Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati

Antifungal Activity of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa) Against Candida albicans

Widya Krestina — 2024-11-21

Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to a decrease in the immune system caused by Candida spp. In general, candidiasis is treated with antifungal drugs, but uncontrolled use can result in the emergence of drug resistance and toxicity. Endophytic bacteria have the potential to be biological control agents against various fungal infections including candidiasis. This study aims to determine the antagonistic activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Dayak onions and the antifungal activity of its cell-free supernatant (CFS) against Candida albicans. Thirteen isolate strains of endophytic bacteria were used in this study. Antagonistic activity was tested using the agar plug diffusion method. Endophytic bacteria that showed antagonistic activity against C. albicans were cultivated in Nutrient Broth media to produce CFS. The antifungal activity of CFS was tested using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The results indicated that six isolates of endophytic bacteria from dayak onions have antagonistic activity against C. albicans. CFS from strain CED4 has a strong antifungal activity against C. albicans with a clear zone diameter of 18.5 mm. Further studies are needed to determine the antifungal compounds produced by CED4 isolates for the development of anticandidal.

Isolasi, Karakterisasi, dan Identifikasi Bakteri Penghasil Hemolisin dari Penderita Gingivitis

Michellia Salmaa Ashilla Sutandi — 2024-11-21

Gingivitis is a gum inflammation caused by pathogenic bacterial infection. One of the virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria is hemolysin which plays an important role in lysing the red blood cells. This study aimed to isolate, characterise, and identify hemolysin-producing bacteria from a gingivitis-diagnosed patient. Quantification of the bacterial growth in blood agar base media showed that the number of bacteria on the gums of gingivitis patient was 1.63 × 10⁷ CFU/ml. Seven bacterial isolates with different colony and cellular morphology were selected. Of 7 isolates, 3 isolates were β hemolytic, 3 isolates α hemolytic, and 1 isolate non-hemolytic. Six isolates with hemolytic activity were selected for colony and cellular morphology characterisation. Based on Gram-staining procedure, all six isolates belong to bacilli Gram-positive bacteria. Molecular identification with 16S rRNA gene revealed that these isolates were closely related to Bacillus spp., such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus altitudinis, and Bacillus tequilensis.

Perbandingan Ukuran dan Komposisi Tubuh antara Mahasiswa Laki-Laki Atlet dan Non Atlet Universitas Padjadjaran

Andhika Mukti — 2024-11-21

Body composition is the relative proportion of fat and fat-free tissue in the body and indicates health profile. Athletes usually have a different body composition compared to the general population due to their involvement in intense sports activities. This research investigated the body size and composition among male student-athletes and non-athletes at Universitas Padjadjaran. The study used a cross-sectional method and anthropometric measurements on 14 athletes and 34 non-athletes. Anthropometric data consisted of height, weight, body fat, visceral fat, skeletal muscle, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Student-athletes have a lower average weight, body fat, and BMI than non-athletes. They tend to have body fat and visceral fat in the normal category (50% and 100%), whereas non-athletes (5.9% and 79.4%). Additionally, student-athletes have more skeletal muscle (63.4%) than non-athletes (47.1%). Furthermore, nutritional status based on BMI values indicates that student-athletes tend to fall within the normal category at 78.8%, while non-athletes are only at 44%. These results demonstrate that the body size and composition of student-athletes reflect better physical fitness, resulting in a better nutritional status than non-athletes at Universitas Padjadjaran.

Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Rhizobium asal Bintil Akar Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea) dan Koro Rawe (Mucuna bracteata)

Erma Suryanti — 2024-11-21

Nitrogen (N) is naturally available in the form of N₂. Nitrogen fixation can be facilitated by microbes such as Rhizobium bacteria, which can establish symbiosis with the roots of legume plants to form root nodules that perform nitrogen fixation. This study aims to determine the characteristics of Rhizobium bacteria in the root nodules of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) and koro rawe (Mucuna bracteata). The methods used in this research include collecting root nodules, isolating Rhizobium bacteria, and identifying and characterizing these bacteria for their nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization capabilities. Characterization results on YEMA + Congo red media indicated that 10 out of 16 isolates from peanut root nodules and 30 out of 55 isolates from koro rawe root nodules were positive for Rhizobium bacteria. The nitrogen fixation activity test revealed that only 4 isolates from peanut root nodules and 6 from koro rawe root nodules exhibited nitrogen fixation ability in Jensen's medium. The highest phosphate solubilization index was obtained from isolate KK.5.1.1 (0.5±0.08), while the lowest was from isolate KK.5.2.2 (0.09±0.06). This research underscores the significance of Rhizobium in enhancing nitrogen availability and phosphate solubilization for legume plants.

Karakterisasi dan Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Kapang Endofit Hasil Isolasi dari Sargassum sp.

