COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Scholars has emphasized that community involvement are an important factor in achieving sustainable tourism goals, including community empowerment. The study purpose is to identify community perception of social empowerment resulted from tourism development, to analyze the community involvement in tourism development and to analyze the relationship between community involvement and perceptions related to social empowerment in tourism development. The method employ in this research was a quantitative approach (i.e., household survey). The result showed that majority respondents have a positive perception related social empowerment indicators, including conflict in the area. Community involvement in tourism industry and decision-making process could enhance respondents’ perceptions toward social empowerment indicators. It can be seen from the percentage of the respondents who has positive perception is higher than those who do not involve in tourism industry or decision-making process. The interesting finding is, however, despite the limited resources due to island condition and the ethnic composition that dominate by certain ethnic group, the conflict occurs in the area seems to be low. Since more respondent are disagree if tourism in their area increase the conflict.


INTRODUCTION
Sustainable tourism development aims to increase the tourism benefits for host communities while maintaining the cultural and environmental integrity of the host communities and enhancing the protection of ecologically sensitive areas and natural heritage (United Nations 2002). These aims are designed based on sustainable development pillars, namely environmental, social, economic, and a cultural-aesthetic or politicalinstitutional dimension (Hawkes 2001;UNEP & UNWTO 2019). These STD goals could be achieved by involving the host community in the tourism development in their area (Rocharungsat 2008;Moscardo et al. 2013;Ramos & Prideaux 2014;Park & Kim 2016;Rasoolimanesh et al. 2017).
If the community is involved in the planning process, they could get a broader vision regarding tourism development. Furthermore, they could coordinate with each other to reduce internal competition and conflicts, identify and resolution of problems, enhance an understanding and build support for sustainable tourism development (Li & Hunter 2015;Park & Kim 2016). A failure to involve the host community in tourism planning could result in conflict and inappropriate forms of tourism (Moscardo et al. 2013).
Community involvement in the decision-making process could increase their opportunity to be empowered (i.e., economically, psychologically, socially, and politically) (Park & Kim 2016). By involved in the planning process, the community could have the opportunity to share their views, concerns, and opinions on tourism development with stakeholders (Scheyvens 1999). Involvement in the decision-making process could increase community support to tourism development since the self-respect of their role in the process is improve (Park & Kim 2016;Rasoolimanesh et al. 2017).
In terms of community involvement in the tourism industry, there are several forms include local employment in the tourism industry (e.g., cook, waiter), and entrepreneur (e.g., owner of food stalls, souvenir stalls). Opportunities to involve in the tourism industry, especially entrepreneurship, can lead to economic empowerment and social empowerment (Cole 2007). Cole (2007) furthermore emphasizes that entrepreneurship is considered important since it could be done by those who do not have the skills to enter into other forms of employment.
Tourism form that provides opportunities for the community to connect can significantly influence residents' support for tourism development acknowledgment of tourism's contribution to their community (Maruyama et al. 2016a). Social empowerment refers to the ability of tourism to enhance community interaction and/or collaboration and, by extension, community cohesion, resilience, well-being, social capital and solidarity (Scheyvens 1999;Boley et al. 2014). Social empowerment refers to a situation in which a community's sense of cohesion and integrity has been confirmed or strengthened by involvement in tourism activity (Scheyvens 1999;Scheyvens 2002). Social empowerment through tourism can be defined as being involved in tourism development; residents have seen their community become more cohesive, with an increased connection within a community (Boley et al. 2014).
The tourism literature suggested recognizes that by participating in tourism planning and the tourism industry, they could have the authority and capacity to find solutions to their problems and make decisions and the capacity to implement the decisions. However, to identify this condition, there is a need to identify and assess the perceptions of host communities regarding their empowerment, particularly in the social dimension, and how these perceptions influence their attitudes and support for tourism (Boley et al. 2014;Maruyama et al. 2015). Therefore, researchers can identify how tourism development affects communities (Scheyvens 1999;Scheyvens 2002).
