Analysis of Carrying Capacity for Tourism Destination in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province
Abstract
This study evaluates the tourism carrying capacity of Tabanan Regency using the Cifuentes model, which includes physical, real, and effective carrying capacity (PCC, RCC, and ECC). Data on visitor numbers, site areas, facility capacities, and ecological management parameters were analyzed across natural, cultural, and beach tourism sites. The results reveal that several destinations exhibit
latent overtourism, indicated by RCC values falling below ECC, which signals ecological and management pressures. To address this, k-means clustering was applied to classify tourism sites into three area units with distinct characteristics and activity patterns. K-means cluster analysis was used to group tourist attractions into three tourism area units (SKW) in Tabanan Regency with different
characteristics. SKW 1: High PCC and ECC carrying capacity, a significant number of tourists, but far from the district capital. SKW 2: Low PCC, RCC, and ECC, a small number of tourists, and a moderate distance from the district capital. SKW 3: Highest PCC, RCC, and RCC, located closest to the district capital. Based on these findings, management actions such as visitor limits and infrastructure
improvements are recommended for sites with RCC below ECC. These measures can guide policymakers toward sustainable tourism planning, minimizing environmental impacts while enhancing visitor experiences.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
1. Lumanauw, N.; Gupta, G.B.W.; Suwandana, I.M.A. Pengembangan Paket Desa Wisata di Kabupaten Tabanan, Bali: Pendekatan Product Bundling. Seminar Nasional Pariwisata dan Kewirausahaan (SNPK). 2023. 2, 95-104, doi: 10.36441/snpk.vol2.2023.106.
2. Kabupaten Tabanan dalam Angka. 2023. Available online: https://tabanankab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/02/28/85f01ae17a2a03ffd620eee0/kabupaten-tabanan-dalam-angka-2023.html (accessed on 15 January 2024)
3. Sutawa, G.K. Issues on Bali Tourism Development and Community Empowerment to Support Sustainable Tourism Development. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2012. 4, 413-422, doi: 10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00356-5.
4. Dickinson, G. Overtourism. New Word Suggection. Collins Dictionary. 2018.
5. Koens, K.; Postma, A.; Papp, B. Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding The Impact of Tourism in A City Context. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2018. 10, 1-15, doi: 10.3390/su10124384.
6. O’Reilly, A.M. A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Carrying Capacity in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2021.
7. Sutanto, H.; Setiadi, N.J. Overtourism Sebagai Keniscayaan Dalam Pengelolaan Pariwisata di Indonesia. Jurnal ALTASIA. 2020, 2, 2.
8. Pantic, N.; Pantovic, D.; Milojevic, I. Concept Of Sustainable Tourism And Effects Of Its Development. Tourism And Green Investments (Tisc 2024) – Conference Proceedings. 2024, doi: 10.52370/TISC24335NP.
9. Tabanan Regency Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Tabanan Regency Spatial Planning Plan 2012-2032.
10. Bardhan, S.; Sarkar, S. Optimizing Tourist Flows Through Operative Carrying Capacity Assessment: The Case of Bakkhali Coastal Tourism, W.B., India. Sustainable Social Development. 2024. 2, 2550, doi: 10.54517/ssd.v2i3.2550.
11. Cifuentes, M. Determinacion De Capacidad De Carga Turistica En Area Protegidas. CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica). 1992. Available online: https://repositorio.catie.ac.cr/handle/11554/1139 (accessed on 15 January 2024).
12. Wong, P.P. Coastal Tourism Development in Southeast Asia: Relevance and Lessons for Coastal Zone Management. Ocean & Coastal Management. 1998, 38, 89-109, doi:10.1016/s0964-5691(97)00066-5
13. Artana, T.; Purwohandoyo J. Daya Dukung Kawasan Pantai Prigi di Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek. Jurnal Geografi. 2018. 15, 76-85, doi: 10.15294/jg.v15i1.11249.
