Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia (JFI) is an Indonesian-based scientific journal, published by the Indonesian Phytopathology Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia) and suported by the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. JFI is published 6 times a year (January, March, May, July, September and November). The journal is an open-access and Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE), Republic of Indonesia No. 85/M/KPT/2020, 1 April 2020, as "SINTA 2" of Indonesian journal accreditation level (until volume 20 issue 2 2024). Also, has been registered in Crossref, DOAJ, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Portal Garuda, Dimension, and other scientific databases. JFI includes manuscript articles relating to plant diseases and their control, including pathogenic characterization, pathogen detection and identification, physiology and biochemistry of diseases, molecular biology, morphology and ultrastructure, genetics, disease transmission, ecology and epidemiology, chemical and biological control, also topics about characteristics of biocontrol agents and abiotic abnormalities in plant health. Articles can be either original research papers, short communications, or disease note. P-ISSN: 0215-7950 E-ISSN: 2339-2479 Download: Author Guideline
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Corrigendum: Status Terkini Penyakit Tristeza Pada Tanaman Jeruk di Sulawesi Tenggara.
Corrigendum: Taufik M, Nurulita S, Yusuf DN, Miftahkuhrohmah, Botek M, Gusnawaty HS, Syarni E. 2025. Status Terkini Penyakit Tristeza Pada Tanaman Jeruk di Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia. 21(1):28-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14692/jfi.21.1.28-37. In the original version of this article, the affiliation of the author Miftahkuhrohmah was incorrectly stated as: “National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Raya Bogor KM 46, Bogor 16915”. The correct affiliation is: “Research Center for Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Raya Jakarta–Bogor km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911”. This correction does not affect the substance, data, or conclusions of the article. The correction has been made in the online version and the PDF version of the article.
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OBITUARY Agustin Wydia Gunawan ( 21 Agustus 1948 - 15 Maret 2025). Kolega, sahabat, teman seperjuangan, guru kita, Ir. Agustin Wydia Gunawan MS, biasanya lebih dikenal dengan nama Ibu Gin, telah berpulang meninggalkan kita semua pada 15 Maret 2025. Ibu Gin lahir di Semarang pada 21 Agustus 1948 dan menghabiskan masa kecil dan masa remajanya di Semarang. Setelah lulus dari SMA Loyola Puteri-Sedes Sapiente di Semarang pada 1967, Ibu Gin melanjutkan studi di Fakultas Pertanian, Intstitut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), dan lulus pada 1973 dengan bidang keahlian Fitopatologi, khususnya penyakit-penyakit tanaman yang disebabkan oleh cendawan (jamur). Di IPB juga, Ibu Gin melanjutkan studinya dengan meraih gelar Magister Science pada tahun 1990. Ketertarikannya pada dunia cendawan dibuktikannya dengan pengalamannya menjadi asisten mata kuliah Mikologi, di Laboratorium Mikologi, Departemen Botani, Faperta IPB sejak masih studi sarjananya. Ketika Departemen Biologi bediri di Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Ibu Gin menjadi staf pengajar dan mengasuh mata kuliah Mikologi Dasar, Biologi Cendawan, Budidaya Jamur. Ibu Gin memasuki masa purna bakti pada September 2013. Selain di IPB, Ibu Gin juga menjadi dosen di Program studi Bioteknologi, Fakultas Teknobiologi, Unika Atmajaya Jakarta, periode 2003-2020 dan mengasuh mata kuliah Bioteknologi Cendawan serta Metode Penulisan dan Penyajian Ilmiah. Selama menjadi dosen, Ibu Gin aktif melakukan pembimbingan penelitian dengan topik terkait cendawan dekomposer, mikoriza, cendawan entomopatogen, dan jamur-jamur edible , selain cendawan parasit tanaman. Beberapa artikel yang ditulisnya terkait tema di atas terbit di beberapa jurnal ilmiah. Ibu Gin juga aktif menulis dan terlibat dalam penerbitan buku yang masih berhubungan dengan cendawan di antaranya Penuntun Praktikum Mikologi Dasar (1989), Bertanam Jamur Merang (1989), Budidaya Jamur Tiram serta Pembuatan Bibit Jamur (1990), Budidaya Jamur (1992), Kamus Istilah Mikologi (1993), Usaha Pembibitan Jamur (2000), dan Cendawan dalam praktik Laboratorium (2004, 2009). Buku-buku ini merupakan karya sendiri maupun bersama-sama dengan penulis lainnya. Dedikasi pada bidang cendawan juga disalurkan dalam bidang keredaksian melalui keterlibatannya aktif sebagai anggota profesi, maupun sebagai pengelola jurnal ilmiah, antara lain Hayati, Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia (JFI), dan Jurnal Mikrobiologi (Microbiology Indonesia). Bahkan, Ibu Gin berperan besar dalam menghidupkan kembali Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia (JFI) sampai dengan dapat terakreditasi Sinta 2 sejak 2015.