This knowledge would allow stakeholders to design a suitable plan for community involvement in tourism development to increase their support for the development and enhance a community's general well-being and quality of life (Scheyvens 1999;Scheyvens 2002). Based on the concept above, the aims of this research are to identify community perception of social empowerment resulted from tourism development, to analyze the community involvement in tourism development in the Kepulauan Seribu National Park and to analyze the relationship between community involvement and perceptions related to social empowerment in tourism development.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research was conducted on Harapan Island and Kelapa Dua Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park (KSNP). KSNP is a marine based tourism destination that has several islands that are used as tourist sites. These two islands were chosen because they are close together and have the same characteristics, especially from the tourism activities offered, such as snorkeling and diving. Those islands also have a community that involve and depend on the marine based tourism activities. This study uses quantitative research methods. The data and information related to the community perception were collected through questionnaires distributed to the people living on Harapan Island and Kelapa Dua Island. During household survey, the researcher distributed the questionnaire by hand to them. The sample size for participants calculated using The Research Advisors (2006) table. The total number of respondents was 290 (201 respondents from Harapan Island and 89 from Kelapa Dua Island). This sample size was large enough to enable statistical parameters to be estimated (sample confidence level was 95% and margin of error 5%). The number of respondents at each island was counted based on the existing household exist at each island. The total population on Harapan Island is 2,075 people with 575 households. Meanwhile, in Kelapa Dua Island there are 502 people with 135 households. All of the respondents are resident lived in the case study areas and over 18-year-old following to Research Ethics Commission using Human Subjects of IPB University.
The data and information collected were the respondents characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education, occupation, and ethnicity); community involvement in the tourism industry and decision-making process related to tourism development, and community perceptions related to social empowerment resulting from tourism activities. The community's perception of social empowerment design based on the Schevyen (1999) framework. Other supporting data and information collected were the research setting condition including physical, biological, socio-cultural conditions of the area, tourist attractions and facilities. Those data were collected through interview with the community and field observation.
The data analysis was employed descriptive statistical analysis (frequency distribution, crosstabulation) and Chi-Square Analysis. A frequency distribution was employed to examine each of the variables (i.e., the respondents' characteristics and the community empowerment indicators). The objective of the analysis was to identify the interesting point from each variable (e.g., dominant, smallest percentage). Cross tabulation was employed to analyze relationships among two or more variables, such as the relationship between respondent characteristics with their involvement in the tourism industry and decision-making process and the respondent's involvement with the indicator of community empowerment dimension.
Therefore, it can represents how they relate to each other. Chi-Square analysis was employed to test the significance of the relationship between variables (Veal 2017). Chi-Square Analysis is a frequently used test of significance in social science. It is based on the null hypothesis: the assumption that there is no relationship between two variables in the total population (Babbie 2012). If the relation between two variables is consistent enough (based on the Chi-square test), one variable can be used to predict or estimate the others (Veal, 2017).

Respondents' characteristic
The total number of respondents in this study was 290 people, with 58.3% women and 41.7% men. Based on education level, 38.3% have completed high school education level, 28.3% completed elementary school, 19.7% have completed junior high school level, 8.3% completed an undergraduate program, and 2.4% completed education level Diploma 3. In these locations, it turns out that there are still community members who do not go to school. About 3.1% of respondents said that they did not complete their primary education level.
A small percentage of respondents came from outside the islands of Harapan and Kelapa Dua island. About 67.2% of respondents said they were born on the island, while 32.8% said they were born elsewhere. However, those who born outside the island is not necessarily immigrant. Some of them are the island's original inhabitants but were born outside the island, and some are newcomers to the two islands.
Based on the age group, most of the respondents were in the age group of 45 -59 years ( The survey result indicated that tourism development in the study area positively impacts social empowerment. It can be seen from Table 1 that the majority of respondents have a positive perception of social empowerment indicators. Even for the conflict from tourism development, less than a third of respondents agree with the statement.
