Blockchain Technology Meets Traceability in Fruit Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Review

Fruits are easily damaged, therefore, a tracing system is needed to ensure the commodity is well received by consumers. This study is a systematic review aims to identify areas where the fruits traceability provides the most value for supply chain management and to develop elements of a future research agenda for the fruits traceability in supply chain management. PRISMA or Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses is used to help the systematic literature review. The result showed thad there are several values in applying traceability to the fruit supply chain, such as traceability guarantees the quality of fruit in the supply chain, traceability protects from fraud. Traceability will help increase consumer confidence in food safety, particularly on fruit. Blockchain technology is a promosing technology for a traceability system in industry and can be used successfully, by modifying the supply chain system and meeting the limitations first.


INTRODUCTION
Fruits are easily damaged, therefore, a tracing system is needed to ensure the commodity is well received by consumers. Traceability of agricultural products is intended to present information on all or part of the supply chain of agricultural products ranging from harvesting, transportation, storage to distribution and sales that can guarantee the quality and safety of products distributed or consumed by consumers (Schiefer, 2008).
A traceability system must identify actors in the system, which will identify information as the most important requirement for developing an effective traceability system (Hu et al., 2013). In agriculture, a traceability system is needed to overcome several problems, for example the improper use of pesticides and fertilizers on fruits and vegetables which endanger human health. The implementation of traceability for food commodities has been carried out by Walmart. It conducts with the support of blockchain technology by IBM. Walmart has successfully carried out traceability on two commodities, namely porks in China and mangoes in the United States. Traceability carried out with blockchain technology, succeeded in tracing the origin of mangoes from 7 days to just 2.2 seconds and increased transparency (Kamath, 2018).
In addition, consumer attention to the quality of agricultural products has increased in recent years, which makes a traceability system more necessary (Mirabelli & Solina, 2020). Traceability in the supply chain of an agricultural product is faced with technological challenges that can integrate the entire traceable data for the supply chain (Liu & Gao, 2016).
In industry, blockchain has been emerged as a promising technology for a traceability system (Song et al., 2020). Blockchain is a technology that proposed to be a new model in tracing agricultural supply chains (Casado-Vara et al., 2018). So, at present, blockchain technology is a technology that can guarantee the tracking and tracing of agricultural supply chains. By implementing blockchain technology, the traceability and capacity to share information about production processes will be made easier and trustworthy. The objective of this review are: (1) Identify how the traceability provides the most value for fruits supply chain management (2) Identify how the use of blockchain technology could solve them.

RESEARCH METHOD
This study is a systematic literatur review, about fruit traceability. PRISMA or Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was conducted to help the systematic literature review. PRISMA is a published standard to conduct a systematic literature review.
The ATLAS.ti 7.0 software is used to help categorize and encode literature reviews. ATLAS.ti has the abbreviation Archiv fur Technik, Lebenswelt, Alltags Sprache (Archieve of Technology, Lifeworld and Everyday Language). ATLAS name prop up the idea as a map of the world and this described in document management meaningful. These software provides meaning of interpretation text (Friese, 2014).

Result
This study uses the main database, namely Scopus, because it is robust. However, no database is perfect or comprehensive, including Scopus. This study conducted searches on several well-established sources such as Science Direct, Proquest and Google Scholar, which are trusted databases, with searches in the areas of supply chain management, operations management, logistics or operations research.
A total of 241 articles were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined by the researchers (Table 1). The first criterion was the literature type in which the researchers decided to focus only on research paper, review paper, conference proceeding as the primary sources. Hence, this further implies that other publication form were excluded in this research. In addition, the review only focused on articles that were published in English. The 2012-2020 range was chosen, because based on the search results, before 2012 there was no research that discussed traceability in the fruit supply chain using blockchain technology. The most important is all articles published in the field of social science, Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Operation Management, Research Operation, were selected in order to increase the possibility of retrieving related articles. Eventually a total of 10 remaining articles is ready to be analyzed.  Some codes applied at this stage are technology in traceability in agricultural supply chain, traceability in consumer's perspective, traceability in tools analysis , and fruit traceability. A summary of the design and characteristics of the 6 studies (refer to Figure 2.1. above) included in the systematic review with excluded due to articles are not based on focus on fruit traceability (114 articles). This Table 2 below is a summary of the review of fruit traceability based on systematic literature review.