Cover Jurnal Fitopatologi Vol. 21 No.1 , Maret 2025
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Cover Jurnal Fitopatologi Vol. 20 No. 6, November 2024
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Peran Trichoderma spp. sebagai Agen Biokontrol pada Penyakit Rebah Semai dan Biostimulan Kedelai
The Role of Trichoderma spp. as a Biocontrol Agent of Damping Off Disease and Soybean Biostimulant Domestic demand for soybeans in Indonesia continues to increase each year, yet the average production has declined. To meet national needs, the government must even import soybeans. One of the causes of low soybean production is damage from plant pests and diseases, particularly damping-off caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, which can lead to total plant death under severe infection. One promising, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach to disease management is the use of biological control agents such as Trichoderma spp., which function not only as biocontrol agents but also as biostimulants. This research was conducted at the Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Brawijaya University and Central Laboratory of BALITKABI for in vitro experiments and in vivo study located at a greenhouse of Agriculture Experimental Land Brawijaya University, Jatimulyo, Lowokwaru, Malang. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and five replications. Applications of Trichoderma harzianum and T. asperellum, either individually or in combination, successfully reduced the incidence and severity of damping-off disease by 14% to 26.6% under field conditions. These treatments also increased the total phenolic content of the plants, indicating enhanced resistance, thus supporting the role of Trichoderma as an effective biocontrol agent. In addition, the combined application of Trichoderma species significantly increased the number of soybean leaves, indicating a biostimulant effect.
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Pengaruh Bakteri Endofit Padi terhadap Penyakit Busuk Bulir Bakteri dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Padi
Effects of Rice Endophytic Bacteria on Bacterial Grain Rot Disease and Rice Growth Bacterial grain rot disease, caused by Burkholderia glumae, is an important disease that can reduce rice yields and is a seed-borne disease. Biological control through biopriming using endophytic bacteria is an alternative disease control method that has been widely used in various crops. This study aimed to assess the potential of endophytic bacteria from six rice varieties using biopriming techniques in controlling B. glumae and their ability to stimulate rice growth. The research stages consisted of isolation and biosafety testing of endophytic bacteria with potential as biological agents, in vitro antagonism assay against B. glumae using the cross streak method, phytotoxicity assay of endophytic bacteria on rice seeds, selection of potential bacteria using the analytical hyphenation process (AHP) method, and examining the ability of biopriming to control B. glumae and its effect on rice vegetative growth. A total of 133 endophytic bacterial isolates were successfully isolated from six rice varieties, and 27 isolates met the biosafety test requirements. In vitro and in vivo assay showed that eight isolates exhibited antagonistic activity against B. glumae, and 25 isolates increased rice seed germination. Three isolates were selected based on AHP results, i.e. BBZN3, BBAR4, and AKPAT4. Of these three isolates, AKPAT4 was the best at increasing the vigor index and germination level of rice seeds, as well as suppressing disease incidence and severity.
Keefektifan Tumbuhan Rorippa indica sebagai Biofumigan untuk Pengendalian Nematoda Puru Akar pada Tanaman Mentimun
Effectiveness of Rorippa indica as a Biofumigant for Controlling Root Knot Nematodes on Cucumber Plants Meloidogyne spp. are important plant parasitic nematodes, causing disease symptoms such as root knot, stunting, yellowing of leaves, and wilting. Botanical nematicides have potential as a method for nematode control. This study aimed to determine the potential of Rorippa indica as a biofumigant in controlling root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). The biofumigation experiment was conducted in two stages, i.e. a laboratory experiment and a greenhouse experiment with a 14-day incubation period to initiate the biofumigation process. The laboratory experiment used polybags containing 100 g of soil infested with 100 juvenile 2 (J2) M. incognita before the biofumigation treatment. Stem fragments, leaves, and all plant parts of R. indica were mixed into the polybags at weights of 1.3, 2.3, and 3.9 g, respectively, as treatments. A greenhouse experiment was conducted by adding 150 g of R. indica cuttings per polybag containing 3 kg of soil infested with 300 J2 of M. incognita. Cucumber plants, 7 days after sowing, were transferred into biofumigated polybags and observed for 6 weeks. The results showed that biofumigation using R. indica on a laboratory scale was effective in reducing nematode populations by 87%. Meanwhile, at the greenhouse scale, it caused a significant difference in gall formation compared to the control treatment. This is related to the results of the GC-MS analysis which showed terpenoid content in the R. indica extract. The R. indica treatment significantly increased cucumber plant growth compared to the control.
