafatmawita, Amsar Maulana, Herviyanti
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