14. Tan, Q. Research on Sustainable Carrying Capacity of Urban Tourism Environment Based on Multi Objective Optimization Algorithm. Result in Engineering. 2023, 19, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101344.
15. Mapald, G. Tourism Carrying Capacity Using GIS-Based Mapping of
Ecotourism Sites in Tablas Island, Romblon, Philippines. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2024, 1366, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1366/1/012015.
16. Leka, A.; Lagarias, A.; Panagiotopoulou, M.; Stratigea, A. Development of a Tourism Carrying Capacity Index (TCCI) for sustainable management of coastal areas in Mediterranean islands – Case study Naxos, Greece. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2022, 216, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105978.
17. Sasmita, E.; Darsiharjo, Rahmafitria, F. Analisis Daya Dukung Wisata Sebagai Upaya Mendukung Fungsi Konservasi dan Wisata di Kebun Raya Cibodas Kabupaten Cianjur. Jurnal Manajemen Resort & Leisure. 2014. 11, doi: 10.17509/jurel.vlli2.2960.
18. Jauhari, A.; Anamisa, D.R.; Mufarroha, F.A. Analysis of Clusters Number Effect Based on K-Means Method for Tourist Attractions Segmentation. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2022, 2406, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2406/1/012024.
19. Jauhari, A.; Rahabillah, M.R.; Anamisa, D.R.; Haq, A.F.; Mufarroha, F.A.; Purnama, A.A. Comparison of K-means and K-medoids in Tourist Attraction Clustering based on Visitor Characteristics. International Conference of Science and Information Technology in Smart Administration (ICSINTESA). 2022, doi: 10.1109/ICSINTESA56431.2022.10041666.
20. Trisic, I.; Nechita, F.; Milojkovic, D.; Setic S. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas—Application of the Prism of Sustainability Model. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2023, 15, doi: 10.3390/su15065148.
21. Bertocchi, D.; Camatti, N.; Giove, S.; Borg, J.van der. Venice and Overtourism: Simulating Sustainable Development Scenarios through a Tourism Carrying Capacity Model. Sustainability. 2020, 12, doi: 10.3390/su12020512.
22. Camatti, N.; Bertocchi, D.; Caric, H.; Borg, J.van der. A Digital Response System to Mitigate Overtourism, The Case of Dubrovnik. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 2020, 37, doi: 10.1080/10548408.2020.1828230
23. Santos, P.L.A.; Brilha, J. A Review on Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment and a Proposal for Its Application on Geological Sites. Geoheritage. 2023, 15, doi: 10.1007/s12371-023-00810-3.
24. Candia, S.; Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Integrating the Carrying Capacity Methodology into Tourism Strategic Plans: A Sustainable Approach To Tourism. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. 2020, 15, doi: 10.18280/ijsdp.150317.
25. Rahmani, A.; Fakhraee, A.; Karami, S.; Kamari, Z. A Quantitative Approach to Estimating Carrying Capacity in Determining the Ecological Capability of Urban Tourism Areas (Case Study: Eram Boulevard of Hamadan City). Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 2015, 20, doi: 10.1080/10941665.2014.934702.
26. Skiniti, G.; Lilli, M.; Skarakis, N.; Tournaki, S.; Nikolaidis, N.; Tsoutsos, T. A Holistic Approach for Tourism Carrying Capacity Estimation In Sensitive Ecological Areas. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2024, doi:10.1007/s10668-024-04805-0.
27. Marion, J.L.; Leung, Yu-Fai. Trail Resource Impacts and An Examination of Alternative Assessment Techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2001, 19.
28. Munshi, A. The Importance of Religious Festivals to Promote Cultural Heritage in Turkey and India. Al-Adabiya Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Keagamaan. 2022, 17, doi: 10.37680/adabiya.v17i1.1336.
29. Iftikhar, A.; Haider, W.A.; Ullah, M.S. Sacred Seduction: Unveiling the Allure Of Religious Activities As A Tourist Magnet. The Islamic Culture. 2023, 48, doi: 10.58352/tis.v48i2.926.
