Land Use Dynamics and Rural-urban Transformation of Kedungsepur Metropolitan Area in Central Java Province, Indonesia
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Submitted
October 28, 2024
Accepted
November 25, 2025
Published
February 9, 2026
Keywords:
-
rural-urban index, spatial clustering, spatial planning, sustainability, urbanization
Abstract
Urbanization represents a dominant worldwide phenomenon that increasingly transforms spatial system and ecological conditions across regions. The Kedungsepur Metropolitan area in Central Java Province, Indonesia, comprises Kendal, Demak, Ungaran (Semarang Regency), Semarang City, Salatiga, and Purwodadi (Grobogan) and represents one of the country’s rapidly
developing metropolitan regions. This metropolitan area provides a representative case for examining how urbanization shapes land use transitions, spatial clustering, and sustainability disparities within an underexplored integrative metropolitan perspective. This study aims to quantify land use and land cover (LUCC) change and assess rural-urban transformation. This study applies a gain-loss analysis to assess LULC dynamics, employs the rural urban index (RUI), uses spatial autocorrelation index (Moran’s I and Local Indicator for Spatial Association/LISA). Based on the LUCC analysis, extensive forest conversion to dryland agriculture and built-up
areas occurred, totaling 64,739.09 ha, while the number of urban villages increased from 235 to 302 between 2012 and 2022. Kendal experienced the highest level of urban transformation (31%), whereas Salatiga and Grobogan showed minimal change (6%). A Moran’s I value of 0.83 indicates a strong spatial clustering of urban growth. The findings highlight the need of integrated spatial planning and strengthened urban-rural transformation as key strategies for achieve sustainable regional development.
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References
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13. Firman, T. The Urbanisation of Java, 2000–2010: Towards the Island of Mega Urban Regions. Asian Population Study. 2017, 13, 50–66. doi:10.1080/17441730.2016.1247587.
14. Pravitasari, A.E.; Indraprahasta, G.S.; Rustiadi E, Rosandi, V.B.; Stanny, Y.A.; Wulandari, S.; Priatama RA.; Murtadho, A. Dynamics and Predictions of Urban Expansion in Java, Indonesia: Continuity and Change in Mega-Urbanization. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). 2024, 13, 1-18, doi: 10.3390/ijgi13030102
15. Mardiansjah, F.H.; Rahayu, P.; Rukmana, D. New Patterns of Urbanization in Indonesia: Emergence of non-Statutory Towns and New Extended Urban Regions. Environment and Urbanization Asia. 2021, 12, 11-26, doi: 10.1177/09754253219903.
16. Wardana, A. P.; Pravitasari, A. E.; Panuju, D. R. Dynamics of Land Cover, Development Level, and Regional Typology of Central Java Province Based on Sustainable Development Index. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2023, 1266, 012035, doi: 0.1088/1755-1315/1266/1/012035.
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18. Moreno, M.A.I.; Schiavina, M.; Veneri, P. Metropolitan Areas in The World. Delineation and Population Trends. Journal of Urban Economics. 2021, 125, 103242, doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2020.103242.
19. Paniagua, A. Farmers in Remote Rural Areas: The Worth of Permanence in the Place. Land Use Policy. 2013, 35, 1–7, doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.04.017.
20. Yao, S.M.; Chen, S.; Wu. J.N.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Z.G. Spatial Expansion Patterns of Chinese Big Cities: The Case of Suzhou. Scientia Geographica Sinica. 2009, 29, 15–21, doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2009.01.15.
21. Gunawan, H.; Prasetyo, L.B.; Mardiastuti, A.; Kartono, A. P. Fragmentasi Hutan Alam Lahan Kering di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. 2010, 7,75-91, doi: 10.20886/jphka.2010.7.1.75-91.
22. Tabunshchik, V.; Gorbunov, R.; Gorbunova, T.; Pham, C. N.; Klyuchkina, A. Identification of River Basins within Northwestern Slope of Crimean Mountains Using Various Digital Elevation Models (ASTER GDEM, ALOS World 3D, Copernicus DEM, and SRTM DEM). Frontiers in Earth Science. 2023, 11, 1218823, doi: 10.3389/feart.2023.1218823.
23. Lei, B.; Janssen, P.; Stoter, J.; Biljecki, F. Challenges of Urban Digital Twins: A Systematic Review and a Delphi Expert Survey. Automation in Construction. 2023, 147, 104716, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104716.
24. Pravitasari, A. E.; Rustiadi, E.; Adiwibowo, S.; Wardani, I. K.; Kurniawan, I.; Murtadho, A. Dinamika dan Proyeksi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan serta Inkonsistensi Tata Ruang di Wilayah Pegunungan Kendeng. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning. 2020, 4, 99-112, doi: 10.29244/jp2wd.2020.4.2.99-112.
25. Ewunetu, A.; Simane, B.; Teferi, E.; Zaitchik, B. F. Land Cover Change in the Blue Nile River Headwaters: Farmers’ Perceptions, Pressures, and Satellite-Based Mapping. Land. 2021, 10, 68 doi: 10.3390/land10010068.
26. Zewdie, W.; Csaplovics, E. Identifying Categorical Land Use Transition and Land Degradation in Northwestern Drylands of Ethiopia. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 408, doi: 10.3390/rs8050408
27. Hasani, M.; Sakieh, Y.; Dezhkam, S.; Ardakani, T.; Salmanmahiny, A. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment of Landscape Dynamics in Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea Through Intensity Analysis and Imprecise Land-Use Data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2017, 189, 1-19, doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-5883-9.