Muhammad Ridhwan — 2024-12-05

The bioactive potential in Sargassum sp. and its direct use is expected to reduce its population in nature if used continuously. Using endophytic fungi from the host is a solution for obtaining bioactive compounds from Sargassum sp. The purpose of this study was to characterize endophytic fungi in Sargassum sp. and its potential as an antibacterial agent. Endophytic fungi were isolated using the direct planting technique, endophytic fungi were characterized through microscopic and macroscopic observations. Extraction was performed with two organic solvents, namely ethanol and ethyl acetate. Antibacterial potency was tested using the agar diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Based on the results, two mold isolates, D3P1 and D4P1, were obtained. The ethyl acetate extract of D3P1 had the highest inhibition zone for Bacillus subtilis bacteria, with the highest inhibition zone being 23.2 mm for Bacillus subtilis and the smallest being 17 mm for Escherichia coli. The ethyl acetate extract of D3P1 had the highest inhibition zone compared to the ethyl acetate extract of D4P1 and the ethanol extract of D3P1 and D4P1. The GC-MS analysis identified four compounds that have been identified in the ethyl acetate extract of D3P1 isolates, among others, 2,3-Butanediol, Phthalic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarbocylic acid, and 1-Anthracenamine. Phthalic acid and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid compounds have the potential as antibacterial.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Antioksidan dari Metabolit Ekstraseluler Bakteri Endofit Tumbuhan Mahang (Macaranga bancana)

Helen Chang — 2024-12-05

The increasing pollution which promotes accumulation of free radicals and a significant number of bacterial resistances to antibiotics have prompted various efforts to search for new sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of bioactive compounds produced by endophyte bacteria from M. bancana. The most potential bacterial isolate was extracted its active constituents until obatined crude extract and tested using disc diffusion technique and detemined MIC and MBC values. Antioxidant properties using DPPH radicals were performed followed by GC-MS analysis of its crude extract. We obtained that MB3.1 isolate exhibited antibacterial activity against all four tested bacteria including Escherichia coli strain ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ATCC 9027, Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 25923, and Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633. The best MIC values of this extract were shown against B. subtilis with an MIC value of 39.06 μg/ml. Further, MB3.1 extract showed a moderate antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 248.19 μg/ml. GC-MS analysis of MB3.1 extract revealed 10 dominant compounds, including phenylethyl alcohol, benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy, and tryptophol, which might be responsible for the antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Cendawan Endofit Akar Anggrek Epifit Vanda sp. dan Anggrek Terestrial Spathoglottis plicata

Nadiya Dwi Rahayu — 2024-12-11

Endophytic fungi play an important role in the orchid lifecycle by aiding seed germination and plant development. Information on the diversity of endophytic fungi in Indonesian orchids, particularly Vanda epiphytic orchid and Spathoglottis terrestrial orchid, is still limited. This study aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from the roots of Vanda sp. and Spathoglottis plicata orchids collected from Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, and Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi. Isolation was performed using Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) medium, and morphological identification was carried out through macroscopic and microscopic observations. A total of four endophytic fungal isolates were identified, including Nigrospora sp. and Penicillium sp. from Vanda sp. roots, and two isolates of Fusarium sp. from Spathoglottis plicata roots. The four fungal isolates obtained had aerial mycelium and septate hyphae, as well as conidia with diverse shapes. The diversity of endophytic fungi in orchid species could be influenced by the fungal affinity on the specific microhabitat conditions of each tissue and host plant species.

Probiotics on Commercial Fish Growth: A Meta-Analysis

Yogy Satria Ariyanto — 2024-12-16

Probiotics are widely used in fish diets to improve health and growth, but a detailed analysis of their impact on fish growth performance has been lacking. This study conducted a meta-analysis of 86 relevant articles out of 627 identified, focusing on specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The study examined the effects of different variables, including the number of probiotic strains used, the type of water (freshwater, saltwater, or brackish), and the concentration of probiotics. The results indicated that probiotics had a significant positive effect on both SGR and FCR in fish. There was no notable difference in growth performance between diets with single strains versus multiple strains of probiotics. However, freshwater fish showed a better response to probiotics compared to saltwater and brackish water fish. The analysis found that the minimum effective concentration of probiotics for improving SGR was 7 log CFU/g, while 8 log CFU/g was needed to enhance FCR. Overall, this meta-analysis offers valuable insights into optimizing the use of probiotics in aquaculture, demonstrating that specific factors such as water type and probiotic concentration play critical roles in achieving the best growth performance in fish.

Pengaruh Deterjen Cair terhadap Mortalitas dan Perilaku Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)

Rizki Amaliah — 2024-12-29

The disposal of detergent waste into water bodies leads to environmental problems. The use of detergents is increasing, and the variety of detergents available is also becoming more diverse. This study examines the mortality and behavior of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to liquid detergent contaminants. The research was conducted from March to April 2023 at the Fish Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University. We used 154 individuals of Nile tilapia measuring 5-7 cm. A total of 90 individuals were used for the preliminary test and most of them died at the highest concentration of 100 ml/L within five minutes. Sixty individuals were used for determining LD50–96 and we found that the LD50–96 was 1.29 ml/L. The behavior of four individuals of tilapia was observed using focal animal sampling in four sublethal concentrations. The results show that the detergent contaminant inhibits oxygen diffusion and damages the physiological functions of the tilapia. The detergent concentration level also affects the operculum opening and closing behavior, movement, feeding response, and mortality.

