Structure and Dominance of Species in Mangrove Forest on Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Kutai National Park ( KNP ) is located in East Kutai Regency on East Kalimantan Province. It is endowed with numerous pristine of mangrove forest. However, the information to the species composition and diversity of KNP mangrove was still scanty. Twenty-one of mangrove species were recorded using the quadratic transects survey method ( total plot area of ​​1.7 ha ) . Main species of mangrove communities was Avicennia lanata, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhysa, B. sexangular, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata , and Sonneratia alba. Mangrove density was recorded reached as 1,699 trees ha , saplings of 4,395 ha , and seedlings of 25,348 ha . Significant tree density was founded in Pandan Bay Estuary. While in the Lombok Bay and the Kaba Bay were significant for sapling and seedling categories. Importance value index of mangrove species in the three study locations for three growth categories ( tree, sapling, and seedling ) showed significant differences ( ) . p-value > 0.05 Mangrove stand at three study locations had almost the same characteristics. The species diversity and evenness index has shown the same distribution pattern. This study's findings suggest that KNP mangrove forest stand was not heavily damaged even though there were many human activities. This mangrove could be managed and conserved for multi-sectoral purposes such as ecotourism, research, biodiversity, and education rather than solely as a nature conservation area.


Introduction
Mangroves in Southeast Asia provide valuable ecosystem services for human well-being (Brander et al., 2012). Mangroves support various wildlife, fishery resources and provide various commercial products and ecological services (Saenger, 1999). The existence of mangrove ecosystems is important for the environment and other organisms because of their ecological and economic values (Herison et al., 2014). Mangrove forests are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. The existence of mangroves enriches coastal water, produces commercial forest products, protects coastlines, and supports coastal fisheries (Kathiresan & Bingham, 2001). In Indonesia, there are various species of mangroves consisting of about 157 species (52 species of tree, 21 species of shrub, 13 species of liana, seven species of palm, 14 species of grass, eight species of herb, three species of parasite, 36 species of epiphyte, three species of fern) (Kusmana & Sukristijiono, 2016).
In Balikpapan Bay on East Kalimantan, there were 13 Anthropogenic disruption to the extent of mangrove forests that occur in Southeast Asia is relatively extensive. The disturbance was due to aquaculture/agricultural practices during the 1996-2010 period (Thomas et al., 2017). KNP mangrove forests continue to experience pressure due to increasing human activities for settlement, agriculture, and other activities (Sayektiningsih & Gunawan, 2012). Based on the spatial analysis in 2011, the total area of open mangrove species recorded with different distribution and density patterns. The species that dominated based on the importance value index (IVI) was Rhizophora apiculata (Warsidi & Endayani, 2017). In Bulungan North Kalimantan there were 11 species. The species found are dominated by R. mucronata and R. apiculata from the family of Rhizophoraceae (Kartika et al., 2018). In Sebatik Nunukan Island North Kalimantan, there are 16 reported species and dominated by Sonneratia alba (Ardiansyah et al., 2012). The mangrove formation in the Mahakam Delta of Kutai Kertanegara East Kalimantan, species were found, namely Avicennia officinalis, A. alba, A. lanata, A. marina, S. caseolaris, S. alba, S. ovata, R. apiculata, R. Mucronata, Acrostichum aureum, Heriteira littoralis, Tigillarium oncosperm, Nypa fruticans (Fawzi & Husna, 2017). Then based on a 2013 research report in the Kutai National Park (KNP) mangrove communities found were as many as 12 species consisting of R. mucronata, R. apiculata, R. stylosa, Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops decandera, C. tagal, S. alba, S. caseolaris, A. alba, Xylocarpus granatum, N. fruticans, and Pandanus tectorius (Budiarsa & Rizal, 2013). Along with current development, regional development, population distribution and changes in land use, then the mangroves need to be evaluated periodically. Previous research on mangrove vegetation in KNP was mostly carried out in Lombok Bay, while a wide distribution of mangroves is also found in the Kaba Bay and Pandan Bay Estuary. This study was done to strengthen the information as primary data related to mangrove forest diversity and sustainability.
forests is ± 23,0% (Wijaya, 2011) then 2013 the mangrove forest that has been opened is ± 26.2%, namely for ponds and open land. KNP is recognized as one of the National Parks in Indonesia designed to preserve Borneo's tropical forest ecosystem, including mangrove ecosystem that has high productivity (Budiarsa & Rizal, 2013). Based on these conditions and literature reviewed, it is important to do an inventory and evaluation of mangroves structure and composition. The mangrove forest in KNP is a nature conservation area (kawasan pelestarian alam, KPA) which must be preserved. This study's main objective was to determine the composition, dominance, and diversity of mangroves to strengthen knowledge about biodiversity and the preservation of mangrove forests as a natural conservation area. The second objective was to increase the renewal of mangrove vegetation data for future mangrove management.
Study area KNP is the oldest conservation area in Indonesia. The Dutch East Indies government established the area in 1932 under Wildreservaat Koetai, then became Forestry Reserve in 1934 (KNP, 2005). KNP mangroves are primary natural forests. Some mangrove forests have experienced disturbance, especially in the Lombok Bay (LB), for mangroves in Kaba Bay (KB), and Pandan Bay Estuary (PBE), the disturbance to the forest is still relatively small. This research was conducted in mangrove forests in three locations, namely LB, KB, and PBE on Kutai KNP. Administratively, the area is included in the East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The estimated area of mangrove forest observed in LB is 1,442.2 ha, KB is 1,120.8 ha, and PBE is 835.4 ha. The research location as presented in is geographically located