Bakteri Endofit Penghasil AHL-Laktonase Asal Tanaman Pisang untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Darah
Endophytic Bacteria Producing AHL-Lactonase from Banana Plant to Control Blood Disease Blood disease is an important disease in banana that caused 100% yield loss. The Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype IV as the causal agent for this disease express their virulence genes through quorum sensing (QS) mechanism by using acylated homoserine lactone (AHL) as autoinducer. AHL-lactonase enzyme is produced by bacteria, and its potential as biocontrol agents performed through anti-QS. This research was aimed to obtain endophytic bacteria isolates producing AHL lactonase for controling R. solanacearum in banana plants. The research stages include isolation and selection of endophytic bacteria from banana plant as producer of AHL lactonase by using bioassay and molecular, the effectiveness testing of the bacterial isolates in suppressing R. solanacearum pathogenic virulence factors, in planta testing for controlling R. solanacearum, and molecular identification of potential bacterial isolates. We successfully explored endophytic bacteria from low-, medium-, and up-land consisted several varieties of banana, resulting 152, 204, and 130 isolates, respectively. Further selection using bioindicator showed five isolates with anti quorum sensing activity against Chromobacterium violaceum. Detection of aiiA gene by polymerase chain reaction using specific primer indicated all of five isolates AHL degradation activity resulted 753 bp amplicon that has been identified as aiiA gene. These isolates (CBP1, DBT17, DBT7, DBK2, and CBN13) were able to suppress the formation of exstracellular polysacharide (EPS) produced by R. solanacearum with suppression level of 75.67%, 90.81%, 87.67%, 92.72%, 81.08%, and were able to inhibit wilt symptom in banana plant. Nucleotide sequences of aiiA gene of these five isolates has homology with aiiA genes from Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. substilis, B. amyloliquefaciens.
Status Terkini Penyakit Tristeza Pada Tanaman Jeruk di Sulawesi Tenggara
Current Status of Citrus Tristeza Disease in Southeast Sulawesi Tristeza disease, caused by citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a member of genus Closterovirus, family Closteroviridae, is one of the economically important diseases on citrus worldwide, including Indonesia. To date, information and research on CTV in Indonesia remain limited. This study aims to assess the current status of CTV infection in Indonesia, especially in Southeast Sulawesi Province. Surveys and sample collections were conducted using a purposive sampling method in four regencies of Southeast Sulawesi Province. Virus detection and identification was carried out using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and nucleotide sequence analysis. The result of the ELISA showed that all tested samples with various symptoms from four regencies are positively infected with CTV at different virus titers. Furthermore, RT-PCR also successfully detected CTV across the tested samples with DNA amplicon of 630 bp in size. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Southeast Sulawesi CTV isolates shared the highest similarity (97.9%) with isolates of CTV from India (MT498411.1) and are clustered in one group with isolates from India (MT498411.1), Japan (U56902.1), dan China (MZ692538.1). The results of this study confirmed the presence and spread of CTV in Southeast Sulawesi. The molecular data are expected to be used as the basis data for further molecular epidemiological studies and disease control of tristeza in Indonesia.
Aplikasi Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Akar Bambu dan Mikroorganisme Lokal pada Tanaman Kedelai untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Pustul Bakteri (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Glycines)
Application of Bamboo Root Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Local Microorganisms in Soybean to Control of Bacterial Pustule (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Glycines) Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes pustule disease in soybean plants, leading to significant levels of damage. One of the biological control efforts against this pathogen involves the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and local microorganisms (MOL). This study aims to determine the effect of PGPR and MOL applications on enhancing plant growth and controlling bacterial pustule disease. The Xag JB12 isolate from the University of Jember was used as the inoculum source. PGPR from bamboo roots and MOL from fruit and vegetable waste were used as antagonistic agents against the Xag JB12 isolate. The experimental study was designed using four treatments (control, PGPR application, MOL application, and PGPR + MOL application). PGPR/MOL application was carried out through seed soaking and drenching. The results showed that the MOL treatment exhibited the lowest disease severity, which was 20.02%. The MOL treatment showed the highest disease progression rate, but the smallest area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) compared to other treatments. The study also found that all treatments had no significant effect on plant height and leaf number variables.