The survey indicated that 72,4% respondents agree that "Tourism in my village makes me feel more connected to the community". It is more likely to connect with the second statement which says that tourism provide opportunity for the community to involve in the community. 71,1% of respondents agree with this statement. By involve in the community activities, the community members could know each other, have an opportunity to help each other, and in the end could feel more connected.
Tourism in the village encourages most respondents (70,6%) to work with others to ensure its development. It might relate to the benefit they get, in the form of economy and other benefits. Boley et al. (2014) suggested that people's support for tourism often influence by their perception of economic benefit from tourism. The community also often has a more positive attitude toward tourism if it benefitted economically from tourism (Maruyama et al., 2016). The result reinforces what literature has noted that economic empowerment is related to social empowerment (Boley et al., 2014;Scheyvens, 1999).
Related to the conflict, most respondents (70%) disagree that tourism in their village increases the conflict in their community. While literature often showed that tourism could create conflict between community due to competition over resources or power (Yang et al. 2013), this community do not indicate those condition. It is necessary to do further investigation why this conducive condition could occur. Because, if seen from the resources, Harapan and Kelapa Dua are small islands with limited resources. Furthermore, there is a dominant ethnic group on each island, which usually affect the imbalance of power in the area (Yang et al. 2013;Rachmawati 2018). These conditions usually create conflict between community members.

Community Involvement in tourism Development
The survey results show that more respondents are involved in the tourism industry than those involved in decision-making or planning activities in tourism development (54.1%; 41.4%) ( Table 2). Several factors influence the involvement opportunity in tourism industry are the availability of tourism industry in the area (P-value 0.019), education (P-value 0,03) and age (P-value 0,002). Related to the availability of tourism employment in the area, the survey result showed that more respondents who live on Harapan Island are involved in the tourism industry than respondents who live on Kelapa Dua Island (58.7%; 43.8%, P-value 0.019). The number of tourism industry are assumed as a factor that influence this condition. Tourism industry involves a variety of people and/or groups including entrepreneurs; tour operators and travel agents who assemble trips; the owner and employees of transportation, accommodation, and restaurant; handicraft makers; tour guides; and other people who offer goods and services to tourists (Cole, 2007). Based on the interviews results, the number of tourism industry exist on Harapan Island is larger than those on Kelapa Dua Island. For example, at Kelapa Dua Island, there were no guides, while at Harapan Island, there were more than 25 guides. In addition, the number of homestays on Harapan Island are more than 100 homestays, and in Kelapa Dua, there are only 4 homestays.
Based on education level, those who has lower and middle level, are more likely to involved in tourism industry (Table 3). Those who has higher education level (university degree) are less likely to involve in tourism industry. The types of jobs available in the area include being a guide, homestay administrator, food and beverage provider. To be able to work in these fields, there are no requirements regarding the level of education. What is required is specific skills. For example, to become a guide, the required expertise or knowledge is about the condition of the island area. And this knowledge is owned by almost all members of society. The finding is in the literature that has suggested that most of the tourism jobs available in the local community are usually those that need low-skilled (Li & Hunter 2015).
The reason why the highest education level has a low percentage of involvement in the tourism industry might relate to the type of employment held by the respondents. The survey result and field observation indicated that the respondents work as a guide, caterer, homestay manager and employee, boat driver, etc. The respondents do not have to get a high-level education to works those type of employment. Table 4 shows that those who involve in the tourism industry more likely the older respondent. The highest percentage are those between 45-59 years old (70,2%). The development of tourism in the KSNP area has been developing for quite a long time. And most of the people depend on tourism for their livelihood. Therefore, most of the respondents belonging to this age group have been involved in the tourism industry since they were young. Some of them also continue the tourism business owned by their parents. As can be seen from the table that the elderly (those whose age more than 60 years are still involved in the tourism industry. These elderly mostly owned the homestay or the restaurant. This result is different from research conducted by Rachmawati (2018) in Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP). In the study, it was seen that the age group under 45 years was more involved in the tourism industry. At GLNP, the tourism activities offered are adventure tourism, where the strength of young people is needed. While in KSNP, the types of tourism industry available are more in the form of homestays, tours and travel, and food stalls. Older people could involve in these types of work.