Keragaman Tumbuhan Invasif di Perkebunan Sawit PT Perkebunan Nusantara II Deli Serdang, Sumatra Utara

Saidah Putri Rambe — 2024-12-29

Several species of weeds, categorized as invasive plants, are among the factors inhibiting plantation productivity. The uncontrolled spread and growth of these invasive plants can lead to both economic and ecological losses. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of invasive species in the palm oil plantation area of PT Perkebunan Nusantara II. Plant samples were collected by establishing sample plots in three different blocks using purposive sampling. Additionally, species identification and data analysis were conducted, including the Important Value Index (IVI), diversity index, similarity index, and evenness index. A total of 20 invasive species out of 61 weed species, belonging to 14 families, were identified. The invasive species are primarily herbs, climbing plants, and shrubs. Invasive species are dominated by families Poaceae and Asteraceae. Asystasia gangetica, Mitracarpus hirtus, Peperomia pellucida, and Phyllanthus urinaria were found in all three blocks. However, based on the IVI value, only three invasive species were found to significantly affect the community: P. urinaria, Setaria plicata, and P. pellucida.

Produksi Jamur Merang (Volvariella volvacea (Bull. ex. Fr) Sing). pada Dua Jenis Limbah Kapas

Lisdar Idwan Sudirman — 2024-12-29

One of the substrates for the growth of straw mushrooms is cotton waste. Based on the cellulose content, trash cotton and dust cotton were selected as substrates. This research was conducted twice at the dry season. The 3,000 g production substrates were a mixture of trash cotton and straw in a ratio of 2:1 (T₂J₁) and 1:1 (T₁J₁), dust cotton and straw in a ratio of 2:1 (D₂J₁) and 1:1 (D₁J₁). Previously, cotton and straw with the addition of 8% rice bran and 3% lime were composted separately, then mixed, pasteurized and inoculated with 2.5% of spawn. The D₂J₁ substrate produced higher number and bigger of fruit bodies, with the biological efficiency (BE) of 21.22 and 23.03% for the first and the second experiments, while the BE of T₁J₁ were only 16.76% and 5.84% and those of D₁J₁ were 15.63% and 12.45%, those of T₂J₁ were 16.76% and 0.22% for the first and second experiment respectively. The lowest BE value in these experiments due to incomplete vegetative phase, along with the contamination of Trichoderma sp. In conclusion, the production of straw mushroom fruiting bodies depends on the type of cotton and its ratio to straw.

Perilaku Defensif Lebah Apis cerana Terhadap Stimulus Isopentil Asetat (IPA)

Ruth Martha Winnie — 2024-12-29

Honey bee workers perform colony defense behavior to maintain colony integrity against predators. The aim of this research was to explore the response of A. cerana defensive behavior by using Isopentyl Acetate (IPA) as the stimulus which is the main volatile compound in the venom. Five concentrations of IPA volume i.e. 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 µL IPA were used as the stimulus and each volume was pipetted to a cotton ball. The cotton ball was placed 10 cm in front of the hive entrance in oscillatory motion for five minutes. Natural defensive behavior of A. cerana (balling behavior), balling temperature and A. cerana predator were observed. Observation of defensive behavior was conducted by using colonies A. cerana obtained from Parung Panjang, Bogor and Nyalidung, Sukabumi; and using colonies A. cerana obtained from Sumedang and Banjarsari, Lebak. Based on the research, five A. cerana defensive behavior responses were observed, i.e.: guarding in front of bee hive entrance, recruitment at the hive entrance, fly toward the cotton ball, balling around the hive entrance, and balling on cotton ball. A. cerana showed defensive behavior due to IPA stimulus, however, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) with the variety IPA stimulus volume. We found the temperature of 44°C inside the natural balling of A. cerana defense behavior, as the colony defense mechanism in response to the natural predator Vespa sp. wasp.

The Effect of Lockdown During the Covid-19 Pandemic on Bird Species Richness at IPB Dramaga Campus

Haris Akbar Hidayat — 2024-12-30

IPB Dramaga Campus in Bogor has been recognized to hold a high diversity of birds, while at the same time is also experiencing disturbance due to human activities. During the covid-19 pandemic in 2020-early 2022, most human activities on campus were decreased. Observations made during lockdown indicated that birds were seen more easily in various habitats on campus. The objective of this study was to describe bird species richness and composition before the period of lockdown and after the pandemic (post-lockdown). Bird surveys were conducted monthly in 2019 and from January to May 2023 to obtain a bird species list. Mist nets were set up monthly for 3 months in 2019 and 2023 to obtain demographic data. Descriptive analysis was conducted by comparing the results with previous data collected by Uni Konservasi Fauna (UKF) and Cikabayan Bird Banding Club (CBC). The number of bird species between the two periods did not differ significantly; there were 66 species in while in 2023 there were 60 species. In both periods bird species composition was dominated by the family of Cuculidae, and the dominant feeding guild was insectivores.