Potensi Aktinomiset Filoplan Asal Tumbuhan Solanaceae sebagai Agens Pengendali Hayati Phytophthora capsici pada Cabai
The Potential of Phyllospheric Actinomycetes from Solanaceae Plants as Biocontrol Agents of Phytophthora capsici on Chili Pepper Chili rot is an important disease caused by an Oomycete species, Phytophthora capsici. This fungus infects chili plants with a potential yield loss of more than 80%. The use of actinomycetes as a biocontrol agent is an environmentally friendly approach that effectively suppresses the growth of P. capsici through the production of antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and competition for space and nutrients. This study aimed to obtain the best actinomycetes isolated from Solanaceae plants that could suppress the growth of P. capsici. This research included isolation of actinomycetes, biosafety assay, antagonistic potential assay, analytic hierarchy process, and molecular identification. There were 71 actinomycetes isolated from 11 plant species in the the Solanaceae family. Actinomycetes isolates that passed the biosafety assay were 39 isolates. The results of antagonistic potential screening revealed 16 actinomycetes isolates capable of suppressing the growth of P. capsici. A dual culture assay showed that actinomycetes isolates were able to inhibit the growth of P. capsici in petri dishes up to 98.2% by isolate 46PPS. Furthermore, in volatile organic compounds assay, the growth of P. capsici was reduced up to 74.1% by isolate 41LAL. While filtrate of actinomycetes isolate 25TPT inhibited growth of P. capsici in liquid medium by up to 98.2%. The cellulolytic index showedthe ability of actinomycetes to break down cellulose molecules, with a cellulase index value of 2.1 by isolate 2LAP. Scoring with the AHP method narrowed down 16 isolates into four best candidates with isolate codes 2LAP, 25TPT, 37LAT, and 41LAL. The results of molecular identification showed that the four selected isolates were Streptomyces pratensis, S. seoulensis, Pseudonocardia tropica, and S. somaliensis.
Ketahanan Varietas Padi terhadap Nematoda Pucuk Putih Aphelenchoides besseyi
The Resistance of Rice Varieties Against White Tip Nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi White tip disease on rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi is considered as a new important disease and it had widely distributed in Indonesia. The utilizing of resistant varieties is one of the best methods to control A. besseyi. However, there is no information regarding the resistance of rice varieties to A. besseyi in Indonesia. Nine rice varieties were evaluated for their resistance response to A. besseyi by inoculating 500 nematode per plant. Nematode A. besseyi was infested at the anthesis phase by spraying the nematode suspension onto the panicles followed by observation on panicle length, number of grains, number of full and empty grains, weight of 100 full grains, number of nematodes and expression of the PBZ1 gene of rice. Expression of PBZ1 gene was conducted by one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a specific primer PBZ1F and PBZ1R. Based on yield parameters, A. besseyi population, and PBZ1 gene expression, the resistance response of rice varieties to A. besseyi infestation was differentiated into three categories, namely resistant (‘Ciherang’, ‘Utri Merah’, and ‘Utri Rajapan’), tolerant (‘Inpago 7’, ‘IPB 3S’, ‘Prima’, and ‘Situ Bagendit’) and susceptible (‘Inpara 3’ and ‘Inpara 4’). Aphelenchoides besseyi’s infestation induces PBZ1 gene expression in the tested varieties at different intensities depending on their level of resistance. ‘Ciherang’, ‘Inpago 7’, ‘Situ Bagendit’, ‘Utri Merah’, and’ ‘Utri Rajapan’ showed high PBZ1 gene intensity both before and after A. besseyi infestation. The high intensity PBZ1 gene expression before A. besseyi infestation showed that this varieties have a potential source of resistant to A. besseyi. Based on the results there is a correlation between the high expression of PBZ1 gene with the resistance of rice varieties to A. besseyi.
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Identification of Polerovirus Infecting Chili Pepper in Java
Infection of polerovirus in chili peppers has been reported from various parts of the world, including Indonesia. Pepper vein yellow virus (PeVYV), a member of genus Polerovirus were reported infecting chili plants in Bali, Java, and Aceh during 2012 to 2020. Recently, symptoms of the polerovirus infection, such as yellowing leaves with vein thickening, were found in chili pepper crops in the Central Java Region, specifically in Brebes, Magelang, and Kulon Progo. Molecular detection by RT-PCR method using universal polerovirus primers O3R/PL4F, followed by sequence analysis, confirmed the presence of PeVYV on samples from Magelang and Kulon Progo. Furthermore, the isolates of PeVYV are identified as PeVYV-2, PeVYV-6, and PeVYV-8. These current incidences indicate the expansion of the Polerovirus distribution in Indonesia.
Induksi Ketahanan Tanaman Tomat terhadap Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis Menggunakan Bakteri Endofit dan Asam Salisilat
Induction of Resistance in Tomato Plants Against Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis Using Endophytic Bacteria and Salicylic Acid Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis causes bacterial wilt disease in tomato plants. This pathogen is difficult to control because the pathogen can persist in residual host material, and soil, and easily spread through water and infected plant tissue systemically. There are no chemical pesticides available to control bacterial wilt pathogens. Therefore, the alternative is biological control using endophytic bacteria and salicylic acid. Two endophytic bacteria, namely Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus thuringiensis, as well as salicylic acid, were used in research singly or in combination to evaluate their potential in inducing tomato plant resistance in suppressing the bacterial wilt disease R. syzygii subsp. indonesiensis. The research uses a non-factorial completely randomized design with 14 single and combination treatments. Each treatment consisted of three experimental units and was repeated three times. The results showed the combination of Arthrobacter sp. and salicylic acid applied once a week (ABAS1) was the most effective treatment in inducing tomato resistance. Evidenced by the longest incubation period, low incidence and disease severity, increased peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase activity, and xylem tissue was not predominantly colonized by pathogens in histopathological observations.