The survey result showed that only a third of respondents involve in the tourism decision-making process (32,4%). The involvement in the tourism decision-making process in this study is whether they are invited to the meetings related to tourism development or asked about tourism development. The Chi square analysis showed that the characteristic influences the respondent's involvement are gender and occupation. Men are more likely to involve in tourism planning process (39%:27%, P value 0,026). These results might influence by community culture where men are those who has role in the decision-making. In patriarchy, men have responsibility for making decisions (Rachmawati, 2018). The survey indicated that those who more likely to involve in tourism decision-making process are those who work directly related to tourism (tour organizer 48,4%). Which is not surprising since they are work directly in tourism industry. However, it is quite surprising that those who are work as labour and private sectors also more likely to involve in tourism decisionmaking process. The condition of tourism institutions can be assumed as one of the causes. On Harapan Island, there is a group formed to coordinate the implementation of tourism in the area. However, with the diverse conditions of the community, they do not carry out strict management. They will invite all community groups to consult to decide something related to tourism. This causes those involved in the decision-making process to be quite diverse. Meanwhile, on Kelapa Dua Island, there is no special group that manages tourism. Everyone is free to decide what they want regarding tourism activities.

Involvement in Tourism Industry and Community Perception
The survey result indicated that involvement in the tourism industry enhances the positive perception of the community toward the social dimension of empowerment. This finding has reinforced the finding of several scholars (McMillan et al. 2011;Sutawa 2012). The survey result showed that most of the respondents have a positive perception related to the social empowerment dimension. 90% of those who involve and 51% of respondents who do not involve in the tourism industry agree that tourism in their village makes them feel more connected to the community (Table 6). This means the tourism benefit in social dimension is perceived not only by those who involve but also by those who do not involve in the tourism industry.
The survey result indicated that involvement in tourism industry could enhance community member opportunity to involve in their community (P-value 0,000) ( Table 6).
90% respondents who involve in tourism industry also agree that tourism in their village provides an opportunity for them to involve in the community. While for those who do not involve in tourism industry the percentage of those who agree and disagree are almost similar (49% cf. 48%). Social empowerment can occur when communities are exposed to each other through tourism-related events and need to collaborate to make their tourism businesses successful (Maruyama et al. 2016a;Maruyama et al. 2016b) For example, having a common motivation of being successful in tourism may strengthen community connection (Maruyama et al., 2016a). Social empowerment is crucial to community wellbeing and can influence resident attitudes toward tourism development (Boley et al., 2015). The result indicated that even though more than half of respondents agree that tourism in their area encourages them to ensure its success, the involvement in tourism industry could influence community perception related their support to tourism success. It can be seen that those involved in the tourism industry have a higher percentage than those who do not involve (87%:52%). It might be related to the economic benefit perceived by the respondents. Those involved in the tourism industry felt the benefit from the industry, which makes them want the tourism to be sustainable. However, a few (10%) people involved in tourism disagree with the statement, which is quite surprising. There is a need to further investigation about why they disagree.
Related to conflict indicators, literature has suggested that tourism could conflict if it failed to involve the local community in the planning process (Moscardo et al. 2013). However, the survey result in this area showed a surprising result. Table 6 showed that the majority of the respondents disagree that the tourism village in the area increases the community's conflict. The percentage of those who disagree is higher from the respondents who do not involve in the tourism industry than those who involve (78,2%: 63,1%). It might be because the conflict mainly occurs between the tourism business, such as competition. (Moscardo 2005) suggested that in some cases, the emergence of local entrepreneurs could result in conflict and competition since the tourism development often favored local families who had capital and expertise, raising equity issues and access to tourism funds and benefits.

