Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Cover Changes and Local Sustainability Index of Cianjur Regency, West Java
Abstract
Rapid land cover changes, primarily driven by urbanization and deforestation, present critical sustainability challenges for rural landscapes, especially in developing regions such as Cianjur Regency, West Java. These transitions threaten ecological integrity, disrupt water resource systems, and compromise biodiversity, ultimately impacting land productivity and sustainable development goals. This research adopts an integrated spatial analysis framework to quantify land cover transitions and assess their impacts on local sustainability through a multi-dimensional Local Sustainability Index (LSI). The study evaluates economic, social, and environmental sustainability at the village level by utilizing overlay analysis, Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA), and clustering techniques. Findings indicate a pronounced shift, with rice fields reduced by approximately 29,212.6 ha over a decade (2011-2021), while dry agricultural and residential lands expanded by 43,428.5 ha and 4,889.7 ha, respectively. LSI analysis reveals a decline in high-category environmental sustainability, contrasted by an increase in social and economic LSI scores. Southern development area (WP) exhibits high environmental sustainability, while northern development area (WP) has high social welfare and economic growth (Cianjur, Cipanas, dan Pacet Sub-District). Spatial clustering results highlight four distinct village typologies: urban village (Cluster One), developing village (Cluster Two), good environmental village (Cluster Three), and underdeveloped village (Cluster Four).
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
1. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Cianjur. Kabupaten Cianjur dalam angka 2023. BPS Kabupaten Cianjur Tahun 2023.
2. Pravitasari A E, Suhada A, Mulya S P, Rustiadi E, Murtadho A, Wulandari S, Widodo C E. Land use/cover changes and spatial distribution pattern of rice field decreasing trend in Serang Regency, Banten Province. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019, 399: 1-10.
3. Rustiadi E, Pravitasari AE, Setiawan Y, Mulya SP, Pribadi DO, Tsutsumida N. Impact of continuous Jakarta megacity urban expansion on the formation of the Jakarta-Bandung conurbation over the rice farm regions. Cities. 2021, (111), 103000.
4. Hudalah, D. and Firman, T., “Beyond property: Industrial estates and post-suburban transformation in Jakarta Metropolitan Region” Cities 29(1), 40-48. 2012.
5. McGee, T. and Greenberg, C., “The Emergence of Extended Metropolitan Regions in ASEAN” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 9(1), 10-34, 1992.
6. Firman T. Rural to Urban Land Conversion in Indonesia during Boom and Bust Periods. Land Use Policy. 2000, 17: 13-20.
7. Indraprahasta, G.S. and Derudder, B., “World City-ness in a historical perspective: Probing the long-term evolution of the Jakarta metropolitan area” Habitat International 89, 1-10 2019.
8. Pribadi DO, Putra AS, Rustiadi E. Determining Optimal Location of New Growth Centers Based On LGP-IRIO Model to Reduce Regional Disparity in Indonesia. Ann Reg Sci. 2015.
9. Pravitasari AE, Saizen I, Tsutsumida N, Rustiadi E, Pribadi DO. Local Spatially Dependent Driving Forces of Urban Expansion in an Emerging Asian Megacity: The Case of Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek). Journal of Sustainable Development. 2015, 8(1): 108-119.
10. Sasmita PY, Restiatun R, Yani A. Determinan Indeks Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di 34 provinsi Indonesia. Jurnal Sebatik. 2021, 25(2): 399-404.
11. Bell, S.; Morse, S. Sustainability Indicators Past and Present: What Next? Sustainability. 2018, 10, 1688.
12. Choi, H.C.; Turk, E.S. Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism. In Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management; Budruk, M., Phillips, R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, Germany, 2011; pp. 115–140.
13. Zhai TT, Chang YC. Standing of environmental public-interest litigants in China: Evolution, obstacles and solutions. Journal of Environmental Law. 2019, 30: 369–397.
14. Panayotou, T. Economic Growth and the Environment. In The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living; Haenn, N., Harnish, A., Wilk, R.R., Eds.; New York University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2020; pp. 140–148.