Discussions
In agribusiness commodity context, the application of the blockchain technology is still in its early stage. Particularly about fruit traceability issues, very few papers are present in the literature.
This following discussion show (1) the traceability provides the most value for fruits supply chain management (2) how the use of blockchain technology could solve them. RO1. To identify areas where the traceability provides the most value for fruits supply chain management. The following are some of the values of the traceability process in fruit supply chain management: (Palmieri et al., 2009;Saltini et al., 2013;Vanany et al., 2016) (Mirabelli & Solina, 2020;Syahruddin & Kalchschmidt, 2012;Vanany et al., 2015) 1. Traceability guarantees the quality of fruit in the supply chain, besides traceability can authenticate and identify products in order to protect consumers. 2. Traceability protects the food industry, from farmers, distributors and consumers from fraud or fraud, with more specific and accurate measurements. 3. In agriculture, the search for a reliable system in the supply chain for agricultural commodities is needed to reduce problems or shortages such as providing pesticides that are harmful to human health. 4. Traceability will help increase consumer confidence in food safety 5. To identify what is wrong in a company's supply chain, a good tracing system is needed that is able to reveal the problems that occur along the chain 6. Blockchain technology can help provide solutions to these problems by overcoming the challenges of visibility and traceability. RO2 To develop elements of a future research agenda for the fruit traceability within the supply chain. The following is a table that shows a summary of the problem of traceability in the fruit supply chain and how blockchain technology contributes to solving these problems (Table  3). Table 3

. A Summary
The Problems Blockchain Contribution to Solve The Problems Two-way traceability: distribution of perishable products and transportation and detection of on-farm processes, for example the use of pesticides (Aiello et al., 2015;Paciarotti & Torregiani, 2021).
Blockchain technology promises a system that is transparent, resistant, damaged and safe (Casino et al., 2019) Source of traceability information (Aiello et al., 2015;Folinas et al., 2006) Blockchain technology can safely store digital transactions and distributed software mechanisms that provide systems with a list of trusted asset transactions, without requiring central trust authority (A. Banerjee, 2018;M. Banerjee et al., 2018). Regulations that emphasize product quality assurance, which can force farmers to care about the traceability of agricultural products, especially fruit (Manning & Soon, 2013;Wei & Huang, 2017).
Blockchain technology can help provide solutions to these problems by overcoming the challenges of visibility and traceability (Alharby & Moorsel, 2018): a. Traceability will help increase consumer confidence in food safety (Andoni et al., 2019). b. To identify what is wrong in a company's supply chain, a good tracing system is needed that is able to reveal the problems that occur along the chain (Angrish et al., 2018).
Farmers acceptance of adoption in the traceability system, especially in regions or countries where most producers market their products independently. (Souza Monteiro & Caswell, 2009) Blockchain technology is considered as one of the main techniques that are strong in security and privacy domain (Galvez et al., 2018;Hirbli, 2018).
Traceability of the type of fruit used as raw material for a product(Ab Rashid & Bojei, 2019;Liao et al., 2011) .
Each block has a limit on how many transactions it can have, so usually the actors prioritize transactions by choosing the most profitable (A. Banerjee, 2018) Actors in fruit supply chain management develop traceability as an organized habit or routine (Routroy & Behera, 2017).
The blockchain structure manages all transactions in a robust and auditable manner (A. Banerjee, 2018) There is a linking of the fruit traceability to performances of the chains as a driver to reach sustainability. Developing an technology in a traceability system that is relatively supportive to help members of the supply chain to complete their traceability system capabilities. Organizing fruit traceability significantly involves the integration of different supply network actors as well as the time-limited integration of external actors with technical competence about the traceability system. Some fruit traces that have been clearly explored are mangoes, cocoa, strawberries; blueberries; currant; raspberry; orange; pineapple. Other studies only mention fresh fruit or more generally by mentioning an agricultural commodity.
Based on the references studied, in the agricultural sector, especially fruit traceability, there are almost no real case studies, so the benefits derived from the traceability process are unclear. In addition, it is necessary to deepen the tendency of potential stakeholders towards the adoption of this blockchain technology; substantially. Much effort is still needed in order to increase the credibility and reputation of blockchain technology.

CONCLUSION
The research gap based on fruit traceability as the main finding is there are several values in applying traceability to the fruit supply chain, such as traceability guarantees the quality of fruit in the supply chain, traceability protects from fraud. Traceability will help increase consumer confidence in food safety, particularly on fruit.
Blockchain technology appears to be very useful in traceability, which in the near future might be a valid means of minimizing fraud and errors in the fruit supply chain, thereby increasing quality and safety. The fruits that has implemented traceability are mangoes, cocoa, strawberries;