Anacardic Acid Isolated From Cashew Nut Shell (Anacardium occidentale) Affects Methane and Other Products in the Rumen Fermentation
Abstract
Biofat is a hexane extract containing several bioactive compounds with anacardic acid as the major compound. This study aimed to examine the effect of anacardic acid on rumen fermentation, especially methane and its degradation in the in vitro rumen fermentation. The study was arranged in a completely randomized block design. The treatments were control (substrate or complete feed), biofat (substrate + 0.75 uL/mL biofat), and anacardic acid (substrate + 0.75 uL/mL anacardic acid). Measured variables were total gas production, methane, pH, concentration of ammonia (NH3), dry matter degrability (DMD), organic matter degrability (OMD), and neutral detergent fiber degrability (NDFD) in the rumen. The chromatogram GC-MS analysis results indicated that the anacardic acid isolation process of the biofat produced nearly pure isolate (99.44%), and significantly decreased the production of methane by 51.21% and 39.62%, respectively. Anacardic acid degradation pattern in the in vitro rumen test showed a shifting of retention factor (Rf) value after anacardic acid being incubated with the degradation of anacardic acid occurred after 24 h of fermentation. In conclusion, anacardic acid isolated from biofat has a dominant role to reduce the in vitro methane production. Anacardic acid is very potential to be used as a methane reducing agent.Downloads
References
Cao, B. B., R. Wang, H. J. Yang, & L. S. Jiang. 2015. In situ ruminal degradation of phenolic acid, cellulose and hemicellulose in crop brans and husks differing in ferulic and p-coumaric acid patterns. J. Agric. Sci. 153:1312–1320. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615000489
Gandhi, T., M. Patel, & B. K. Dholakiya. 2012. Studies on effect of various solvents on extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and isolation of major phenolic constituents from extracted CNSL J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 2 :135-142.
Jayanegara A, E. Wina, C. R. Soliva, S. Marquardt, M. Kreuzer, & F. Leiber. 2011. Dependence of forage quality and metanogenic potential of tropical plants on their phenolic fractions as determined by principal component analysis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 163: 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.009
Jenkins, T. C., R. J. Wallace, P. J. Moate, & E. E. Mosley. 2008. Board-invited review: Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. J. Anim. Sci. 86:397-412. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0588
Kim, U. E., A. H. Sharon, R. F. L. Michael, & D. N. Scollan. 2009. Dietary transformation of lipid in the rumen microbial ecosystem. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 22:1341–1350. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.r.11
Lejonklev, J., A. C. Storm, M. K. Larsen, G. Mortensen, & M. R. Weisbjerg. 2013. Differences in rate of ruminal hydrogenation of C18 fatty acids inclover and ryegrass. J. Anim Sci. 7:1607–1613
Njuku, F. W., P. M. Mwangi, & G T. Thiong’o. 2014. Evaluation of cardanol acetate as a reactive diluent for alkyd coatings. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2: 928-941
Makkar, H. P. S. 2003. Quantification of Tannin in Tree an Shrub Foliage. A Laboratory Manual. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 102 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0273-7
Mitsumori, M., O. Enishi, T. Shinkai, K. Higuchi, A. Takenaka, K. Nagashima, M. Mochizuki, & Y. Kobayashi. 2014. Effect of cashew nut shell liquid on metabolic hydrogen flow on bovine rumen fermentation. J. Anim. Sci. 85:27-32. doi: 10.1111/asj.12133. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12133
Risfaheri, T., T. Irawadi, M. A. Nur, & I. Sailah. 2011. Pemisahan kardanol dari minyak cangkang biji mete dengan metode mestilasi vakum. Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian. J. Pascapanen 1: 1–11.
Rodrigues, F. H. A., F. C. F. França, J. R. R. Souza, N. M. P. S. Ricardo, & J. P. A. Feitosa. 2011. Comparison between physico-chemical properties of the technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and those natural extracted from solvent and pressing. Polímeros 21: 156-160. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282011005000028
Saenab, A., K. G. Wiryawan, Y. Retnani, & E. Wina. 2016. Phisical and chemial characteristics of bioIndustry products of cashew nuts shell (Anacardium occidentale). J. Littri. 22:81-90. https://doi.org/10.21082/littri.v22n2.2016.81-90
Silva, M. S., S. G. D. E. Lima, E. H. Oliveira, J. A. D. Lopes, M. H. Chaves, F. A. M. Reis, & A. M. G. L. Cito. 2008. Anacardic acid derivatives from brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity.Ecl. Quím São Paulo. 33: 53-58
Shinkai, T., O. Enishi, M. Mitsumori, K. Higuchi, A.Takenaka, K. Nagashima, M. Mochizuki, & Y. Kobayashi. 2012. Mitigation of methane production from cattle by feeding cashew nut shell liquid. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5308-5316. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5554
Simpen, I. N. 2009. Isolasi cashew nut shell liquid dari cangkangl biji jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale L) dan kajian beberapa sifat fisiko-kimianya. Jurnal Kimia 2: 71-76.
Suo, M., I. Hasegawa, I. Yoshihiro, S. Yasoku, B. Changxiao, K. Hikaru, T. Fumihide, & O. Tomihisa. 2012. Phenolic lipid ingredients from cashew nuts. J. Nat Med 66:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0564-4
Theodorou, M. K., B. A. Williams, M. S. Dhanoa, A. B. Mc Allan, & J. France. 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48:185-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90171-6
Tyman, J. H. P. D., M. A. Wilczynski, & A. Kashani. 1996. Compositional studies on technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) by chromatography and mass spectroscopy. In: Phenols / Thin Layer (Planar) Chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 55: 663–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02682455
Vlaming, J.B. 2008. Quantifying Variation in Estimated Methane Emission from Ruminants Using the SF6 Tracer Fechnique. A Thesis of Doctor of Phylosophy in Animal Science. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Watanabe, Y., R. Suzuki, S. Koike, K. Nagashima, M. Mochizuki, R. J. Forster, & Y. Kobayashi. 2010. In vitro evaluation of cashew nut shell liquid as a methane-inhibiting and propionate-enhancing agent for ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 93:5258–5267. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2754
Copyright (c) 2017 Media Peternakan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts published are held by Media Peternakan. The statement to release the copyright to Media Peternakan is stated in Form A. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA) where Authors and Readers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, but they must give appropriate credit (cite to the article or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