15. Pravitasari, A. E., Saizen, I., Rustiadi, E. Towards Resilience of Jabodetabek Megacity: Developing Local Sustainability Index with Considering Local Spatial Interdepencency. International Journal Sustainable Future for Human Security. 2016, vol. 1, pp 1-8.
16. Emas, R. The Concept of Sustainable Development: Definition and Defining Principles. In United Nations’ 2015 Global Sustainable Development Report; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 1–3.
17. Fotheringham, A. S. & Rogerson, P. A. GIS and spatial analytical problems. INT. J. Geographical Information Systems. 1993, 7, (1), 3-19.
18. Chen, Y.Y., X.B. Huang, X. Xiao, Y. Jing, X.W. Shan, J. Zhang, S.X. Cai, and J.B. Liu, “Spatial Analysis of Schistosomiasis in Hubei Province, China: A GIS-Based Analysis of Schistosomiasis from 2009 to 2013” Journal of PLoS ONE 10(4), 1-14 2015.
19. Zhukof, Y., Spatial Autocorrelation, IQQS, Harvard University, Amerika, 2010.
20. Fotheringham AS. Brunsdon C, Charlton M. Geografi Weight Regression the Analysis of SpatiallyVarying Relationships, John Wiley & Sones. New York. 2013.
21. Lee, J., Wong, DWS. Statistics for Spatial Data. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2021
22. Liu, H., & Ma, L. (2020). Spatial pattern and effects of urban coordinated development in China’s urbanization. Sustainability. 2020, 12(6), 1-16.
23. Anselin L. Local Indicator of Spatial Association. Geographical Analysis. 1993, 27: 93-115.
24. Anselin L. Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. Geographical Analysis. 1995, 27: 93-115.
25. Han, J., Kamber, M., Pei, J. Data Mining Concept and Techniques, 3rd ed. Morgan Kaufmann-Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2012.
26. Jain. A.K. Data Clustering: 50 Years Beyond K-Means. Pattern Recognition Letters. 2009.
27. Tan, P.N., Steinbach, M., Kumar, V. Introduction to Data Mining. Boston:Pearson Education. 2006.
28. Rustiadi E, Saefulhakim S, Panuju DR. Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah. Jakarta:Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2009.
29. Kladivo, P.; Ptáček, P.; Roubínek, P.; Ziener, K. The Czech-Polish and Austrian-Slovenian Borderland–Similarities and Differences of Development and Typology of Regions. Morav. Geograph. Rep. 2012, 20, 22–37.
30. Saputra, D.M.; Saputra, D.; Oswari, L.D. Effect of Distance Metrics in Determining K-Value in K-Means Clustering Using Elbow and Silhouette Method. In Proceedings of the Sriwijaya International Conference on Information Technology and Its Applications. 2019; Volume 172, pp. 341–346.
31. Kozonogova, E.; Dubrovskaya, J. The Method of Regions’ Typology by the Level of Cluster Potential. In Eurasian Ecoomic Perspectives; Bilgin, M.H., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; Volume 10, pp. 195–205.
32. Pravitasari AE, Priatama RA, Mulya SP, Rustiadi E, Murtadho A, Kurnia AA, Widodo CE. Local sustainability performance and its spatial interdependency in urbanizing Java Island: the case of Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban region. Sustainability. 2022, 14(21): 13913.
33. Klarin, T. The Concept of Sustainable Development: From Its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues. Zagreb Int. Rev. Econ. Bus. 2018, 21, 67–94.
34. Schilling, M.; Chiang, L. The Effect of Natural Resources on a Sustainable Development Policy: The Approach of Non-Sustainable Externalities. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 990–998.
35. Ballas, D.; Kalogeresis, T.; Labriandis, L. A Comparative Study of Typologies for Rural Areas in Europe. In Proceedings of the 43rd European Congress of the Regional Science Association, Jyväskylä; Regional Science Association: Jyväskylä, Finland, 2003; pp. 1–38.
36. Krehl, A.; Siedentop, S. Towards a Typology of Urban Centers and Subcenters Evidence from German City Regions. Urban Geogr. 2019, 40, 58–82.
