Sustainable Cities and Communities
Good Health and Well-being
Life on Land
South East Asia
Indonesia
The Role of Urban Forest in Providing Landscape Services: A Case Study from Bekasi City, West Java, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Submitted
October 31, 2024
Accepted
August 25, 2025
Published
September 28, 2025
Keywords:
-
carbon storage, i-Tree eco, thermal comfort, THI, tree diversity
Abstract
Urban forests are critical green infrastructures that provide multiple landscape services, including carbon sequestration, microclimate regulation, and biodiversity support, thereby contibuting to global climate adaption and urban sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the Patriot Bina Bangsa (PBB) Urban Forest’s role in providing comfort through carbon storage and sequestration using the i-Tree Eco model, microclimate monitoring, and evaluating its contribution to landscape services. Data were collected from 12 sample plots using a stand inventory that refers to the i-Tree Eco data collection protocol. An estimated 750 trees, dominated by Nauclea orientalis and Swietenia macrophylla, with a moderate species diversity index (H' = 1.7). The urban forest stored 241 tons of carbon and sequestered 17.85 tons annually, valued at approximately 151 million rupiah. Temperature Humidity Index (THI) values indicate moderate thermal comfort, especially during peak hours. A multifunctional landscape service assessment shows high for regulation functions and landscape disservices, and medium for habitat, information, and production. These findings highlight the importance of urban forests and tree diversity in maintaining landscape services. The indicators outlined in this study provide a basic method for assessing the services provided by urban forest landscapes. It can be used as a tool to improve the management of urban forest systems and monitor the impact of urban greening policies on human well-being in urban landscapes
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References
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34. Wang, W.; Wang, H.; Xiao, L.; He, X.; Zhou, W.; Wang, Q.; Wei, C. Microclimate Regulating Functions of Urban Forests in Changchun City (North-East China) and Their Associations with Different Factors. IForest 2018, 11, 140–147, doi:10.3832/ifor2466-010.
35. Chow, W.T.L.; Akbar, S.N.A.B.A.; Heng, S.L.; Roth, M. Assessment of Measured and Perceived Microclimates within a Tropical Urban Forest. Urban For. Urban Green. 2016, 16, 62–75, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.010.
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38. Doroski, D.A.; Felson, A.J.; Bradford, M.A.; Ashton, M.P.; Oldfield, E.E.; Hallett, R.A.; Kuebbing, S.E. Factors Driving Natural Regeneration beneath a Planted Urban Forest. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 29, 238–247, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.11.019.
39. Wajchman-Świtalska, S.; Zajadacz, A.; Woźniak, M.; Jaszczak, R.; Beker, C. Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects. Sustain. 2022, 14, 1–20, doi:10.3390/su142215177.
40. Nowak, D.J.; Greenfield, E.J.; Ash, R.M. Annual Biomass Loss and Potential Value of Urban Tree Waste in the United States. Urban For. Urban Green. 2019, 46, 126469, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126469.
41. Lyytimäki, J. Bad Nature: Newspaper Representations of Ecosystem Disservices. Urban For. Urban Green. 2014, 13, 418–424, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.04.005.
2. Parsa, V.A.; Salehi, E.; Yavari, A. Improving the Provision of Ecosystem Services from Urban Forest by Integrating the Species’ Potential Environmental Functions in Tree Selecting Process. Landsc. Ecol. Eng. 2020, 16, 23–37, doi:10.1007/s11355-019-00401-x.
3. Baró, F.; Chaparro, L.; Gómez-Baggethun, E.; Langemeyer, J.; Nowak, D.J.; Terradas, J. Contribution of Ecosystem Services to Air Quality and Climate Change Mitigation Policies: The Case of Urban Forests in Barcelona, Spain. Ambio 2014, 43, 466–479, doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0507-x.
4. Qaro, S.A.M.; Akrawee, Z.M. Assessment of Carbon Storage and Sequestration by Using I-Tree Program for Atrush Forest/North of Iraq. Iraqi J. Agric. Sci. 2020, 51, 75–85, doi:10.36103/IJAS.V51ISPECIAL.884.
5. Roeland, S.; Moretti, M.; Amorim, J.H.; Branquinho, C.; Fares, S.; Morelli, F.; Niinemets, Ü.; Paoletti, E.; Pinho, P.; Sgrigna, G.; et al. Towards an Integrative Approach to Evaluate the Environmental Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Forest. J. For. Res. 2019, 30, 1981–1996, doi:10.1007/s11676-019-00916-x.
6. Graça, M.; Alves, P.; Gonçalves, J.; Nowak, D.J.; Hoehn, R.; Farinha-Marques, P.; Cunha, M. Assessing How Green Space Types Affect Ecosystem Services Delivery in Porto, Portugal. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2018, 170, 195–208, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.10.007.
7. Nowak, D.J.; Maco, S.; Binkley, M. I-Tree : Global Tools to Assess Tree Benefits and Risks to Improve Forest Management. Arboric. Consult. 2018, 51, 10–13.