Data collection and sampling techniques
The research method used is quantitative descriptive method. The research plot was made by purposive sampling with multiple plots (quadratic transects) following the standards described by (English et al., 1997). At the three study sites, each consisted of 6 stations. The number and size of plot areas in each location are proportionally considered according to the area of mangrove forest. The total number of plots was 170 plots with a 1.7 ha (sampling intensity 0.05%). The research plot size is 10 × 10 m for trees (diameter ≥10 cm), 5 × 5 m for stakes (height above 1.5 m and diameter ≤ 10 cm), and 2 × 2 m for seedlings/saplings (height below 1, 5 m). Placement of the plot is carried out extending from the seashore or coastline ( Figure 2). Data analysis Vegetation data were analyzed using the IVI of species. IVI is obtained based on density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, dominance, relative dominance. IVI for trees is calculated based on the sum of relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance. IVI for seedling and sapling is calculated based on the sum of relative density and relative frequency (Curtis & Mcintosh, 1950). The highest IVI determines the dominant species at each of the growth stages.

Materials and research tools
The material used in this study consisted of mangrove vegetation. The tools used consist of a Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine the survey location, Arc-GIS Software (Arc-view) for making study maps. Phi-band to measure tree diameter, clinometer to measure tree height, roll meters and ropes to measure or make research plots, mangrove guidebook for mangrove identification, measuring tape for marking plots, and cameras for research documentation.
was conducted for approximately four months, namely from January to April 2019. The research stages consisted of research preparation, literature review, field survey, data processing, and report of research result.
The vegetation data is also used for community index analysis, such as the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H'  (Barbour et al., 1987;Djufri et al., 2016;Eddy et al., 2019).

Results and Discussion
Species composition Total mangroves recorded at the study site were 21 species, 20 species were true mangroves and one mangrove association species. There is only one species of mangrove association. There is a possibility that other species of mangrove association cannot adapt to the KNP mangrove ecosystem. These 21 species consist of 9 families and mangrove species often founded from the family Rhizopharaceae, Combretaceae and Avicenniaceae Furthermore, the evenness index of species Pielou (J) is calculated, showing the level of individual distribution of each species. J value (Pielou, 1975) Magnitude J < 0.3 indicates low species evenness, 0.3 < J < 0.6 indicates moderate species evenness and J > 0.6 indicates relatively high species evenness (Magurran, 1988;Ghufrona et al., 2015).
Comparisons between the three study sites and the three growth categories (tree, sapling and seedling) are known by conducting a t-test. The difference in mangrove characteristics between the three locations in each parameter uses a 95% confidence level. The significant difference is determined if p-value > 0.05 then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, or the value of the resulting parameter is greater than the mean value used for the significant test. (Table 1). In two locations (KB and PBE) each has 15 species. Besides having the same regional characteristics, both of these locations are also mangrove forests in one stretch with a coastline of about 17.02 km. Both of these locations were of two species not found, namely Lumnitzera racemose and Acrosticum speciosum. Both species were only found in LB mangrove. The total of mangrove species in LB were 14 species and species not found in these locations such as N. fruticans, A. alba, C. decandera, P. tectorius, B. cylindrical, and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. The species not found were found in two research locations (KB and PBE).
KNP has broad mangrove potential ± 5,192.5 ha. Based on a 2014 research report, the mangrove community consisted of 12 species from 6 families. These species was R. mucronata, R. apiculata, R. stilosa, B. sexangula, C. decandera, C. tagal, S. alba, S. caseolaris, A. alba, X. granatum, N. fruticans, P. tectorius (Budiarsa &  . In Muara Badak mangrove, which is south of the study site and still one coastline is found species, namely A. alba, R. apiculata, S. alba, B. cylindrica, C. tagal, and N. fruticans (Imanuddin & Simarangkir, 2012). The northern part of East Kalimantan explained that mangroves in Sebatik Island, Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan were found in 19 species from 14 families (Ardiansyah et al., 2012). Mangrove communities in Bulungan were found to be of 10 species (Kartika et al., 2018). Of all the species that have been found in previous studies and research in other areas in East Kalimantan, the same species was also found in this study. The similarity in communities occurs due to the similarity of land characteristics in terms of geographical area, climate, water and soil quality conditions. Community differences were in the number of species, distribution, growth stages and density of mangrove vegetation.

