Changes in in Vitro Methane Production and Fatty Acid Profiles in Response to Cakalang Fish Oil Supplementation
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cakalang fish oil addition in ruminant feed on in vitro methane production and fatty acid profiles. This experiment consisted of four treatments which were R0 : feed composing of forage and concentrate at a ratio of 60% : 40% without cakalang fish oil (CFO) addition as control feed; R1: R0 added with CFO at 2.5%; R2: R0 added with CFO at 5%, and R3: R0 added with CFO at 7.5%. Fermentation with rumen fluid was done using the Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT); feeds were incubated at 39 oC for 72 hours. At the end of fermentation, samples were obtained and methane production and fatty acid profiles were determined. The experiment was conducted in completely randomised design with four replications. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and differences among treatment means were analysed using Duncan multiple range test. Results showed that CFO supplementation affected (P<0.05) methane production, protozoa numbers and NH3 concentration; whereas the other parameters, i.e. VFA concentration, pH, and microbial protein were not affected. Some fatty acid profiles were influenced by treatments, such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic (P<0.05), while others, i.e. lauric and miristic were not affected. It is concluded that the best level of CFO supplementation is 5% as this level reduces methane production and increases unsaturated fatty acids without any negative effects on other variables measured.
Downloads
References
Bhatta, R., M. Saravanan, L. Baruah, K.T. Sampath, & C.S. Prasad. 2013. Effect of plant secondary compounds on in vitro methane, ammonia production and ruminal protozoa population. J App. Microbiol. 115: 455-465.
Chaney, A.L., & E.P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8:130-132.
Cieslak, A., R. Miltko, G. Belzecki, & E. Kwiatkowska. 2006. Effect of vegestable oils on the methane concentration and population density of the rumen ciliate, Eremoplastron dilobum, grown in vitro. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 15: 15-18. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/70132/2006
Diaz, A., M. Avendano, & A. Escobar. 1993. Evaluation of sapindus saponaria as a defaunating agent and its effects on different ruminal digestion parameters. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 5: 1-6.
Dohme, F., A. Machmuller, B.L. Esterman, P. Pfister, A. Wasserfallen, & M. Kreuzer. 1999. The rule of the rumen protozoa for methane suppression caused by coconut oil. Lett. App. Microbiol. 29:87-192. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00614.x
Doreau, M., B. Salem, & R. Krezminski. 1993. Effect of rapeseed oil supply on in vitro ruminal digestion in cows: comparison of hay and maize silage diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 44:181-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90046-M
Gao, J., M.Z. Wang, Y.J. Jing, X.Z. Sun, T.Y. Wu, & L.F. Shi. 2016. Impacts of the unsaturation degree of long-chain fatty acids on the volatile fatty acid profiles of rumen microbial fermentation in goats in vitro. J Integrative Agric. 15: 2827–2833. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61418-1
Harfiah. 2006. Perbandingan daya cerna in vitro bahan kering rumput gajah dan hasil fermentasi campuran rumput lapangan dengan isi rumen. J. Sci. Ethiol. 6: 67-70
Harwanto., L.M. Yusiati, & R. Utomo. 2014. Pengaruh kayu manis (Cinnamomumburmanni Ness ex BI.) sebagai sumber sinamaldehid terhadap parameter fermentasi dan aktivitas mikrobia rumen secara in vitro. Buletin Peternakan 38:71-77
Hristov, A.N., M. Ivan, & T. McAllister. 2004. In vitro effects on individual fatty acids on protozoal numbers and on fermentation products in ruminal fluid from cattle fed a high concentrate, barley-based diet. J. Anim. Sci. 82:2693-2704. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8292693x
Hungate, R.E. 1975. The rumen microbial ecosystem. Anim. Rev. Ecology Systematics 6:39-66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.06.110175.000351
Kamra, D.N. 2005. Rumen microbial ecosystem. Special edition: Microbial Diversity. Current Sci. 89:124-135.
Keidane, D., & E. Birǵele. 2003. The efficacy of feed on the intra abomasal pH dynamics in goats. Veterinarija IR Zootechnica 22:58-61
Lopez, P., M.L. Kung Jr., & J.M. Odom. 1996. In vitro of microbial methane production by 9,10-anthraquinone. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol 71: 117-130
Machmuller, A. 2006. Medium-chain fatty acids and their potensial to reduce methanogenesis in domestic ruminants. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 112:107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.010
McDonald, P., P.A. Edwards, & J.F.D. Greenhalg. 1988. Animal Nutrition. 4th ed. Longman Sci. and Tech. New York.
Menke, K.H., & H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Develop. 28: 7-55
Morgavi, D.P., E. Forano, C. Martin, & C.J. Newbold. 2010. Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in ruminants. Animal 4: 1024–1036. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110000546
Orskov, E.R. 1992. Protein Nutrition in Ruminant. Academic Press Limited. London
Owen, F.N., & R. Zinn. 1988. Protein metabolism of Ruminant animals. In: D.C. 314 Church (Ed), The Ruminant animal Digestive physiology and Nutrition. Reston 315 Book Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Plummer, D.T. 1987. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company. London.
Sitoresmi, P.D., L.M. Yusiati, & H. Hartadi. 2009. Pengaruh penambahan minyak kelapa, minyak biji matahari, dan minyak kelapa sawit terhadap penurunan produksi metan di dalam rumen secara in vitro. Buletin Peternakan 33: 96-105. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v33i2.122
Sondakh, E.H.B., L. M. Yusiati, H. Hartadi, & E. Suryanto. 2012. The effect of methanogenic inhibitor feed on propionic acid and lamb meat chemical quality. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 37: 183-188. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.37.3.183-188
Sondakh, E.H.B., J.A. Rorong, & J.A.D. Kalele. 2015. Methane gas reduction using virgin coconut oil supplementation in rumen fermentation through in vitro. J. Anim. Prod. 17:144-148. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.anprod.2015.17.3.511
Steel, R.G.D., & J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. New York.
Sung, H.G., Y. Kobayashi, J. Chang, A. Ha, I.H. Hwang, & J.K. Ha. 2007. Low ruminal pH reduces dietary fiber digestion via reduced microbial attachment. J. Anim. Sci. 20: 200-207. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.200
Varadyova, Z., S. Kišidayova, P. Siroka, & D. Jalč. 2007. Fatty acid profiles of rumen fluid from sheep fed diets supplemented with various oils and effect on the rumen ciliate population. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 52: 399–406.
Wasowska, I., M.R.G. Maia, K.M. Niedźwiedzka, M. Czauderna, J.M.C. Ramalho Ribeiro, & E. Devillard. 2006. Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. Br. J. Nutr. 95:1199–1211. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061783
Copyright (c) 2017 Media Peternakan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts published are held by Media Peternakan. The statement to release the copyright to Media Peternakan is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