37. Kurnia, A.A.; Rustiadi, E.; Pravitasari, A.E. Characterizing Industrial-Dominated Suburban Formation Using Quantitative Zoning Method: The Case of Bekasi Regency, Indonesia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8094.
38. Wilson, M.C.; Wu, J. The Problems of Weak Sustainability and Associated Indicators. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 2017, 24, 44–51.
39. Mensah, J. Sustainable Development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature Review. Cogent. Soc. Sci. 2019, 5, 1–21.
40. Asara, V.; Otero, I.; Demaria, F.; Corbera, E. Socially Sustainable Degrowth as a Social–Ecological Transformation: Repoliticizing Sustainability. Sustain. Sci. 2015, 10, 375–384.
41. Permadi MG, Adiputra A. Kajian risiko bencana kekeringan di kabupaten cianjur. JGEL. 2019, 3(1): 34-44.
42. Myrdal, G. Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Region. Mutheun, London. 2016.
43. Kurnia, A.A. Rustiadi, E. Pravitasari, A.E. Cluster Analysis and Spatial Patterns Approaches in Identifying Development Pattern of Bodebek Region, West Java. Proceedings, Sixth International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite; 2019, Vol. 11372.
44. Barzelay M. Managing Local Development: Lesson from Spain. Policy Sciences. 2019.
45. Celemin, J. P., & Velazquez, G. A. Spatial Analysis of the Relationship Between a Life Quality Index, HDI and Poverty in the Province of Buenos Aires and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Soc Indic Res. 2018, 57–77.
46. Rustiadi E, Sunsun S, Dyah RP. Perencanaan dan Pengambangan Wilayah. Jakarta : Srectpent Press dan Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. 2011.
47. Prabowo R, Bambang, Aziz N, Sudarno. Pertumbuhan penduduk dan alih fungsi lahan pertanian. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian. 2020, 16(2) :26–36.
48. Todaro, P., M., & Smith, S. C. Pembangunan Ekonomi. Jakarta: Erlangga. 2011.
49. Ionescu RV, Zlati ML, Antohi VM, Cristache N, Raducan M. Educational performance between the human resource's theoretical paradigm and the practical mentality. Analysis at the european level. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022, 13 (1): 1-27.
50. Jatayu A, Saizen I, Rustiadi E, Pribadi DO, Juanda B. Urban form dynamics and modelling towards sustainable hinterland development in north cianjur (jakarta–bandung mega-urban region). Journal Sustainability. 2022, 14(2):1-23.
51. Winarso H, Hudalah D, Firman T. Peri-urban transformation in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Habitat Int. 2015, 49: 221–229.
52. Dorodjatoen AM. The emergence of jakarta-bandung mega-urban region and its future challenges. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota. 2009, 20: 15–33.
53. Jatayu A. 2023. Pengukuran kuantitatif tingkat keberlanjutan urban form dalam perencanaan wilayah koridor selatan konurbasi jakarta-bandung mega-urban region (JBMUR). [Disertasi]. Bogor (ID): IPB University. 2023.
54. Suleman Y, Paotonan C, Rachman T. Tinjauan degradasi lingkungan pesisir dan laut kota makassar terhadap kebijakan pengelolaan Kawasan pesisir. SENSISTEK: Riset Sains Dan Teknologi Kelautan. 2018, 1(1):26–32.
55. Firman T. The Continuity and Change in Mega-urbanization in Indonesia: A Survey of Jakarta-Bandung Region (JBR) Development Habitat International. 2009, 33: 327-339.
56. Sari, D., & Sukestiyarno, Y. Analisis cluster dengan metode k-means pada persebaran kasus covid-19 berdasarkan provinsi di indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika. 2021, 4:602-610.
57. Liu, Y.; Zang, Y.; Yang, Y. China’s rural revitalization and development: Theory, technology and management. J. Geogr. Sci. 2020,12, 1923–1942.
