SIGNIFIKANSI PREVENTIVE EXPENDITURES VALUATION DALAM BIOPROSPEKSI SUMBERDAYA GENETIK DI INDONESIA
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Published
31 May 2016
Abstract
Great potential of Indonesian biodiversity provides benefits and challenges as well in its protection and preservation. One critical issue arise along the rapid development of biotechnology is on genetic resources commersialization. Precautionary approach as mandated by Convention on Biological Diversity alternatively can be used as an opportunity for performing sustainable use of genetic resources. However, the lack of economic valuation of national natural resources is became an obstacle. Preventive expenditures is a common expenditures spent to avoid or prevent externalities. This normative research aims to find the significance of this method, on the basis of precautionary approach, to valuate the genetic resources within bioprospecting applications.
References
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[2] Andow, D. A., C. Zwahlen, 2006. Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants. ecological letters 9, pp.196–214.
[3] Arrow, K., M. Cropper, G. Eads, R. Hahn, L. Lave, R. Noll, P. Portney, M. Russel, R.Schmalensee, S.V. Kerry, R. Stavins. 1996. Benefit-cost analysis in environmental, health and safety. The Annapolis Center and Resources for the Future, American Enterprise Institute.
[4] Byrd, D. M., R. Cothern, 2000. Introduction to Risk Analysis. A Systematic Approach to Science-Based Decision Making. Government Institutes. CEC. European Council Directive 2001/18/EC, Rockville.
[5] CEC. 2000. Communication From the Commission on the Precautionary Principle. [6] De Melo-Martin, I., Z. Meghani, 2008. Beyond Risk. EMBO Reports 9, pp.302–308.
[7] Elliot, C. Kevin, Dickson, Michael, 2012. Distinguishing Risk and Uncertainty in Risk Assessments of Emerging Technologies. Pantaneto Issue 48-October 2012.
[8] [EEA] European Environment Agency. 2002. Late Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary Principle 1896–2000. EEA Risk Paper.
[9] Eurobarometer, 2006. Europeans and Biotechnology. Dalam: Pattern and Trends, Eurobarometer 64.3, G. Gaskell et al., DG Research, Brussels.
[10] Graham, J. D., J.B.Wiener, 2008, The Precautionary principle and risk-risk tradeoffs: a comment. Journal of Risk Research 11,pp. 465–474
[11] Kanongdate, K., M. Schmidt, K. Rene, Wiegleb, Gerhard, 2012. Has implementation of the precautionary principle failed to prevent biodiversity loss at the national. Biodiversity and Conservation 21, pp.3307–3322.
[12] Kriebel, D., J. Tickner, P. Epstein, J. Lemons, R. Levins, E. L. Loechler, et al., 2001. The Precautionary principle in environmental science. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, pp. 871–876
[13] Leipert, C., 1989. Social costs of the economic process and national accounts: the example of defensive expenditures. The Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 3, pp. 27–46.Levidow, L. 2001, Precautionary uncertainty: regulating gm crops in europe. Social Studies of Science, 31 pp. 842–874.
[14] Myhr, A.I., 2010. A Precautionary approach to genetically modified organisms: challenges and implications for policy and science. Journal of Agriculture and Environment Ethics 23, pp. 501–525.
[15] Morris, J. 2002, The Relationships between risk analysis and the precautionary principle. Toxicology, pp. 181–182, 127– 130.
[16] Pomeroy, R.S., 1992. Economic valuation: available methods. Dalam: ICLARM Conference Proceedings 37, editor. Integrative Framework and Methods for Coastal Area Management, pp. 149–162.
[17] Ribaudo, M., J.S. Shortle, 2001. Estimating benefits and costs of pollution control policies. Environmental Policies for Agricultural Pollution Control. CABI Publishing, UK, pp. 85–122.
[18] Sandin, P., 2004. The Precautionary principle and the concept of precaution. Environmental Values 13, pp. 461–475.
[19] Saunders, T. Peter, 2000. Use and abuse of precautionary approach. Dalam: The ISIS submission to US Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy (ACIEP) Biotech.
[20] Sorensen, J., 1997. National and international efforts at integrated coastal management: definitions, achievements, and lessons. Coastal Management 25, pp. 3–41.
[21] Starling, 2007. Risk precaution and science: towards a more constructive policy debate. EMBO Reports 8, pp. 309–315.
[22] Stirling, A. 2008, Science precaution and the politics of technological risk. Annuals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1128, pp. 95–110
[23] Tsunokawa, Koji, C. Hoban, 1997. Roads and the environment: a handbook. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank Technical Paper 376, US.
[24] UNESCO COMEST. 2005. The Precautionary Principle. UNESCO Communication Paper.
[25] Von Schomberg, R. 2006, The Precautionary Principle and its Normative Challenges. Dalam Chapter 2, editor E. Fisher, et al. (Eds.). Implementing the Precautionary Principle: Perspetives and Prospects. Cheltenham, UK.
[26] Weiss, A., 2007. Defining Precaution. Environment, 49(8), pp. 36–39.
Authors
SantosoW. Y. (2016) “SIGNIFIKANSI PREVENTIVE EXPENDITURES VALUATION DALAM BIOPROSPEKSI SUMBERDAYA GENETIK DI INDONESIA”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 6(1), p. 86. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.6.1.86.
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