Cover Jurnal Fitopatologi Vol. 20 No. 5, September 2024
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Metode DAS-ELISA dan RT-PCR untuk Deteksi Potyvirus yang Menginfeksi Bawang Merah
DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR Methods for Detection of Potyviruses Infecting Shallot Viral infection of shallots in Indonesia may reduce yields, mainly because it is bulb-borne. Virus detection to monitor the incidence of disease in the field or examine healthy seeds requires an accurate and reliable method. In this study, the detection of Potyvirus members, i.e., Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV), was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from shallot leaf samples. Leaf samples were collected from several shallot growing areas in Brebes and Cirebon. Infections of OYDV and SYSV were detected using the DAS-ELISA method, then field samples that gave positive reaction were selected for further detection using the RT-PCR method, followed by nucleotide sequencing. Based on the DAS-ELISA method, OYDV and SYSV infections were detected from field samples as single and mixed infections. Potyvirus infection was confirmed by the RT-PCR method from field samples that gave a positive reaction in ELISA. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that OYDV infection was detected in both samples that reacted positively with OYDV and SYSV antiserum. These results indicated the cross-reaction between OYDV and SYSV antisera.
Aktivitas Antagonisme Cendawan Endofit terhadap Cendawan Penyebab Bintik Mata Cokelat Daun Kopi
Antagonism Activity of Endophytic Fungi Against Pathogenic Fungus That Cause Coffee Brown Eye Spot Coffee is a high economic value commodity and is a source of foreign exchange for Indonesia. Coffee productivity and quality have decreased due to brown eye spot disease caused by fungi infection. One alternative method to overcome the growth of pathogenic fungi is to use endophytic fungi as an antagonistic biological agent. This study aims to identify the fungi causing coffee plant brown eye spot disease and its antagonistic endophytic fungi, and to evaluate the mechanisms and potential of antagonism. Pathogenic fungi were isolated from coffee leaves showing symptom of brown eye spot disease. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves obtained from the Taji Village Coffee Plantation, Jabung District, Malang Regency. Each fungus was cultured and then purified using the monospore method. Pathogenic fungi isolates were selected based on the pathogenicity test. Endophytic fungi isolates were tested for their antagonistic properties against selected brown eye spot pathogenic fungi isolates and the endophytic fungus that had the highest potential to inhibit growth of the pathogenic fungi were identified based on 18S rDNA sequence similarity. The identification results show that the pathogenic fungus has 100% sequence similarity with Mycosphaerella coffeicola-PF2 while the antagonistic endophytic fungus has 99.94% similarity with Colletotrichum sp.-EF1. The endophytic fungi Colletotrichum sp. inhibits the growth of M. coffeicola by competition and mycoparasite mechanisms. The endophytic fungi Colletotrichum sp. can be developed as a biopesticide agent to control M. coffeicola which causes brown eyespot disease on coffee plant leaves.
Bakteri PGPR Rizosfer Bambu Sebagai Agens Biokontrol Penyakit Moler
The PGPR Bacteria from Bamboo Rhizosphere as a Biocontrol Agent for Moler Disease Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are often used as biological agents, either against F. oxysporum or other pathogens. PGPR from bamboo roots have the potential to be used to control Moler disease in shallots. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of PGPR from bamboo roots as an antagonist against F. oxysporum. Samples were collected from the rhizosphere of bamboo in different locations in West Kalimantan and isolated using the plating method on nutrient agar. The isolates obtained were tested in vitro as antagonists against F. oxysporum. The results of the test revealed 30 isolates, 19 of which showed inhibition against F. oxysporum. Seven isolates namely isolates PY.01, ST.02, PY.03, S2.05, PR.01, PR.02 and ST.03 were found to produce HCN gas and inhibit F. oxysporum by more than 50%. These isolates were also able to reduce conidia production. Antagonism was also evaluated by the production of metabolites. The antifungal tests of the metabolites of 12 isolates dissolved in the supernatant showed antifungal properties and were able to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum. The secondary metabolites of isolate PR.01 had the highest inhibition index of 73.08. Isolates ST.02, PR.02 and S2.05 were superior in inhibiting F. oxysporum and produced HCN gas and metabolites.
