OPTIMIZATION OF THE ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAMARES ECOTOURISM IN BIAK NUMFOR REGENCY

Samares is a coastal area in the villages of Sepse and Imndi in the East Biak District, Papua. Samares has several natural tourism objects that have the potential to be used for ecotourism activities. However, the current condition of the potency for ecotourism has not been well developed. Stakeholders participation was analyzed to identify and map the stakeholders’ involvement and to formulate the role of stakeholders in the development of ecotourism in Samares. This research was conducted in Sepse Village from June to August 2019. Data were obtained from field observations, literature review, questionnaires and semi-directive interview. The data were analyzed using scoring technique to determine interest and influence of stakeholders. The results showed that there were 16 stakeholders involved in the development of ecotourism in Samares, which were categorized as subjects, key players, context setters, and crowds. Stakeholders consist of provincial and district government, NGO, community, and private entities. To enhance the development of ecotourism in Samares, increased collaboration of programs, synchronization and coordination that ecotourism management can be conducted unitedly and efficiently, increase stakeholders’ participation, and increasing tourism promotion activities in Samares.


INTRODUCTION
Ecotourism is a form of nature-based tourism that strives to be ecologically, economically, and sociocultural sustainable while providing opportunities for appreciating and learning about the natural environment or specific elements thereof (Weaver 2001). Ecotourism is characterized by involving conservation ethics, educational and environmental interpretation, emphasizing on ecological sustainability and minimizing potential impacts, as well as ensuring natural areas for ecotourism are preserved for the next generation (Roxana 2012).
Samares is one of the coastal areas in East Biak District with a high natural tourism potential. It is located in Sepse Village and Imndi Village, East Biak District, Biak Numfor Regency, Papua Province. Samares is developed into an ecotourism area since it has unique attractions. One of which is Telaga Opersnondi or known as the Blue Lagoon. The uniqueness of the lagoon is the crystal clear, blue, and brackish water. The locals people said that the depth is about 10-15 meters. In addition, another attraction is the white and clear sand of Samares Beach.
Some other ecotourism areas in East Biak District, particularly in Sepse Village and Imndi Village, that are less popular are teak plantation, Sepse Cave, Gunung Pintu Angin, bycyle tracking, and many more. East Biak District has many potential tourist objects to develop into the national level, making this district as the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) listed on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (PP RI) Number 50 of 2011 on "Master Plan of National Tourism Development 2010-2025".
Ecotourism potentials in Sepse Village and Imndi Village are not only unique, but also remain untouched (natural), making the objects have high aesthetical values. Other attraction is the fisherman around Sepse Village and Imndi Village who have tradition/culture in fishing known as "Snap Mor". Hence, Sepse Village and Imndi Village have their tourism potentials in the form of attractive beauty of nature and culture to build and develop into a tourist destination in Papua.
The main problem of ecotourism development in Samares lies on the poor coordination between stakeholders. Tourist object development in Samares requires a cooperation between tourism actors that is coordinated, sustainable and continuous. Alviya et al. (2016) stated that the role and participation of the stakeholders who have important position and influence on various activities will indicate a success in managing an area.
In optimizing the development of ecotourism, it needs the role of the stakeholders at the central, regional, and community levels (Hidayah et al. 2019). Based on PP Number 50 of 2011, to achieve changes in line with the objective of tourist destination development, it needs an institution as a continuous unit or cooperation between various parties, including the central government, regional government, private sector, and community. Reed et al. (2009) stated that in the process of decision-making and determining environmental policies at national and international levels, the participation or roles of the stakeholders are required.
An understanding of the existence of stakeholders is necessary to understand the roles and position of each stakeholder (Alviya et al. 2016). To create this understanding, a stakeholder analysis is needed to provide support in the implementation of ecotourism development in Samares. It is in line with Alviya et al. (2016), that the first step to identify the potential level and involvement of the stakeholders is by conducting a stakeholder analysis. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the roles and cooperation of the stakeholders in ecotourism development in Samares.

