Clean Water and Sanitation
Industry, Innovation and Infrastucture
Responsible Consumption and Production
Indonesia
The Potential of Adsorption Technology for Batik Wastewater Treatment: A Review
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Submitted
August 22, 2024
Published
September 22, 2025
Keywords:
-
Adsorption, Batik, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Sustainability, Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
The Indonesian batik plays a crucial role in supporting the country's economy. However, its production often leads to environmental problems. As sustainable development implies the need for economic benefits equally accessible by all people without compromising the environment for the future of the next generation, the sustainability of batik means that batik, as a cultural product, should be preserved, and its production can bring economic benefits without harming the environment. Therefore, environmental issues related to batik should be overcome. Studies addressing the problem of batik wastewater have been conducted; however, adsorption technology is gaining popularity due to the benefits it offers. This review examines the characteristics of batik wastewater, identifies existing batik wastewater treatment technologies, and evaluates the potential of adsorption technology for batik wastewater treatment. This literature review was conducted using Science Direct and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) search engines, which initially collected 78 articles, and finally, 58 articles were found to be suitable for the review. An Excel-based matrix was then created to analyze the literature manually. It is found that batik wastewater is usually alkaline; the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) usually exceed the quality standard regulated by the Indonesian government, and are usually non-biodegradable, as indicated by the low BOD/COD ratio. Adsorption is widely applied, economically feasible, and can be easily operated by batik entrepreneurs. The performance of this technology is best when combined with other processes.
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References
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2. Kusumawati, N; Rahmadyanti, E; Sianita, M.M. Batik became two sides of blade for the sustainable development in Indonesia. in: Sharma SK (Ed.). Green Chemistry and Water Remediation: Research and Applications, Elsevier. 2021, 59-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-01479-6
3. del Brío, J.A; Junquera, B. A review of the literature on environmental innovation management in SMEs: implications for public policies. Technovation. 2003, 23, 939-948.
4. Hillary, R. Environmental management systems and the smaller enterprise. J. Cleaner Prod. 2004, 12, 561–569.
5. Nulkar, G. SMEs and environmental performance – A framework for green business strategies. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2014, 133, 130 – 140.
6. Budiyanto, S; Anies; Purnaweni, H; Sunoko, H.R. Environmental Analysis of The Impacts of Batik Wastewater Polution on The Quality of Dug Well Water in The Batik Industrial Center of Jenggot Pekalongan City. E3S Web Conf. 2018, 31,09008, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183109008
7. Kristijanto, A.I; Handayani, W; Levi, P.A.A. The Effectiveness of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Rotating Biological Contactor in Batik Wastewater Treatment. Makara J. Technol. 2011, 15, 168-172, https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v15i2.935
8. Handayani, W; Kristijanto, A.I; Hunga, A.I.R. Are natural dyes eco-friendly? A case study on water usage and wastewater characteristics of batik production by natural dyes application. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 2018, 4, 1011-1021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0217-9
9. Lee K.E; Hanafiah M.M; Halim A.A; Mahmud M.H. Primary treatment of dye wastewater using aloe vera-aided aluminium and magnesium hybrid coagulants. Procedia Environ. Sci, 2015, 30, 56 – 61.
10. Pratiwi, N.I; Sari, F.R; Arifan, F; Wulandari, A.T; Alkian, I; Mustasjar, B; Aji, M.B.F.B. Batik Pemalang Organic Wastewater Composition and Simple Electrocoagulation-Filtration Treatment. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 448, 012037, 1-9.
11. Daud, N.M; Abdullah, S.R.S; Hasan, H.A; Othman, A.R.; Ismail, N.I. Coagulation-flocculation treatment for batik effluent as a baseline study for the upcoming application of green coagulants/ flocculants towards sustainable batik industry. Heliyon. 2023, 9, e17284, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17284
12. Soedjono, E.S.; Slamet, A.; Fitriani, N.; Sumarlan, N.M.; Supriyanto, A.; Isnadina, D.R.M.; Othman, N.B. Residual seawater from salt production (bittern) as a coagulant to remove lead (Pb2þ) and turbidity from batik industry wastewater. Heliyon. 2021, 7, e08268, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08268
13. Rashidi, H.R; Sulaiman, N.M.N.; Hashim, N.A. Batik Industry Synthetic Wastewater Treatment Using Nanofiltration Membrane. Procedia Eng. 2012, 44, 2010-2012.
14. Febriasari, A.; Huriya; Ananto, A.H; Suhartini, M; Kartohardjono, S. Polysulfone–Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Blend Polymer Composite Membranes for Batik Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Membranes. 2021, 11, 66, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010066
15. Sutisna; Wibowo, E.; Rokhmat, M.; Rahman, D.Y.; Murniati, R.; Khairurrijal; Abdullah, M. Batik Wastewater Treatment Using TiO2 Nanoparticles Coated on the Surface of Plastic Sheet. Procedia Eng. 2017, 170, 78 – 83.
16. Utami, M.; Wang, S.; Musawwa, M.M.; Mafruhah, L.; Fitri, M.; Wijaya, K.; Johnravindar, D.; Abd-Elkader, O.H.; Yadav, K.K.; Ravindran, B.; Chung, W.J; Chang, S.W.; Munusamy-Ramanujam, G. Photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue from Batik wastewater using functionalized TiO2-based composites. Chemosphere. 2023, 337,139224, 1-11.