Deteksi Odontoglossum ringspot virus pada Anggrek Asli Koleksi Kebun Raya di Indonesia
Native orchid is one of Indonesian natural resources which play important role as parental materials in breeding program. Virus infection is one of the limiting factors in the cultivation of orchid. The purpose of this study was to detect Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) from native orchid. Symptomatic orchids were collected from 5 botanical gardens, i.e. Bogor, Cibodas, Purwodadi, Balikpapan, and Enrekang Botanical Gardens. Detection and identification was conducted by serological method using ORSV specific antisera, followed by RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. The serological test showed that 5 samples gave positive reaction against ORSV antiserum, i.e. Phalaenopsis amboinensis (KRB2) and Phalaenopsis amabilis (KRB12) from Bogor Botanical Garden, Phalaenopsis amabilis (KRP18) and Dendrobium salacence (KRP20) from Purwodadi Botanical Garden, dan Phalaenopsis modesta J. J. Sm. (KRBp5) from Balikpapan Botanical Garden. RT-PCR of the 5 samples using specific primer of ORSV coat protein gene was successfully amplified fragment DNA with size ± 474 bp. Homology analysis of those 5 ORSV isolates showed the highest index similiarity of 99.8% with corresponding sequences from 14 other ORSV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ORSV KRB2 and KRP18 isolates was clustered in a separate group far from ORSV isolates in other countries. This is the first report of ORSV infection on native orchids collection from 5 botanical gardens in Indonesia.
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Keragaman Morfologi, Genetika, dan Patogenisitas Colletotrichum acutatum PenyebabAntraknosa Cabai di Jawa dan Sumatera
Colletotrichum acutatum is known as the major causal agents of anthracnose disease of chilli pepper in Indonesia. This research was aimed to study genetic variability of C. acutatum in Java and Sumatera based on morphological and molecular characteristics and to evaluate pathogenicity of several isolates. Observation on morphological characteristics involved colour and growth of each colony as well as shape and size of conidia. Molecular identification was performed by DNA amplification using specific primer for C. acutatum, i.e. CaInt2/ITS4 followed by sequencing and nucleotide sequence analysis. Pathogenicity test for each isolate on Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens was conducted in the laboratory using detached chilli. Morphology variability was observed from 40 isolates of C. acutatum. Most of the isolates have white/beige colonies with fusiform conidia of 6.11–9.73 µm in length and 2.24­–2.73 µm in width. Pathogenicity of 3 C. acutatum isolates varies from moderate to high based on lesions size on infected chilli. Sequence analysis of 8 C. acutatum isolates indicated high homology among isolates from Java and Sumatera
Mekanisme Pengendalian Penyakit Busuk Batang Jeruk oleh Khamir, Kitosan, Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskular, dan Bakteri Simbiotiknya
Plant diseases become an important constraint on citrus production. Stem rot disease caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae is a major disease on citrus in Indonesia. This study was aimed to evaluate the mechanism of yeast, arbuscular mychorrhiza fungi (AMF), symbiotic bacteria of AMF and chitosan in controlling stem rot disease. In vitro study was performed to evaluate the mechanism of antibiosis, hyperparasitism, production of volatile compounds, and production of chitinase enzyme. The experiment was continued by in planta assays using yeast, AMF, symbiotic bacteria of AMF, and chitosan either singly or in combination. The experiments were performed using completely randomized design with 3 replications. Disease progress were observed based on its latent period, AUDPC, infection rate, AMF association rate, and total phenol content. In vitro studies indicated that the yeasts showed hyperparasitism to B. theobromae with affinity of 26 cells per hyphae, produced volatile compounds with relative resistance level (RRL) 29.1%, and produced chitinase. Selected symbiotic bacteria from AMF showed antibiosis with RRL 42.9%, production of volatile compounds with RRL 26.7%, and has 98% homology with Bacillus subtilis from Vietnam. Application of yeast + AMF + chitosan delayed disease latent period and suppressed disease incidence. Single AMF and combination of yeast + AMF suppressed disease severity, infection rate, and AUDPC. Application of yeast + AMF showed highest association level of AMF and total phenol content. Therefore, the application of AMF and yeast + AMF is recommended in controlling citrus stem rot disease.
Spesies Meloidogyne Penyebab Puru Akar pada Seledri di Pacet, Cianjur, Jawa Barat
Root knot nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. is the primary parasite of celery and reported to cause losses up to 70%. Identification of the Meloidogyne species on celery in Indonesia has not been reported. This study was aimed to identify the species of Meloidogyne on celery based on morphology characters. Samples of Meloidogyne-infected celery plants were taken using purposive sampling method from Ciputri Village, District of Pacet, Cianjur, West Java Province. RKN inside root tissue was detected by acid fuchsin staining method. Meloidogyne species identification was done by morphological observation of female perineal pattern. Disease symptoms found in the field include leaf yellowing, stunted, and uneven growth of celery plants. Roots of infected plants showed the formation of small size root knots, in large numbers and forming strands like a chain. Staining NPA in root tissue was successfully detected various stages of nematode development, i.e. eggs, juveniles and female nematodes. Three Meloidogyne species, namely M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica were identified.