30. Yusoh, M.P.; Latip, N.A.; Hanafi, N.; Hua, A.K.; Zakaria, Z.; Ridzuan, M.I.M. Social Carrying Capacity As A Planning Tool For Sustainable Tourism: A Case Of Pangkor Island, Perak, Malaysia. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners. 2023, 21, doi: 10.21837/pm.v21i28.1329.
31. Semasaran, I.G.N. Hindu Religion and Traditional Performing Arts
In The Development Of Tourism In Bali. Lekesan: Interdisciplinary Journal of Asia Pasific Arts. 2018, 1, doi: 10.31091/lekesan.v1i2.524
32. Fadilah, S.; Suprihardjo, R. Pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Bahari Kecamatan Watulimo, Kabupaten Trenggalek. Jurnal Teknik ITS. 2016, 4.
33. Liu, Y.L.; Chiang, J.T.; Ko, P.F. The Benefits of Tourism for Rural Community Development. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2023, 10, doi: 10.1057/s41599-023-01610-4.
34. Harianto, C.; Yunani, A.; Syafari, M.R.; Sompa, A.T.; Tourism Area Potential Development Strategy Through the BottomUp Planning Approach in Angsana District, Tanah Bumbu Regency. Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance. 2020, 4, doi: 10.36348/sjef.2020.v04i11.002.
35. Chaves, J.C.L.N.; Torres, A.I.Z.; Torres, M.C.; Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Tourism for Mexico and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Countries. Revista Turismo em Análise. 2016, 27, doi: 10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v27i2p235-255.
36. Simkova, E.; Korinkova, B.; Obrsalova, K. Environmental Education of Tourists for Sustainable Tourism Development. Czech Journal of Tourism. 2023, doi: 10.2478/cjot-2023-0001.
37. Jurkus, E.; Taminskas, J.; Povilanskas, R.; Kontautiene, V.; Ë™ Baltranaite, E.; Dailide, R.; Urbis, A. Ë™ Delivering Tourism Sustainability and Competitiveness in Seaside and Marine Resorts with GIS. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021, doi: 10.3390/jmse9030312.
38. López-Arquillo, J.D.; Oliveira, C.; Serrano González, J.; Durán Sánchez, A. Interdependence in Coastal Tourist Territories between Marine Litter and Immediate Tourist Zoning Density: Methodological Approach for Urban Sustainable Development. Land. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ land13010050.
2. Kabupaten Tabanan dalam Angka. 2023. Available online: https://tabanankab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/02/28/85f01ae17a2a03ffd620eee0/kabupaten-tabanan-dalam-angka-2023.html (accessed on 15 January 2024)
3. Sutawa, G.K. Issues on Bali Tourism Development and Community Empowerment to Support Sustainable Tourism Development. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2012. 4, 413-422, doi: 10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00356-5.
4. Dickinson, G. Overtourism. New Word Suggection. Collins Dictionary. 2018.
5. Koens, K.; Postma, A.; Papp, B. Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding The Impact of Tourism in A City Context. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2018. 10, 1-15, doi: 10.3390/su10124384.
6. O’Reilly, A.M. A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Carrying Capacity in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2021.
7. Sutanto, H.; Setiadi, N.J. Overtourism Sebagai Keniscayaan Dalam Pengelolaan Pariwisata di Indonesia. Jurnal ALTASIA. 2020, 2, 2.
8. Pantic, N.; Pantovic, D.; Milojevic, I. Concept Of Sustainable Tourism And Effects Of Its Development. Tourism And Green Investments (Tisc 2024) – Conference Proceedings. 2024, doi: 10.52370/TISC24335NP.
9. Tabanan Regency Regional Regulation Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Tabanan Regency Spatial Planning Plan 2012-2032.
