Spatial Analysis of Urban Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Alternative Spatial Planning Policies for Low-Carbon Development in Jakarta Province

Abstract

Jakarta as the biggest metropolitan area in Indonesia, has contribute to the increasing amount of GHGs emissions due to rapid urbanization, transportation, industry, and energy consumption level. To facilitate low-carbon urban growth, spatial planning is essential, as it determines the distribution of emission sources according to land use. This research aimed to (1) measure and mapping the GHGs emissions and their distribution in Jakarta, (2) analyze the correlation between land use and emission level, (3) evaluate the effectiveness of the existing policies and regulations and formulate alternative strategies of spatial planning for low-carbon urban development in Jakarta. This research used quantitative and qualitative approaches with GIS-based spatial analysis, correlation analysis, policy gap analysis, and DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework. The result showed that the total emissions in Jakarta increased from 20,769 thousand tons CO₂e in 2010, and reached the highest emissions in 2018, and then
decreased and reached 29,266 thousand tons CO₂e in 2022. North Jakarta emitted the highest level of emissions, reaching 11,713 thousand tons of CO₂e. Based on correlation analysis, there is a strong correlation between emissions and the area of road
infrastructure (R² = 0.9123), and a low correlation between emissions and residential area (R² = 0.369). The realization of the concept of low-carbon city can be implemented by doing spatial planning. A zoning-based approach can be applied to do spatial planning,
where there are three categories of protected, strictly controlled, moderately controlled areas and emission reduction areas in order to achieve sustainable development and reduce carbon emission.