Penyakit Karat Bawang Daun yang Disebabkan oleh Puccinia allii Rud.
New disease of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum) with typical symptoms as rust disease was found in the sub-district of West Tompaso and Modoinding, District of South Minahasa, North Sulawesi in June 2016. Infected plants in the field showed yellowish brown pustules on leaf surface, followed by leaf yellowing and drying out started from the tip. Disease incidence in surveyed area reached 100% with disease severity between 30%–50%. Based on microscopic observation of the fungal morphological characteristic, i.e. uredium dan urediniospora, the causal agent was identified as Puccinia allii Rud.
Ketahanan Kultivar Pisang Lokal Kalimantan Selatan terhadap Penyakit Bercak Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella sp.)
Sigatoka of banana caused by Mycospherella sp. is an important disease, since it causes yield losses. Resistant variety is considered a promising approach for sigatoka disease management. This study was aimed to evaluate the resistance of local banana cultivars from South Kalimantan against sigatoka disease. The fungus was isolated from leaves of Kapas cultivar showing severe symptoms of sigatoka disease, onto potato dextrose agar medium. The isolate was then confirmed as Mycosphaerella sp. following Koch’s postulate. Level of resistance is determined based on symptoms development. Resistance of local banana cultivars can be differentiated into susceptible (‘Awak’, ‘Jaranang’, ‘Kapas’, ‘Mas’, and ‘Paikat’), medium resistant (‘Ambon’, ‘Kepok’, ‘Mas Bantan’, ‘Mauli’, and ‘Talas’), and resistant (‘Tarati’). In general, the symptom was visible 2 to 8 days after inoculation. The longer incubation period the more resistant response of banana varieties. Incubation period was negatively correlated to the disease intensity, but it is not correlated with stomatal density.
Kepekaan Erythricium salmonicolor Penyebab Penyakit Jamur Upas pada Kemiri Sunan terhadap Suhu, Cahaya, dan Fungisida
A typical pink disease symptom appeared on stem of Reutealis trisperma in Bogor. The present study was aimed for confirming the causal pathogen and testing its sensitivity to temperature, light and fungicides. The fungus was identified based on its morphological characteristics. The fungal inoculum was obtained by tissue isolation of infected stem bark. For pathogenicity test, the fungus was inoculated onto sterilized pieces of woody R. trisperma branch, then fastened on the seedlings and incubated in the green house. The effect of temperatures on fungal growth was tested by planting the fungal colony onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) then incubated at 25–34 °C. The sensitivity of the fungus to light was tested by inoculating the fungus into flask with potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium on a shaker (60 rpm) exposing it to white light tube (400 luks) or in a dark condition for 15 days at 25 °C. The obtained fungal colonies were weighed. Efficacy of copper hydroxide and mancozeb against the fungal colony growth was tested by inoculating the fungus onto PDA amended with 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm, respectively, of tested fungicides. The results showed that the causal pathogen was Erythricium salmonicolor. In the pathogenicity test, cobwebs of E. salmonicolor were formed on inoculated seedlings 3 weeks after inoculation. The optimum temperature for growth of E. salmonicolor was 28 °C. There was no significant effect of light on fungal growth. Mancozeb suppressed colony of E. salmonicolor growth better than copper hydroxide.
Cara Preservasi Fitoplasma dari Jaringan Kacang Tanah Bergejala Sapu untuk Deteksi DNA dengan Teknik PCR
Witches‘ broom of peanut caused by phytoplasma is a common disease found in Indonesia. Phytoplasma is able to be detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. One of important factor which determine the successful of phytoplasma amplification is the DNA availability from fresh tissues. The research was aimed to evaluate some preservation methods of phytoplasma from infected plant samples. The aspects to be evaluated consisted of time (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks), temperature (-20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C), and preservation medium (1X PGB buffer, 3 M NaCl, CTAB buffer, 70% ethanol, non medium, and FTA-card) for storing the fresh phytoplasma infected samples. Good preservation method will optimize the phytoplasma DNA amplification using PCR standard technique followed by nested-PCR. The results showed that preservation of samples at -20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C in CTAB buffer was able to maintain the tissue freshness for 4 weeks and was able to provide the DNA of either quality or quantity sufficiently for PCR detection. PCR standard using a primer pair P1/P7 showed that not all of the preserved DNA of phytoplasma were amplified positively. However, standard PCR followed by nested-PCR using primer pair fU5/rU3 was able to increase the DNA detectability. Preserved samples derived from various medium and stored for 4 weeks gave positive results. This results were in contrary with previous same samples which were detected negatively by standard PCR technique.