10. Bardhan, S.; Sarkar, S. Optimizing Tourist Flows Through Operative Carrying Capacity Assessment: The Case of Bakkhali Coastal Tourism, W.B., India. Sustainable Social Development. 2024. 2, 2550, doi: 10.54517/ssd.v2i3.2550.
11. Cifuentes, M. Determinacion De Capacidad De Carga Turistica En Area Protegidas. CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica). 1992. Available online: https://repositorio.catie.ac.cr/handle/11554/1139 (accessed on 15 January 2024).
12. Wong, P.P. Coastal Tourism Development in Southeast Asia: Relevance and Lessons for Coastal Zone Management. Ocean & Coastal Management. 1998, 38, 89-109, doi:10.1016/s0964-5691(97)00066-5
13. Artana, T.; Purwohandoyo J. Daya Dukung Kawasan Pantai Prigi di Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek. Jurnal Geografi. 2018. 15, 76-85, doi: 10.15294/jg.v15i1.11249.
14. Tan, Q. Research on Sustainable Carrying Capacity of Urban Tourism Environment Based on Multi Objective Optimization Algorithm. Result in Engineering. 2023, 19, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101344.
15. Mapald, G. Tourism Carrying Capacity Using GIS-Based Mapping of
Ecotourism Sites in Tablas Island, Romblon, Philippines. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2024, 1366, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1366/1/012015.
16. Leka, A.; Lagarias, A.; Panagiotopoulou, M.; Stratigea, A. Development of a Tourism Carrying Capacity Index (TCCI) for sustainable management of coastal areas in Mediterranean islands – Case study Naxos, Greece. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2022, 216, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105978.
17. Sasmita, E.; Darsiharjo, Rahmafitria, F. Analisis Daya Dukung Wisata Sebagai Upaya Mendukung Fungsi Konservasi dan Wisata di Kebun Raya Cibodas Kabupaten Cianjur. Jurnal Manajemen Resort & Leisure. 2014. 11, doi: 10.17509/jurel.vlli2.2960.
18. Jauhari, A.; Anamisa, D.R.; Mufarroha, F.A. Analysis of Clusters Number Effect Based on K-Means Method for Tourist Attractions Segmentation. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2022, 2406, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2406/1/012024.
19. Jauhari, A.; Rahabillah, M.R.; Anamisa, D.R.; Haq, A.F.; Mufarroha, F.A.; Purnama, A.A. Comparison of K-means and K-medoids in Tourist Attraction Clustering based on Visitor Characteristics. International Conference of Science and Information Technology in Smart Administration (ICSINTESA). 2022, doi: 10.1109/ICSINTESA56431.2022.10041666.
20. Trisic, I.; Nechita, F.; Milojkovic, D.; Setic S. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas—Application of the Prism of Sustainability Model. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2023, 15, doi: 10.3390/su15065148.
21. Bertocchi, D.; Camatti, N.; Giove, S.; Borg, J.van der. Venice and Overtourism: Simulating Sustainable Development Scenarios through a Tourism Carrying Capacity Model. Sustainability. 2020, 12, doi: 10.3390/su12020512.
22. Camatti, N.; Bertocchi, D.; Caric, H.; Borg, J.van der. A Digital Response System to Mitigate Overtourism, The Case of Dubrovnik. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 2020, 37, doi: 10.1080/10548408.2020.1828230
23. Santos, P.L.A.; Brilha, J. A Review on Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment and a Proposal for Its Application on Geological Sites. Geoheritage. 2023, 15, doi: 10.1007/s12371-023-00810-3.
24. Candia, S.; Pirlone, F.; Spadaro, I. Integrating the Carrying Capacity Methodology into Tourism Strategic Plans: A Sustainable Approach To Tourism. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. 2020, 15, doi: 10.18280/ijsdp.150317.
25. Rahmani, A.; Fakhraee, A.; Karami, S.; Kamari, Z. A Quantitative Approach to Estimating Carrying Capacity in Determining the Ecological Capability of Urban Tourism Areas (Case Study: Eram Boulevard of Hamadan City). Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 2015, 20, doi: 10.1080/10941665.2014.934702.