17. Annisa, N.; Nadisti, M.S.; Karamah, E.F.; Bismo, S. Degradation of batik dye wastewater in basic condition by ozonation technique in bubble column reactor. E3S Web Conf. 2018, 67, 04019, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186704019
18. Lim, S.L.; Chu, W.L.; Phang, S.M. Use of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediation of textile wastewater. Biores. Technol. 2010, 101, 7314–7322.
19. Almaamary, E.A.S.; Abdullah, S.R.S.; Ismail, N.I.; Idris, M.; Kurniawan, S.B.; Imron, M.F. Comparative performance of Scirpus grossus for phytotreating mixed dye wastewater in batch and continuous pilot subsurface constructed wetland systems. J. Environ. Manage. 2022; 307, 114534, 1-12.
20. Zakaria, N.; Rohani, R.; Mohtar, W.H.M.W.; Purwadi, R.; Sumampouw, G.A.; Indarto, A. Batik Effluent Treatment and Decolorization—A Review. Water. 2023, 15, 1339, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071339
21. Handayani, W.; Kristijanto, A.I.; Hunga, A.I.R. Behind the eco-friendliness of “batik warna alam”: Discovering the motives behind the production of batik in Jarum village, Klaten. Wacana. 2018, 19,1, 235-256. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol19/iss1/10/
22. Mukimin A, Vistanty H, Zen N, Purwanto A, Wicaksono KA. Performance of bioequalization-electrocatalytic integrated method for pollutants removal of hand-drawn batik wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 2018, 21, 77–83.
23. Birgani, P.M.; Ranjbar, N.; Abdullah, R.C.; Wong, K.T.; Lee, G.; Ibrahim, S.; Park, C.; Yoon, Y.; Jang, M. An efficient and economical treatment for batik textile wastewater containing high levels of silicate and organic pollutants using a sequential process of acidification, magnesium oxide, and palm shell based activated carbon application. J. Environ. Manage. 2016, 184, 229-239.
24. Handayani W, Widianarko YB, Pratiwi AR. Addressing the Debate on the Eco-friendliness of Indonesian Batik by Water Footprint Approach. J. Environ. Sci. Sustain. Dev. 2023, 6, 1, 116-131. https://doi.org/10.7454/jessd.v6i1.1185
25. Ministry of Environment of Republic of Indonesia. [Regulation of The Ministry of Environmental Affairs 5/2014 on Quality Standard of Wastewater]. Jakarta. 2014.
26. Dinçer, A.R. Increasing BOD5/COD ratio of non‑biodegradable compound (reactive black 5) with ozone and catalase enzyme combination. SN Applied Sci. 2020, 2,736, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2557-y
27. Crini, G.; Lichtfouse, E. Wastewater Treatment: An overview, in: Crini G, Lichtfouse E (eds.), Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 18. Springer. Cham. 2018, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92111-2_1
28. Verma, S. Water and Wastewater Engineering Technology. CRC Press - Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton 2024.
29. Goel, R.K.; Flora, J.R.V.; Chen, J.P. Flow Equalization and Neutralization. In: Wang LK, Hung YT, Shammas, NK. (eds). Physicochemical Treatment Processes: Handbook of Environmental Engineering Vol 3. Humana Press. New Jersey. 2005, 21-45. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:021
30. Daud, N.M.; Abdullah, S.R.S.; Hasan, H.A.; Ismail, N.I.; Dhokhikah, Y. Integrated physical-biological treatment system for batik industry wastewater: A review on process selection. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 819, 152931, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152931
31. Yanto, D.H.Y.; Chempaka, R.M.; Nurhayat, O.D.; Argo, B.D.; Watanabe, T.; Wibisono, Y.; Hung, Y.T. Optimization of dye-contaminated wastewater treatment by fungal mycelial-light expanded clay aggregate composite. Environ. Res. 2023, 231,116207, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116207
32. Riduan, A.; Rainiyati; Heraningsih, S.F.; Badariah. Minimizing river pollution by batik dye wastewater using palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as an environmentally friendly, low-cost adsorbent alternative. J. Degraded Mining Lands Manage. 2022, 10,1, 3981-3989.
33. Al-Mahbashi, N.M.Y.; Kutty, S.R.M.; Bilad, M.R.; Huda, N.; Kobun, R.; Noor, A.; Jagaba, A.H.; Al-Nini, A.; Ghaleb, A.A.S.; Al-Dhawi, B.N.S. Bench-Scale Fixed-Bed Column Study for the Removal of Dye-Contaminated Effluent Using Sewage-Sludge-Based Biochar. Sustainability. 2022, 14,6484, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116484
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Authors
Handayani, W., Suwarno, D. and Widianarko, B. (2025) “The Potential of Adsorption Technology for Batik Wastewater Treatment: A Review”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(5), p. 864. doi:10.29244/jpsl.15.5.864.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widhi Handayani, Djoko Suwarno, Budi Widianarko
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Handayani, W., Suwarno, D. and Widianarko, B. (2025) “The Potential of Adsorption Technology for Batik Wastewater Treatment: A Review”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(5), p. 864. doi:10.29244/jpsl.15.5.864.