58. Guo, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Han, Y. Population aging in rural China: Spatial-temporal pattern and countermeasures for rural revitalization.Geogr. Res. 2019, 3, 667–683.
59. Guo, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y. Targeted poverty alleviation and its practices in rural China: A case study of Fuping county, Hebei Province. J. Rural Stud. 2022, 93, 430–440.
60. Long, H.; Ma, L.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, L. Multifunctional rural development in China: Pattern, process and mechanism. Habitat Int. 2022, 121, 102530.
2. Pravitasari A E, Suhada A, Mulya S P, Rustiadi E, Murtadho A, Wulandari S, Widodo C E. Land use/cover changes and spatial distribution pattern of rice field decreasing trend in Serang Regency, Banten Province. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019, 399: 1-10.
3. Rustiadi E, Pravitasari AE, Setiawan Y, Mulya SP, Pribadi DO, Tsutsumida N. Impact of continuous Jakarta megacity urban expansion on the formation of the Jakarta-Bandung conurbation over the rice farm regions. Cities. 2021, (111), 103000.
4. Hudalah, D. and Firman, T., “Beyond property: Industrial estates and post-suburban transformation in Jakarta Metropolitan Region” Cities 29(1), 40-48. 2012.
5. McGee, T. and Greenberg, C., “The Emergence of Extended Metropolitan Regions in ASEAN” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 9(1), 10-34, 1992.
6. Firman T. Rural to Urban Land Conversion in Indonesia during Boom and Bust Periods. Land Use Policy. 2000, 17: 13-20.
7. Indraprahasta, G.S. and Derudder, B., “World City-ness in a historical perspective: Probing the long-term evolution of the Jakarta metropolitan area” Habitat International 89, 1-10 2019.
8. Pribadi DO, Putra AS, Rustiadi E. Determining Optimal Location of New Growth Centers Based On LGP-IRIO Model to Reduce Regional Disparity in Indonesia. Ann Reg Sci. 2015.
9. Pravitasari AE, Saizen I, Tsutsumida N, Rustiadi E, Pribadi DO. Local Spatially Dependent Driving Forces of Urban Expansion in an Emerging Asian Megacity: The Case of Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek). Journal of Sustainable Development. 2015, 8(1): 108-119.
10. Sasmita PY, Restiatun R, Yani A. Determinan Indeks Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di 34 provinsi Indonesia. Jurnal Sebatik. 2021, 25(2): 399-404.
11. Bell, S.; Morse, S. Sustainability Indicators Past and Present: What Next? Sustainability. 2018, 10, 1688.
12. Choi, H.C.; Turk, E.S. Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism. In Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management; Budruk, M., Phillips, R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, Germany, 2011; pp. 115–140.
13. Zhai TT, Chang YC. Standing of environmental public-interest litigants in China: Evolution, obstacles and solutions. Journal of Environmental Law. 2019, 30: 369–397.
14. Panayotou, T. Economic Growth and the Environment. In The Environment in Anthropology: A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living; Haenn, N., Harnish, A., Wilk, R.R., Eds.; New York University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2020; pp. 140–148.
15. Pravitasari, A. E., Saizen, I., Rustiadi, E. Towards Resilience of Jabodetabek Megacity: Developing Local Sustainability Index with Considering Local Spatial Interdepencency. International Journal Sustainable Future for Human Security. 2016, vol. 1, pp 1-8.
16. Emas, R. The Concept of Sustainable Development: Definition and Defining Principles. In United Nations’ 2015 Global Sustainable Development Report; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 1–3.
17. Fotheringham, A. S. & Rogerson, P. A. GIS and spatial analytical problems. INT. J. Geographical Information Systems. 1993, 7, (1), 3-19.
18. Chen, Y.Y., X.B. Huang, X. Xiao, Y. Jing, X.W. Shan, J. Zhang, S.X. Cai, and J.B. Liu, “Spatial Analysis of Schistosomiasis in Hubei Province, China: A GIS-Based Analysis of Schistosomiasis from 2009 to 2013” Journal of PLoS ONE 10(4), 1-14 2015.