26. Skiniti, G.; Lilli, M.; Skarakis, N.; Tournaki, S.; Nikolaidis, N.; Tsoutsos, T. A Holistic Approach for Tourism Carrying Capacity Estimation In Sensitive Ecological Areas. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2024, doi:10.1007/s10668-024-04805-0.
27. Marion, J.L.; Leung, Yu-Fai. Trail Resource Impacts and An Examination of Alternative Assessment Techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2001, 19.
28. Munshi, A. The Importance of Religious Festivals to Promote Cultural Heritage in Turkey and India. Al-Adabiya Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Keagamaan. 2022, 17, doi: 10.37680/adabiya.v17i1.1336.
29. Iftikhar, A.; Haider, W.A.; Ullah, M.S. Sacred Seduction: Unveiling the Allure Of Religious Activities As A Tourist Magnet. The Islamic Culture. 2023, 48, doi: 10.58352/tis.v48i2.926.
30. Yusoh, M.P.; Latip, N.A.; Hanafi, N.; Hua, A.K.; Zakaria, Z.; Ridzuan, M.I.M. Social Carrying Capacity As A Planning Tool For Sustainable Tourism: A Case Of Pangkor Island, Perak, Malaysia. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners. 2023, 21, doi: 10.21837/pm.v21i28.1329.
31. Semasaran, I.G.N. Hindu Religion and Traditional Performing Arts
In The Development Of Tourism In Bali. Lekesan: Interdisciplinary Journal of Asia Pasific Arts. 2018, 1, doi: 10.31091/lekesan.v1i2.524
32. Fadilah, S.; Suprihardjo, R. Pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Bahari Kecamatan Watulimo, Kabupaten Trenggalek. Jurnal Teknik ITS. 2016, 4.
33. Liu, Y.L.; Chiang, J.T.; Ko, P.F. The Benefits of Tourism for Rural Community Development. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2023, 10, doi: 10.1057/s41599-023-01610-4.
34. Harianto, C.; Yunani, A.; Syafari, M.R.; Sompa, A.T.; Tourism Area Potential Development Strategy Through the BottomUp Planning Approach in Angsana District, Tanah Bumbu Regency. Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance. 2020, 4, doi: 10.36348/sjef.2020.v04i11.002.
35. Chaves, J.C.L.N.; Torres, A.I.Z.; Torres, M.C.; Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Tourism for Mexico and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Countries. Revista Turismo em Análise. 2016, 27, doi: 10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v27i2p235-255.
36. Simkova, E.; Korinkova, B.; Obrsalova, K. Environmental Education of Tourists for Sustainable Tourism Development. Czech Journal of Tourism. 2023, doi: 10.2478/cjot-2023-0001.
37. Jurkus, E.; Taminskas, J.; Povilanskas, R.; Kontautiene, V.; Ë™ Baltranaite, E.; Dailide, R.; Urbis, A. Ë™ Delivering Tourism Sustainability and Competitiveness in Seaside and Marine Resorts with GIS. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021, doi: 10.3390/jmse9030312.
38. López-Arquillo, J.D.; Oliveira, C.; Serrano González, J.; Durán Sánchez, A. Interdependence in Coastal Tourist Territories between Marine Litter and Immediate Tourist Zoning Density: Methodological Approach for Urban Sustainable Development. Land. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ land13010050.
Authors
Putri, F.S., Widiatmaka and Retno Panuju, D. (2026) “Analysis of Carrying Capacity for Tourism Destination in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(2), p. 254. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.2.254.
Copyright (c) 2026 Febita Safera Putri, Widiatmaka, Dyah Retno Panuju
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Article Details
How to Cite
Putri, F.S., Widiatmaka and Retno Panuju, D. (2026) “Analysis of Carrying Capacity for Tourism Destination in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(2), p. 254. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.2.254.