Galur Isogenik Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Hasil Penyinaran Ultraviolet dan Potensinya Sebagai Penginduksi Resistensi Padi terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is an important rice disease and may cause 50% plant damage. One approach to manage this disease is using isogenic non-pathogenic strain that can induce plant resistance. This study was conducted to obtain isogenic strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae through ultraviolet irradiation and evaluate ability of the isolates in inducing plant resistance. Bacteria X. oryzae pv. oryzae were exposed to UV for 3, 5, 10 and 15 min. A total of 99 colonies obtained were selected through pathogenicity tests, followed by confirmation using XOR-F and XOR-R2 primers. As much as 16 isogenic strain isolates were obtained with the ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) ranges between 1.4–9.8 mg mL-1 compared to wild-type 6.0 mg mL-1. Five isogenic strains isolates (M313, M57, M101, M1513 and M1515) caused virulence reduction of 92.8–98.6%. Application of those five isogenic isolates prolonged incubation period of X. oryzae pv. Oryzae, i.e. 6.6–5.4 days compared to the wild-type i.e. 4.8 days after inoculation. Suppression of disease progression was also observed with AUDPC value 615.0-827.5, which was lower than those caused by wild-type and control, i.e. 863.3 and 682.5, respectively. Application of isogenic strain isolates did not affect plant growth but it increased plant productivity. Isogenic strain M101 was the best isolate with an incubation period of 5.7 days after inoculation, having the lowest AUDPC value (615.0), and yielded dry weight of 100 grains higher (2.8 g) than those of the wild-type (2.0 g).
Penyakit Busuk Akar dan Pangkal Batang Tebu di Sumatera Selatan
Root and basal stem rot disease caused by Xylaria sp. is a new diseases in Indonesian sugarcane plantation. The disease has been reported only occurred in sugarcane plantations in Sumatera. Limited information about the disease has slowed down disease diagnosis in the field. The research was aimed to describe symptoms, signs, and spatial distribution of the disease caused by Xylaria. A survey was conducted at a sugarcane plantation in South Sumatera (3° 26’ 16.6” S dan 104°40’ 09.8” E). Typical symptoms of the disease involved drying of all leaves and plant death, dry rot of root and basal stem, and retarded growth of ratoon cane were recorded. Stroma was found on surface of diseased stems and on soil surface of diseased plants, and spatial aggregation of diseased plants was observed in all locations. The distribution of the diseased plant aggregately and the presence of stroma on diseased plants are important characteristics of the disease diagnosis in sugarcane plantations.
Kemampuan Tumbuhan Terna dalam Menekan Potensi Inokulum Rigidoporus microporus
White root disease caused by Rigidoporus microporus is an important disease of rubber tree and is very difficult to control. The ability of some herbaceous plant species to suppress inoculum potential and infection of R. microporus was studied in a pot trial. Nine species of herbaceous plants were examined, i.e. arrowroot (Marantha arundinacea), java curcumin (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), sansevieria (Sansevieria fasciata), Mallaca galangal (Alpinia malaccensis), greater galangal (Alpinia galanga), Indian shot (Canna indica), curcumin (Curcuma longa), wild taro (Colocasia esculenta), and water yam (Dioscorea alata). Pathogen’s inocula as mycelial colonizing rubber wood sticks were buried for 90 days in soil planted with tested plants. The results showed that formation of R. microporus rhizomorph in the soil was lower in pots planted with arrowroot, java cucurmin, sansevieria, Indian shot, and wild taro. All herbaceous plants, except sansevieria, caused suppression of inoculum viability and rhizomorph development. Further observation showed no colonization of rhizomorph nor necrosis of the root was found, except on Mallaca galangal and sansevieria.
Identifikasi Patotipe Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae dari Tanaman Padi di Sulawesi Selatan
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB), one of important constraint in rice production. The pathogen is known to have many pathotypes which caused difficulties in disease control. This research was conducted to determine the distribution of X. oryzae pv. oryzae’s pathotypes in seven districts in South Sulawesi. Grouping of pathotypes was performed according to Kozaka method, i.e. based on the response of differential rice varieties. Infection of X. oryzae pv. oryzae was confirmed by PCR using specific primers XOR-R2/XOR-F. Out of 36 isolates, 29 isolates were identified as X. oryzae pv. oryzae which belong to pathotype III (6 isolates), pathotype IV (21 isolates), and pathotype XII (2 isolates). This result indicated that X. oryzae pv. oryzae pathotype IV was distributed widely in South Sulawesi.