Involvement in Tourism Planning Process and Community Perception
The Chi-Square analysis showed that involvement in the tourism planning process could also influence respondents' perception of social empowerment indicators. The majority of respondents positively perceive the social empowerment indicators, except for the conflict indicator (Table 7). Related to whether tourism makes them more connected to the community, those involved in the tourism planning process have a higher percentage than those who do not involve (86%:66%, P-value 0,015).
As suggested in the literature, the community could develop social capital and integrated leadership by involving in the planning process (Thomas & Middleton 2003;Steiner & Farmer 2017), this research result also indicated the similar condition.
As suggested in the literature, by being involved in the planning process, the community could share their opinion (Steiner & Farmer, 2017;Thomas & Middleton, 2003). The finding of this research also indicated similar results. Even most of those who do not involve in the decision-making process also agree that tourism gives them a way to involve in communities' activities. However, those involved have a higher percentage than those who do not involve (85%: 64%, P-value 0,003), which means involvement in the tourism decisionmaking process influences the respondents' perception. The result finds indicate that tourism development in the area has a conducive opportunity structure in the community empowerment process (Alsop & Heinsohn 2005) since the opportunity to involve not only those who participate in the tourism decision-making process but also for the majority of community members. Scholar has noted that involving the community in the tourism decision-making process could enhance community sense of 'ownership of tourism development in their area (Thomas & Middleton 2003;Steiner & Farmer 2017). Furthermore, the community would have a more significant commitment and responsibility for the development (Thomas & Middleton 2003;Steiner & Farmer 2017). The study result also indicated a similar finding. The survey showed that those involved in the tourism decision-making process have higher percentages than those who do not involve (83%: 65%) related to the statement that tourism encourages them to cooperate with others to ensure its success (Table  7). However, the result also showed that few people involved in the tourism decision-making process disagree with the statement, which is quite concerning. There is a need a further investigation why they disagree. Related to the conflict created by tourism, most respondents disagree with the statement. However, the surprising result is that those who do not get involved in the tourism decision-making process are higher than those involved (77%: 52%, P-value 0,000) (Table 7).

CONCLUSION
The result indicated that tourism development at Harapan and Kelapa Dua Island resulted in positive social empowerment for the local community. The tourism activities that exist in the area could allow the community to involve in local activities. Their involvement furthermore could enhance community cohesion. The community also seems to felt that tourism could give them the benefit. The benefit felt by the community then encourages them to ensure the success of the tourism development in their area. Despite the claim that tourism often creates a conflict between the local community, this research does not show a similar result since only a few people feel that tourism increases the conflict within their community.
Involvement in tourism development, both in the tourism industry and the decision-making process, is a critical aspect to achieve sustainable tourism development. Tourism development in Harapan and Kelapa Dua Islands seems to provide more than half of the local community members involved in the tourism industry. However, the opportunity to involve in the decision-making process seems to be lower than an opportunity to involve in the tourism industry. The factors that affect the local community to involve in the tourism industry and decision-making process are relatively different. The factors that influence the opportunity to involve in the tourism industry are the availability of the tourism industry in the area and personal characteristics such as education and age. While factors that influence community members to involve in the tourism decision-making process are more likely related to community value. Community view that those who have the responsibility to make a decision are men. The values cause the women to have less opportunity to involve in the decision-making process.
The finding of this research also seems to reinforce the scholar's suggestion that community involvement could be a tool to achieve sustainable tourism development goals. The result indicated that by involving in the tourism industry and decision-making process, community members have a more positive perception toward community empowerment outcomes, particularly in the social empowerment dimension. This research has a limitation, such as the method employed are focused on quantitative methods. This method prevents the researcher to get a deeper understanding related to the community condition. Therefore, further research with a qualitative approach is needed.