19. Zhukof, Y., Spatial Autocorrelation, IQQS, Harvard University, Amerika, 2010.
20. Fotheringham AS. Brunsdon C, Charlton M. Geografi Weight Regression the Analysis of SpatiallyVarying Relationships, John Wiley & Sones. New York. 2013.
21. Lee, J., Wong, DWS. Statistics for Spatial Data. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2021
22. Liu, H., & Ma, L. (2020). Spatial pattern and effects of urban coordinated development in China’s urbanization. Sustainability. 2020, 12(6), 1-16.
23. Anselin L. Local Indicator of Spatial Association. Geographical Analysis. 1993, 27: 93-115.
24. Anselin L. Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. Geographical Analysis. 1995, 27: 93-115.
25. Han, J., Kamber, M., Pei, J. Data Mining Concept and Techniques, 3rd ed. Morgan Kaufmann-Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2012.
26. Jain. A.K. Data Clustering: 50 Years Beyond K-Means. Pattern Recognition Letters. 2009.
27. Tan, P.N., Steinbach, M., Kumar, V. Introduction to Data Mining. Boston:Pearson Education. 2006.
28. Rustiadi E, Saefulhakim S, Panuju DR. Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah. Jakarta:Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2009.
29. Kladivo, P.; Ptáček, P.; Roubínek, P.; Ziener, K. The Czech-Polish and Austrian-Slovenian Borderland–Similarities and Differences of Development and Typology of Regions. Morav. Geograph. Rep. 2012, 20, 22–37.
30. Saputra, D.M.; Saputra, D.; Oswari, L.D. Effect of Distance Metrics in Determining K-Value in K-Means Clustering Using Elbow and Silhouette Method. In Proceedings of the Sriwijaya International Conference on Information Technology and Its Applications. 2019; Volume 172, pp. 341–346.
31. Kozonogova, E.; Dubrovskaya, J. The Method of Regions’ Typology by the Level of Cluster Potential. In Eurasian Ecoomic Perspectives; Bilgin, M.H., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; Volume 10, pp. 195–205.
32. Pravitasari AE, Priatama RA, Mulya SP, Rustiadi E, Murtadho A, Kurnia AA, Widodo CE. Local sustainability performance and its spatial interdependency in urbanizing Java Island: the case of Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban region. Sustainability. 2022, 14(21): 13913.
33. Klarin, T. The Concept of Sustainable Development: From Its Beginning to the Contemporary Issues. Zagreb Int. Rev. Econ. Bus. 2018, 21, 67–94.
34. Schilling, M.; Chiang, L. The Effect of Natural Resources on a Sustainable Development Policy: The Approach of Non-Sustainable Externalities. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 990–998.
35. Ballas, D.; Kalogeresis, T.; Labriandis, L. A Comparative Study of Typologies for Rural Areas in Europe. In Proceedings of the 43rd European Congress of the Regional Science Association, Jyväskylä; Regional Science Association: Jyväskylä, Finland, 2003; pp. 1–38.
36. Krehl, A.; Siedentop, S. Towards a Typology of Urban Centers and Subcenters Evidence from German City Regions. Urban Geogr. 2019, 40, 58–82.
37. Kurnia, A.A.; Rustiadi, E.; Pravitasari, A.E. Characterizing Industrial-Dominated Suburban Formation Using Quantitative Zoning Method: The Case of Bekasi Regency, Indonesia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8094.
38. Wilson, M.C.; Wu, J. The Problems of Weak Sustainability and Associated Indicators. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 2017, 24, 44–51.
39. Mensah, J. Sustainable Development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature Review. Cogent. Soc. Sci. 2019, 5, 1–21.
40. Asara, V.; Otero, I.; Demaria, F.; Corbera, E. Socially Sustainable Degrowth as a Social–Ecological Transformation: Repoliticizing Sustainability. Sustain. Sci. 2015, 10, 375–384.