RESEARCH METHOD
This study was conducted in Samares, Sepse Village and Imndi Village, East Biak District, Biak Numfor Regency. It was conducted for 3 months, from June-August 2019. The study was conducted using two approaches namely the qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was expected to describe the roles and influences of stakeholders in the development of ecotourism in Sepse Village and Imndi Village.
The data were collected from the results of field observation, literature study and interview with several communities (NGOs), government agencies and private groups involved in the development of ecotourism in Biak Numfor Regency. The interview was conducted using the semi-directive interview method with the respondents were guided in the discussion related to the research topic. The sampling technique was based on certain criteria in accordance with the research objectives (purposive sampling). The selection of respondent was based on the purposive sampling by considering that the respondents are ecotourism actors, both individuals and institutions who understand the problems at the research location.
The data were grouped into two: main data and supporting data. The main data were obtained through field observation and in-depth interview with the stakeholders. The supporting data were documents in the form of data on tourism, laws and regulations, including The quantitative data are in the form of importance and influence criteria of the stakeholders implemented in a scoring system. The scoring model is referred to Siregar (2011) ( Table 1).
The analysis used in this study is a stakeholder analysis by: 1) identifying stakeholders, 2) grouping and categorizing stakeholders based on the level of interest and influence of each stakeholder (Reed et al. 2009). The stakeholder analysis was processed using Microsoft Excel.

Stakeholder Identification
Based on the results of identification, there are 16 stakeholders involved in the development of ecotourism in Samares, East Biak District. The stakeholders consist of five groups, they are the stakeholders from the government, community, NGO, university and private sector. Based on their functions, these stakeholders have their roles as presented in Table 2. One of the fundamental aspects in conducting a stakeholder analysis is to identify each stakeholder (Alviya et al. 2016). Stakeholder identification is needed to examine the general involvement of the stakeholders related to the development process of ecotourism in Samares. Stakeholder identification is also carried out to see an overview related to the involvement of the stakeholders in the management process of Ciliwung watershed (Alviya et al. 2016). Based on the identification above, it can be seen the parties and their roles in the development process of ecotourism in Samares. Each stakeholder has different strengths according to the function and optimization of the stakeholders in developing ecotourism.
Based on Table 2, it shows that there are 16 stakeholders involved in the development process of ecotourism in Samares. The Protection Forest Management Unit (KPHL) and the Tourism and Culture Office of Biak Numfor Regency are two implementing units that are fully responsible for managing various ecotourism activities in Samares, especially in protected forest environment. Other stakeholders included in the government element are the Public Works Office, the Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Research Yogya, Center for Watershed Management and Protected Forest Management (BPDASHL) Memberano Jayapura, the Community Empowerment Agency, and East Biak District. Based on their roles, it can be seen that stakeholders from government element is responsible from planning, developing management model and implementing technical operation, rehabilitation, monitoring and evaluation. Meanwhile, BPDASHL Memberano Jayapura has a role as an institution or stakeholder that is responsible for managing watershed and protection forests.
The stakeholders coming from community element consists of Samares Ecotourism Group, Sepse Village, Imndi Village and Byak Traditional Council. While from the NGO elements are Rumsram Foundation, Samdhana Institute and Mnukwar. Based on the roles, stakeholders coming from the community and NGO are responsible for empowering the local community, promoting ecotourism activities, and holding trainings for the community regarding the use, care and maintenance of ecotourism so that it remains sustainable and developing.
State University of Papua (UNIPA) and PT. JSK Korea is a stakeholder from higher education and private sector. UNIPA is responsible for research activities related to the development of ecotourism in KPHL area, forest utilization, and ecotourism carrying capacity. PT. JSK Korea plays a role in supporting the development of ecotourism activities in Samares financially. Broadly speaking, the implementation of stakeholders' involvement and interests in the development of ecotourism activities in Samares can be seen in Table 3. The roles of stakeholders were analyzed to describe the interests and roles of the stakeholders (Hidayah et al. 2019). Bryson (2003) states that the analysis of the roles of stakeholders is based on the interest of the stakeholders in a problem and the power (strength) of each stakeholder in influencing the problem. Sufficient understanding of the stakeholders on interest and authority will influence the success of a program (Hardiansyah 2012).