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30. Kurnia, A.A.; Rustiadi, E.; Fauzi, A.; Pravitasari, A.E.; Saizen, I.; Ženka, J. Understanding Industrial Land Development on Rural-Urban Land Transformation of Jakarta Megacity’s Outer Suburb. Land. 2022, 11, 670, doi: 10.3390/land11050670.
31. Anselin, L. Local Indicators of Spatial Association-LISA. Geographical Analysis. 1995, 27, 93-115, doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x.
32. Mengist, W.; Soromessa, T.; Feyisa, G.L. Forest Fragmentation in a Forest Biosphere Reserve: Implications for the Sustainability of Natural Habitats and Forest Management Policy in Ethiopia. Resources, Environment, and Sustainability. 2022, 8, 1-13, doi: 10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100058.
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34. Fandani, H.; Harini, R. Impact and Economic Value of Agricultural Land Conversion in Sub-Urban of Bantul Regency. In E3S Web of Conferences. 2020, 200, 03005, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202020003005.
35. Rudiarto, I.; Hidayani, R.; Fisher, M. The Bilocal Migrant: Economic Drivers of Mobility Across the Rural-Urban Interface in Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Rural Studies. 2020, 96–110, doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.12.009.
36. Krisnha, D.N.; Prasetyo, Y.; Bashit, N. Kajian Kesesuaian Aksesibilitas Infrastruktur Sebagai Daya Dukung dalam Pengembangan Kawasan Industri (Studi Kasus: Kawasan Industri Kendal, Jawa Tengah). Jurnal Geodesi Undip. 2019, 8, 186-194, doi: 10.14710/jgundip.2019.25157.
37. Anselin, L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models (Vol. 4). Springer Science and Business Media: Berlin; 2013;
38. Li, L.; Jiang, Z.B.; Duan, N.; Dong, W.; Hu, K.; Sun, W. An Approach to Optimize Police Patrol Activities Based on the Spatial Pattern of Crime Hotspots. Service Science and Management. 2013, 141-163, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-397037-4.00008-9.
39. Li, L.; Tang, H.; Lei, J.; Song, X. Spatial Autocorrelation in Land Use Type and Ecosystem Service Value in Hainan Tropical Rain Forest National Park. Ecological Indicators. 2022, 137, 108727, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108727.
40. Vitale, B.E., Cotella, G. Improving Rural Accessibility: A Multilayer Approach. Sustainability. 2020, 12, 2876, doi: 10.3390/su12072876.
41. Utomo, B. T. Pengaruh Pembangunan Infrastruktur Terhadap Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat di Kabupaten Sinjai. Urban and Regional Studies Journal. 2019, 1, 50-57, doi: 10.35965/ursj.v1i2.1081.
42. Tambusay, B. W.; Harahap, I.; Nawawi, Z. M. Fenomena Migrasi dan Urban Bias dalam Konteks Indonesia. JEPP: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan dan Pariwisata. 2024, 4, 40-47, doi: 10.52300/jepp.v4i1.12209.
43. Iqbal, M.; Anugrah, I. S. Rancang Bangun Sinergi Kebijakan Agropolitan dan Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal Menunjang Percepatan Pembangunan Wilayah. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. 2009, 7, 169-188, doi: 10.21082/akp.v7n2.2009.169-188.
44. Rustiadi, E.; Panuju, D. R. Spatial Pattern of Suburbanization and Land-Use Change Process: Case Study in Jakarta Suburb. Land-Use Changes in Comparative Perspective: UK; 2002.
45. Sageata, R.; Mitrica, B.; Cercleux, A.; Grigorescu, I.; Hardi, T. Deindustrialization, Tertiarization and Suburbanization in Central and Eastern Europe. Lessons Learned from Bucharest City, Romania. Land. 2023, doi: 10.3390/land12091731.
46. Pravitasari, A.E.; Suhada, A.; Mulya, S.P.; Rustiadi, E.; Murtadho, A.; Wulandari, S.; Widodo, C.E. Land Use/Cover Changes and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Rice Field Decreasing Trend in Serang Regency, Banten Province. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, ISSN: 1755-1315.
47. Jaya, B.; Rustiadi E.l Fauzi, A.; Pravitasari A.E. Land Conversion and Availability of Agricultural Land in 2035 in Puncak Area Bogor Regency. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2021, ISSN: 1755-1315.
48. Pateman, T. Rural and Urban Areas: Comparing Lives Using Rural/Urban Classifications. Regional Trends. 2011, 43, 11-86, doi: 10.1057/rt.2011.2.
49. Oktinova, N.; Rudiarto, I. Kajian Penggunaan Lahan di Sekitar Kawasan Bukit Semarang Baru. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota. 2019, 15, 262-274, doi: 10.14710/pwk.v15i4.21534
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Authors
Wardana, A.P., Andrea Emma Pravitasari and Dyah Retno Panuju (2026) “Land Use Dynamics and Rural-urban Transformation of Kedungsepur Metropolitan Area in Central Java Province, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(1), p. 76. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.1.76.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ardiansyah Putra Wardana, Andrea Emma Pravitasari, Dyah Retno Panuju
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Wardana, A.P., Andrea Emma Pravitasari and Dyah Retno Panuju (2026) “Land Use Dynamics and Rural-urban Transformation of Kedungsepur Metropolitan Area in Central Java Province, Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 16(1), p. 76. doi:10.29244/jpsl.16.1.76.