8. Monteiro, M.V.; Handley, P.; Doick, K.J. An Insight to the Current State and Sustainability of Urban Forests across Great Britain Based on I-Tree Eco Surveys. Forestry 2020, 93, 107–123, doi:10.1093/forestry/cpz054.
9. Pace, R.; Biber, P.; Pretzsch, H.; Grote, R. Modeling Ecosystem Services for Park Trees: Sensitivity of i-Tree Eco Simulations to Light Exposure and Tree Species Classification. Forests 2018, 9, 1–18, doi:10.3390/f9020089.
10. Riondato, E.; Pilla, F.; Sarkar Basu, A.; Basu, B. Investigating the Effect of Trees on Urban Quality in Dublin by Combining Air Monitoring with I-Tree Eco Model. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020, 61, 102356, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102356.
11. Kim, J.; Kang, Y.; Kim, D.; Son, S.; Kim, E.J. Carbon Storage and Sequestration Analysis by Urban Park Grid Using I-Tree Eco and Drone-Based Modeling. Forests 2024, 15, 1–19, doi:10.3390/f15040683.
12. Song, P.; Kim, G.; Mayer, A.; He, R.; Tian, G. Assessing the Ecosystem Services of Various Types of Urban Green Spaces Based on I-Tree Eco. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1–16, doi:10.3390/su12041630.
13. Mosyaftiani, A.; Wahyu, A.; Kaswanto; Wiyoga, H.; Syasita, N.; Septa, A.F.; Djauhari, D. Monitoring and Analyzing Tree Diversity Using I-Tree Eco to Strengthen Urban Forest Management. Biodiversitas 2022, 23, 4033–4039, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d230822.
14. Afrianti, C.; Widiarti, N.M.; Akbar, I.Z.; Rachmanto, E.P.; Hanif, M.F.; Amin, R.A.; Kaswanto, K.; Wiyoga, H.; Mosyaftiani, A. An Assessment of Urban Forest Landscape Services for Green Space Management Improvement in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. BIO Web Conf. 2024, 94, 1–9, doi:10.1051/bioconf/20249404006.
15. Pambudi, B.P.; Tambunan, M.P. Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Terhadap RTRW Kota Bekasi. Media Komun. Geogr. 2021, 22, 183–194, doi:10.23887/mkg.v22i2.38729.
16. Susilowati, A.; Rangkuti, A.B.; Rachmat, H.H.; Iswanto, A.H.; Harahap, M.M.; Elfiati, D.; Slamet, B.; Ginting, I.M. Maintaining Tree Biodiversity in Urban Communities on the University Campus. Biodiversitas 2021, 22, 2839–2847, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d220548.
17. Love, N.L.R.; Nguyen, V.; Pawlak, C.; Pineda, A.; Reimer, J.L.; Yost, J.M.; Fricker, G.A.; Ventura, J.D.; Doremus, J.M.; Crow, T.; et al. Diversity and Structure in California’s Urban Forest: What over Six Million Data Points Tell Us about One of the World’s Largest Urban Forests. Urban For. Urban Green. 2022, 74, 127679, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127679.
18. Acero, J.A.; Kestel, P.K.; Dang, H.T.; Norford, L.K. Impact of Rainfall on Air Temperature, Humidity and Thermal Comfort in Tropical Urban Parks. 2019, 6, 1–19.
19. Zheng, X.; Zhang, N.; Wang, X. Development of a Modified Thermal Humidity Index and Its Application to Human Thermal Comfort of Urban Vegetation Patches. Ecosyst. Heal. Sustain. 2022, 8, 1–18, doi:10.1080/20964129.2022.2130095.
20. Ige, S.O.; Ajayi, V.O.; Adeyeri, O.E.; Oyekan, K.S.A. Assessing Remotely Sensed Temperature Humidity Index as Human Comfort Indicator Relative to Landuse Landcover Change in Abuja, Nigeria. Spat. Inf. Res. 2017, 25, 523–533, doi:10.1007/s41324-017-0118-2.
21. Dobbs, C.; Escobedo, F.J.; Zipperer, W.C. A Framework for Developing Urban Forest Ecosystem Services and Goods Indicators. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2011, 99, 196–206, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.004.
22. Baskent, E.Z. A Framework for Characterizing and Regulating Ecosystem Services in a Management Planning Context. Forests 2020, 11, 1–20, doi:10.3390/f11010102.
23. Timilsina, N.; Staudhammer, C.L.; Escobedo, F.J.; Lawrence, A. Tree Biomass, Wood Waste Yield, and Carbon Storage Changes in an Urban Forest. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 127, 18–27, doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.003.
24. Roman, L.A.; Conway, T.M.; Eisenman, T.S.; Koeser, A.K.; Ordóñez Barona, C.; Locke, D.H.; Jenerette, G.D.; Östberg, J.; Vogt, J. Beyond ‘Trees Are Good’: Disservices, Management Costs, and Tradeoffs in Urban Forestry. Ambio 2021, 50, 615–630, doi:10.1007/s13280-020-01396-8.