Stakeholder Category
Stakeholders are classified based on their level of interest and influence in the development of ecotourism in Samares. The level of interest of stakeholder is assessed from several aspects, that are stakeholders' involvement, benefits of ecotourism development, stakeholders' authority in ecotourism development, stakeholders' programs, and stakeholder's dependence. Meanwhile, the influence aspect is assessed from several indicators such as management rules or policies, roles and participation, ability to interact, authority in management, and capacity of the provided resources. The interest and influence aspects of the 16 stakeholders involved in the development of ecotourism in Samares are presented in Table 4 and Table 5. The score of the level of importance and influence presented in Table 4 and Table 5 shows that each stakeholder has a different level of importance and influence. It is because each stakeholder has different main duties. Based on the results of the analysis, the stakeholders with high level of importance and influence are the stakeholders of KPHL and Disparbud Biak Numfor Regency. It shows that KPHL and Disparbud of Biak Numfor Regency have high responsibility for the management and development of ecotourism in Samares. The other 14 stakeholders have moderately high and less high level of importance according to the function of the stakeholders in the development of ecotourism in Samares.
Based on the score of the level of importance and influence above, the stakeholder can be classified into 4: subject, key player, context setter, and crowd. The stakeholders who are included in these categories are presented in Figure 1.  The subject group is stakeholders who have high interest, but low authority. The stakeholder who fall into this category are Village Empowerment Agency and State University of Papua. This is because these two stakeholders have high concern on the development of ecotourism in Samares, but they do not have strong power to carry out the programs directly. According to Alviya et al. (2016), parties included in the subject category are usually due to lack of human resources, not stated in the management main duties and function, and low resource capacity.
The key player is the stakeholder who has a high concern and power among the stakeholders. The stakeholders included in the key player category are KPHL Biak Numfor, Public Works Office, Disparbud Biak Numfor, East Biak District, The Samdhana Institute, Rumsram Foundation, Sepse Village, Imndi Village, Samares Ecotourism Group, and PT. JSK Korea. It is because these stakeholders have great roles in the development process of ecotourism in Samares. The key player group has sufficient resources to carry out various ecotourism management and development activities starting from the planning, activities implementation, monitoring and evaluation stages. In addition, KPHL and Disparbud have high interest and influence because the ecotourism area in Sepse Village is located in the protection forest area. These parties have the power to influence others by relying on their own knowledge, network, the power to influence others, and the authority to make decisions.
Context setter group is the stakeholder who has the ability to influence other stakeholders lain to participate in implementing and supporting the management and development of ecotourism in the region. The stakeholders who fall into this category are the Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Research Yogya and BPDASHL Memberano Jayapura.
Crowd group is the stakeholder who has a low level of importance and influence on the development of ecotourism in Samares. The stakeholder who falls into this category is Mnukwar. According to Hernawan et al. (2018), the stakeholder included in this crowd group needs to be reconsidered to be involved in the decisionmaking according to their respective capacities.
The development of Samares ecotourism area requires a high level of cooperation between stakeholders from the central government, regional, private sector as well as the community. It means cooperation between two or more parties who provide mutual benefits and have goals that can work together in developing ecotourism activities. The collaboration between stakeholders is presented in Table 6. Yogya and BPDASHL Memberano Jayapura), and crowd (Mnukwar). Key player has a high influence and importance in the development of ecotourism in Samares. Key players must work collaboratively by involving and inviting stakeholders in the group of subject, context setter, and crowd.
The collaboration between stakeholders in the development of ecotourism in Samares tends to be weak, especially those that involve local communities, so the roles and attention of local communities to ecotourism is still low. In developing ecotourism in Samares, a binding cooperation between stakeholders is needed, increasing program collaboration, synchronization, and coordination so that ecotourism management can be carried out in an integrated and well-programmed manner. Furthermore, it needs to building ecotourism awareness through the Samares Ecotourism Group, empowering the community to take advantage of each tourist attraction in improving the economy, increasing tourism object promotion activities from the Disparbud website and other government websites.