Indonesian Journal of Primatology

Evaluation Of The Haematology Profile And Blood Chemistry Of Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766) At Primate Research Center, IPB University

Noer Syahbani — 2023-07-23

Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766) or macaque is a primate that was successfully bred by Primate Research Centre (PRC) IPB University as an effort to conserve and use it as a model animal in biomedical research. macaque with ID. Tattoo 6180 is a male macaque ± 23 years old in a coral cage B which focuses on breeding purposes in captivity to produce offspring. Health evaluation of ID. Tattoo 6180 becomes one of the important things related to those goal. The purpose of this study was to measure the haematological and blood chemistry profile of macaque with ID. Tattoo 6180. The method used in this research is descriptive observational to identify blood cell composition, leukocyte differentiation, and blood chemistry. Based on the measurement results, it is known that the hematologic profiles including White Blood Cell/WBC (7.5×10³/µl), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin/MCH (23.4 pg), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration/MCHC (33.2 g/dL), and Platelets/PLT (231×10³/µl) have values outside the normal range. The results of the leukocyte differential examination showed that the N/L value was 4.68 exceeded the normal value. In addition, the results of blood chemistry measurements including SGOT (119.1 U/L), Calcium (7.0 mg/dL), Phosphorus (37.9 mg/dL), and Cholesterol (87 mg/dL) also have values outside the normal range. Results examination showed that the macaque with ID. Tattoo 6180 was diagnosed as hyperchromic macrocytic / microcytic without anaemia, stress, thrombocytopenia, muscle injury / inflammation of the heart, and hypercholesterolemia. Further examination is needed to establish the macaque health status.

Distribution of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Deli Island, Pandeglang, Banten

Muhammad Fajrur Rifqi — 2023-07-23

Deli Island is one of the habitats for the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) outside its natural distribution. Not much is known about the existence of Deli Island, included information on habitat use. This study was conducted to determine the distribution and distribution pattern of long-tailed Macaques in utilizing Deli Island as their habitat. The study was conducted in June-July 2022. The study used the transect method and the determination of the waypoint using GPS. Data were analyzed using ArcMap GIS 10.3 program to describe the presence and distribution of long-tailed macaques. The results showed that 27 groups of long-tailed macaques were identified on Deli island spread over several points, large groups were found in fishermen's huts with a total of 42 individuals. This condition illustrates that the distribution pattern of groups of long-tailed macaques on Deli Island is in the random category with nearest neighbor ratio 1,089431.

Pilot Study on Food-processing Behaviour by Males Long-tailed Macaques on Tinjil Island, Indonesia

Lola Nur Hanifa — 2023-07-23

Non-Human Primates (NHP) have a slow life history compared to other mammals due to their complex brain growth. Brain complexity correlates with behaviour complexity, especially feeding behaviour, which enables primates to have the capability in leaf processing step, tool use, or even food washing. Macaca fascicularis on Tinjil Island is one of the NHP species conducting food-cleaning behaviour. Thus, this study aims to figure out the food-cleaning behaviour differences across the age classes of juvenile and male long-tailed macaques (LTM). The feeding behaviour of two age classes of male LTM through 3 different types of food processing was analysed using focal animal sampling and instantaneous recording methods. Then, the data were statistically analysed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. We found that both age classes used Step 1 of the processing food type more than other types. Analysis within each age class showed different results that juvenile male LTM had a higher frequency of Step 0 and lower frequency of Step 1 than adult male LTM and vice versa. The result indicates no significant differences in the three food type processing between juvenile and adult male LTM.

Seasonal Variation in the Activity Budget and Daily Path Length of Semi-Provisioned Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Daunne Forest, Nawalpur, Nepal

Sushmita Kshetri — 2023-07-23

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, Mammalia: Primates: Haplorhini: Cercopithecidae) show a great deal of adaptability in different types of habitats. Understanding how these animals allocate their time with regard to their daily activities and ranging behavior is helpful to the design of effective conservation plans by allowing us to better understand their ecological necessities and behavioral responses to environmental changes. This study examined seasonal variation in the activity budget and ranging behavior of a semi-provisioned group of rhesus macaques inhabiting the Daunne Devi Temple area in the Daunne Forest, a subtropical forest in mid-hill of central Nepal. Behavioral data were collected on the adult members of the group using focal animal sampling from 27 October 2021 to 10 May 2022 (for a total of 29 days /227 hours of observation) during three time periods of the day: morning, 7.00–11.00 am; afternoon, 11.00–2.00 pm; and late afternoon, 2.00–6.00 pm. Simultaneously, ranging behavior was recorded by instantaneous scan sampling at 10-minute intervals with the aid of a GPS receiver. The adults in the study group spent the majority of the time resting (33.83%), followed by moving (26.67%), feeding (22.92%), and grooming (15.42%). Males spent significantly more time resting and moving, whereas females spent significantly more time in feeding and grooming. The time invested by the rhesus macaques in different activities showed seasonal variation, but lacked statistical significance. Daily path length ranged between 540.1–2905.4 m (mean = 1590 ± 576.96 m) with a statistically significant seasonal difference that might be attributed to the number of temple visitors and availability of provisioned food. Although the sample size was small and study duration was short, this is one of only a few studies providing empirical evidence suggesting the seasonal variation in activity budget and daily path length of semi-provisioned rhesus macaques.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of LDLR Gene as Atherogenesis Markers on Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina

uus saepuloh — 2023-07-23

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) are non-human primate species that most commonly used as animal model in the study of atherosclerosis. Genetic variation in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) has been associated with normal variations in plasma lipid profile and the risk of coronary heart disease (CAD) in humans. In this study, the screening of nucleotide polymorphisms on LDLR genes as molecular markers of atherogenesis in M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina was performed. The LDLR gene of exon region 6 is amplified with a specific primers. The nucleotide sequences of the amplicons is determined by the sequencing technique and the results were bioinformatic analyzed. Analysis of exon 6 region LDLR gene in M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina revealed no SNP in this exon. Based on the alignment results, the entire sample has a type of haplotype I. The type of haplotype owned by the six animals is related to the hyper-repons. Both of this species are a potential species for animals model in the study of atherosclerotic disease. The use of exon 6 as a genetic marker of M. fascicularis and M. nemestrina on a fat cholesterol diet makes the animal selection of hypo- from hyper-responder are more efficient.