25. Tan, X.; Hirabayashi, S.; Shibata, S. Estimation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Street Trees in Kyoto, Japan. Forests 2021, 12, 1–21, doi:10.3390/f12030311.
26. Kim, G. Assessing Urban Forest Structure, Ecosystem Services, and Economic Benefits on Vacant Land. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1–18, doi:10.3390/su8070679.
27. Koricho, H.H.; Seboka, A.D.; Song, S. Assessment of the Structure, Diversity, and Composition of Woody Species of Urban Forests of Adama City, Central Ethiopia. Arboric. J. 2024, 46, 120–131, doi:10.1080/03071375.2020.1798702.
28. Riley, C.B.; Herms, D.A.; Gardiner, M.M. Exotic Trees Contribute to Urban Forest Diversity and Ecosystem Services in Inner-City Cleveland, OH. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 29, 367–376, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.01.004.
29. Khodakarami, L.; Pourmanafi, S.; Soffianian, A.R.; Lotfi, A. Modeling Spatial Distribution of Carbon Sequestration, CO2 Absorption, and O2 Production in an Urban Area: Integrating Ground-Based Data, Remote Sensing Technique, and GWR Model. Earth Sp. Sci. 2022, 9, 1–22, doi:10.1029/2022EA002261.
30. Aulia, R.; Kaswanto; Arifin, H.S.; Mosyaftiani, A.; Syasita, N.; Wahyu, A.; Wiyoga, H. Assessing the Benefits and Management of Urban Forest in Supporting Low Carbon City in Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 2023, 24, 6151–6159, doi:10.13057/biodiv/d241136.
31. Hintural, W.P.; Jeon, H.J.; Kim, S.Y.; Go, S.; Park, B.B. Quantifying Regulating Ecosystem Services of Urban Trees: A Case Study of a Green Space at Chungnam National University Using i-Tree Eco. Forests 2024, 15, doi:10.3390/f15081446.
32. Ning, Z.H.; Chambers, R.; Abdollahi, K. Modeling Air Pollutant Removal, Carbon Storage, and CO2 Sequestration Potential of Urban Forests in Scotlandville, Louisiana, USA. IForest 2016, 9, 860–867, doi:10.3832/ifor1845-009.
33. Santi, S.; Belinda, S.; Rianty, H. Identifikasi Iklim Mikro Dan Kenyaman Termal Ruang Terbuka Hijau Di Kendari. NALARs 2019, 18, 23, doi:10.24853/nalars.18.1.23-34.
34. Wang, W.; Wang, H.; Xiao, L.; He, X.; Zhou, W.; Wang, Q.; Wei, C. Microclimate Regulating Functions of Urban Forests in Changchun City (North-East China) and Their Associations with Different Factors. IForest 2018, 11, 140–147, doi:10.3832/ifor2466-010.
35. Chow, W.T.L.; Akbar, S.N.A.B.A.; Heng, S.L.; Roth, M. Assessment of Measured and Perceived Microclimates within a Tropical Urban Forest. Urban For. Urban Green. 2016, 16, 62–75, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.010.
36. Zhang, B.; Brack, C.L. Urban Forest Responses to Climate Change: A Case Study in Canberra. Urban For. Urban Green. 2021, 57, 126910, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126910.
37. Livesley, S.J.; Escobedo, F.J.; Morgenroth, J. The Biodiversity of Urban and Peri-Urban Forests and the Diverse Ecosystem Services They Provide as Socio-Ecological Systems. Forests 2016, 7, 10–14, doi:10.3390/f7120291.
38. Doroski, D.A.; Felson, A.J.; Bradford, M.A.; Ashton, M.P.; Oldfield, E.E.; Hallett, R.A.; Kuebbing, S.E. Factors Driving Natural Regeneration beneath a Planted Urban Forest. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 29, 238–247, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.11.019.
39. Wajchman-Świtalska, S.; Zajadacz, A.; Woźniak, M.; Jaszczak, R.; Beker, C. Recreational Evaluation of Forests in Urban Environments: Methodological and Practical Aspects. Sustain. 2022, 14, 1–20, doi:10.3390/su142215177.
40. Nowak, D.J.; Greenfield, E.J.; Ash, R.M. Annual Biomass Loss and Potential Value of Urban Tree Waste in the United States. Urban For. Urban Green. 2019, 46, 126469, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126469.
41. Lyytimäki, J. Bad Nature: Newspaper Representations of Ecosystem Disservices. Urban For. Urban Green. 2014, 13, 418–424, doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.04.005.
Authors
Fredisa, Y. and Karlinasari, L. (2025) “The Role of Urban Forest in Providing Landscape Services: A Case Study from Bekasi City, West Java, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(5), p. 890. doi:10.29244/jpsl.15.5.890.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoga Fredisa, Lina Karlinasari, Regan L. Kaswanto, Iskandar Z. Siregar
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How to Cite
Fredisa, Y. and Karlinasari, L. (2025) “The Role of Urban Forest in Providing Landscape Services: A Case Study from Bekasi City, West Java, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(5), p. 890. doi:10.29244/jpsl.15.5.890.
