Indonesian Journal of Primatology

Isolation and Biochemical Characterisation of Long-Tailed Macaque Aerobic Gut Bacteria from Tinjil Island, Indonesia

Anggitha Tambunan — 2024-08-02

Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis; LTM) is a common non-human primate used as an animal model in the medical field for its genetic similarity with humans. Maintaining the gut microbiota balance of LTM is crucial to avoid the possibility of disease in LTM caused by dysbiosis. Therefore, this study aims to isolate bacteria from the semi-wild LTM from Tinjil Island to know the diversity of their gut microbiota. We serially diluted four semi-wild LTM fecal samples and spread them onto the nutrient agar medium for bacteria enumeration through Total Plate Count (TPC). Then, we follow Bergey's Manual Determinative of Bacteriology. The bacteria isolates would be identified morphologically and biochemically. The average of total viable bacteria obtained was 1.86 x 10⁹ CFU/g. Aerobic isolation of bacteria from all the samples resulted in 19 isolates of gram-positive bacteria, of which six putative species of Staphylococcus sp., three Bacillus sp., four Micrococcus sp., and four Corynebacterium sp. In general, isolating cultivable fecal microbiota from fecal samples of semi-wild LTM from Tinjil Island has provided an overview of its gut microbiota composition based on limited analytical methods using cultured-dependent methods.

Observation of Leukocyte Differential in Macaca fascicularis

Verent Novia — 2024-09-12

Leukocytes play a crucial role in immune defense mechanisms. The differential leukocyte count and morphological examination are commonly used in laboratory test to identify anomalies in leukocytes distribution and detect morphological irregularities. This study aimed to performed a differential leukocyte count using peripheral blood smear samples obtained from 5 Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) bloods. Staining of peripheral blood smears was followed by observation under a light microscope to perform differential leukocyte counts and morphological examination. The differential leukocyte count results showed signs of lymphocytosis and neutropenia in samples AJ400, AB924, and AJ150, which may suggest infections, such as viral or bacterial infections. Additionally, signs of monocytosis showed in samples AB924 and AJ150, possibly attributed to bacteremia or endocarditis. However, the morphological examination showed no abnormalities or immature cells.

Effect of Chlordiazepoxide or Haloperidol Oral Premedication during Midazolam-Ketamine Anaesthesia on Physiological and Blood Gas Parameters in Adult Male Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)

Kamalesh Kumar K S — 2024-10-01

Capturing wild animals with minimal stress is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Oral premedicants can ease handling and subsequent anaesthetic administration. This study evaluated anaesthetic protocols and physiological changes during vasectomy in 12 adult male Bonnet Macaques. Group I received 10 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide, and Group II received 1 mg/kg haloperidol orally four hours before midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia. Sedation quality, induction, maintenance, and recovery were assessed. Physiological and blood gas changes were monitored at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Both groups exhibited sedation post-premedication. Induction, maintenance, and anaesthesia depth were similar. Group I had better analgesia, while Group II had superior muscle relaxation. Blood gas analysis indicated mild stress and respiratory acidosis in both groups, with Group II showing more significant hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. Haloperidol-premedicated animals were easier to handle but exhibited increased stress parameters compared to chlordiazepoxide-premedicated animals. Recovery was better in Group I. Both protocols effectively induced sedation and anaesthesia in Bonnet Macaques.

Distribution and Population of Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus Raffles, 1821) in KHDTK Aek Nauli, North Sumatera

Sharfina Elda Larasati — 2025-02-10

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is one of the endemic Sumatran primate from Hylobatidae family. Siamang distribution can be found on North Sumatra, southern Lake Toba to Bukit Barisan Selatan. Siamang has a unique morphology in the form of voice bag (gular sac) so it can make a very loud sound in voicing behavior. The purpose of this study was to identified the distribution, population characteristic and the voice timing of siamang in KHDTK Aek Nauli. There are 15 distiribution points of siamang that dispersed in three types of land cover, it is primary and secondary as well as pine dominated forests. Based on Chi-square test was obtained that spatial pattern of siamang have been clumped, whichmeans x2hit more than or equal to x20,025. The number of siamang group are identified about 15 groups with 49 individuals. The population was estimated between 39±11 individuals with accuracy of 71.8%. Population density was around2.05±0.57 individuals/km2 and 0.78±0.57 groups/km2. The voice timing of siamang in KHDTK Aek Nauli is most often done at 09.00–11.00 a.m.

A Case Study of Suspected Pseudomonas putida Infection in Macaca fascicularis by Histopatholohical Analysis of the Organs of Lungs, Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys

Shanice Adrian Knight — 2025-04-13

Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium that found in soil and water habitats where there is oxygen. The bacteria was obtained through bacteria culture from organs swab of Cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis. This study aims to evaluate and analyse the histological slides of Macaca fascicularis organs including the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen that are suspected of Pseudomonas putida infection,. The most common lesion found is cell necrosis which can be seen in lungs, liver and spleen samples. Another lesion that can be found in liver, lungs and kidneys are congestion around the cells, whereas haemorrhages can be found in red pulp and capsules of the spleen as well as the tubules of kidneys. Abundant inflammatory cells can be found in all the organ sample, such as liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys as all the organs are infected with the bacteria. The last lesion that can be found in lungs sample is benign pulmonary nodules. Based on the histopathological analysis, we can conclude that the most affected organs caused by P. putida infection is the lungs whereas the least affected organs by P. putida are the kidneys.