41. Permadi MG, Adiputra A. Kajian risiko bencana kekeringan di kabupaten cianjur. JGEL. 2019, 3(1): 34-44.
42. Myrdal, G. Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Region. Mutheun, London. 2016.
43. Kurnia, A.A. Rustiadi, E. Pravitasari, A.E. Cluster Analysis and Spatial Patterns Approaches in Identifying Development Pattern of Bodebek Region, West Java. Proceedings, Sixth International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite; 2019, Vol. 11372.
44. Barzelay M. Managing Local Development: Lesson from Spain. Policy Sciences. 2019.
45. Celemin, J. P., & Velazquez, G. A. Spatial Analysis of the Relationship Between a Life Quality Index, HDI and Poverty in the Province of Buenos Aires and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Soc Indic Res. 2018, 57–77.
46. Rustiadi E, Sunsun S, Dyah RP. Perencanaan dan Pengambangan Wilayah. Jakarta : Srectpent Press dan Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. 2011.
47. Prabowo R, Bambang, Aziz N, Sudarno. Pertumbuhan penduduk dan alih fungsi lahan pertanian. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian. 2020, 16(2) :26–36.
48. Todaro, P., M., & Smith, S. C. Pembangunan Ekonomi. Jakarta: Erlangga. 2011.
49. Ionescu RV, Zlati ML, Antohi VM, Cristache N, Raducan M. Educational performance between the human resource's theoretical paradigm and the practical mentality. Analysis at the european level. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022, 13 (1): 1-27.
50. Jatayu A, Saizen I, Rustiadi E, Pribadi DO, Juanda B. Urban form dynamics and modelling towards sustainable hinterland development in north cianjur (jakarta–bandung mega-urban region). Journal Sustainability. 2022, 14(2):1-23.
51. Winarso H, Hudalah D, Firman T. Peri-urban transformation in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Habitat Int. 2015, 49: 221–229.
52. Dorodjatoen AM. The emergence of jakarta-bandung mega-urban region and its future challenges. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota. 2009, 20: 15–33.
53. Jatayu A. 2023. Pengukuran kuantitatif tingkat keberlanjutan urban form dalam perencanaan wilayah koridor selatan konurbasi jakarta-bandung mega-urban region (JBMUR). [Disertasi]. Bogor (ID): IPB University. 2023.
54. Suleman Y, Paotonan C, Rachman T. Tinjauan degradasi lingkungan pesisir dan laut kota makassar terhadap kebijakan pengelolaan Kawasan pesisir. SENSISTEK: Riset Sains Dan Teknologi Kelautan. 2018, 1(1):26–32.
55. Firman T. The Continuity and Change in Mega-urbanization in Indonesia: A Survey of Jakarta-Bandung Region (JBR) Development Habitat International. 2009, 33: 327-339.
56. Sari, D., & Sukestiyarno, Y. Analisis cluster dengan metode k-means pada persebaran kasus covid-19 berdasarkan provinsi di indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika. 2021, 4:602-610.
57. Liu, Y.; Zang, Y.; Yang, Y. China’s rural revitalization and development: Theory, technology and management. J. Geogr. Sci. 2020,12, 1923–1942.
58. Guo, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Han, Y. Population aging in rural China: Spatial-temporal pattern and countermeasures for rural revitalization.Geogr. Res. 2019, 3, 667–683.
59. Guo, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y. Targeted poverty alleviation and its practices in rural China: A case study of Fuping county, Hebei Province. J. Rural Stud. 2022, 93, 430–440.
60. Long, H.; Ma, L.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, L. Multifunctional rural development in China: Pattern, process and mechanism. Habitat Int. 2022, 121, 102530.
Authors
Rizqullah, M.F. (2025) “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Cover Changes and Local Sustainability Index of Cianjur Regency, West Java ”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(5), p. 844. doi:10.29244/jpsl.15.5.844.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Fiqri Rizqullah, Ernan Rustiadi, Vely Brian Rosandi, Andrea Emma Pravitasari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Article Details
How to Cite
Rizqullah, M.F. (2025) “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Land Cover Changes and Local Sustainability Index of Cianjur Regency, West Java ”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(5), p. 844. doi:10.29244/jpsl.15.5.844.