Density and
Based on importance value index of species the three research locations, it was found that mangrove trees The total density of mangrove species in the three study sites in the tree, sapling and seedling categories showed significant differences (p-value > 0.05). The results of t-tests have shown that there are many species of mangroves in -1 three locations above the average value (trees 93 ha , -1 -1 saplings 360 ha , and seedlings 2,563 ha ). The species whose density was below the average value, for the trees' level, there were species of L. racemosa, C. decandera, and R. stylosa.  (Table 3). Species with low IVI were mangrove species with a or p-value > 0.05 the average IVI was lower than the average used to test. These species were A. alba, B. cylindrica, C. decandera, L. littorea, L. racemosa, R. stylosa, S. caseolaris, and X. granatum.
In Welu Estuary, Khlung District, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, R. apiculata was recorded with the highest IVI (Suk-ueng et al., 2013). For mangroves in Borneo's coastal, in Sarawak Malaysia, the highest IVI of species was R. apiculata (Shah et al., 2016). Mangroves in West Kalimantan's coastal was recorded of R. apiculata, B. gymnorrhysa, and B. sexangular with the highest IVI (Nugroho et al., 2019). In Sebuku, South Kalimantan, for mangroves with the highest IVI, there are species of R. mucronata, R. apiculata, and S. alba (Ghufrona et al., 2015). In Nunukan and Bulungan North Kalimantan, there were S. alba, and R. mucronata (Kartika et al., 2018). Mangrove species on the Bontang coastal adjacent to KNP mangroves are dominated by Avicennia sp. and Rhizophora sp. (Nurhidayah & Gunawan, 2009). The species that have been recorded and dominate were also found in study sites, especially R. apiculata. The highest IVI for R. apiculata in KNP came second after R. mucronata for sapling and seedling categories, then came in third for tree category.
Mangrove forests provide important services throughout the world for human populations and their ecosystems. However, mangrove habitat loss of more than 50% has been recorded in some parts of the world, and this loss is mostly due to human activities (Romañach et al., 2018) Figure 3 The comparisons of density (ind ha ) in three location mangrove forest KNP.   Table 2 The comparison density of growth stages (mean ± standard error) in mangroves forest KNP Species that have a low or below average IVI also have a low density, species or number of individuals were small in tree, sapling and seedling categories. Mangrove species with high density do not always have high dominance; one of them was S. caseolaris. KNP has the status as a state forest in Indonesia, a Nature Protection Area and must be preserved for its ecosystem sustainability including mangroves. To maintain the sustainability of mangrove forests, attention must be paid to the level of species dominance. For species with low dominance as explained previously, consideration should be given to maintaining and enrichment the species, especially at the three study sites. been damaged or destroyed by various reasons, especially conversion for other purposes (Kusmana, 2014). It was reported that the KNP mangrove in 2013 had experienced damage of about 1,845.85 ha or ± 26.2% of the total KNP mangrove area. The damage is due to the conversion of area for other uses (Budiarsa & Rizal, 2013).
Each station's diversity index at three locations and three growth rates (trees, saplings and seedlings) at KNP is almost the same as the average range of 1.93 ± 0.05 to 2.25 ± 0.05. Composition and diversity of mangrove species in the KNP illustrate the characteristics of mangroves in the Borneo region, a tropical area. In tropical ecosystems, climate, and other factors such as soil pH, salinity, nutrients, organic matter, and non-inundation do not usually fluctuate remarkably (Hoque et al., 2015). In the mangrove forest, Sarawak, Malaysia is recorded value for the Shannon-Weiner index (H') of 1.18 (Shah et al., 2016). In Muara Kubu protected areas, West Kalimantan has value for H' of 0.230.87 (Nugroho et al., 2019). Mangroves in Muara Badak has H' range of 1.381.53 (Imanuddin & Simarangkir, 2012).

Diversity index (H')
The species diversity index (H') for the highest tree category was found in LB mangrove (2.12), for the sapling category also in LB (2.25), for seedlings category was found in PBE (1.99). From three locations with 18 stations, it is known that H' mangrove species in KNP has an average value of 2.00 or low category. The average value is used as a test in the t-test, with a 95% confidence level. The significant test results have been known p-value for the tree at 0.57, to sapling 0.54, and 0.45 for seedlings (Table 4) Based on the presence of species that have been recorded at KNP, it is known that the species most often found are R. mucronata, R. apiculata, B. gymnorrhysa, B. sexangular. Rhizophora sp., and Bruguiera sp. These four species have a high density and IVI compared to other species at all growth stages (tree, sapling and seedling) in the three study sites. The high dominance value of this species was because some of the trees found have a large diameter. Judging from species and structure composition, the mangrove forest in KNP is categorized as old mangrove, or mangrove forests peaked at climax development. Old mangrove community types are often dominated by species of Rhizophora sp. and Bruguiera sp. The tree is big and tall (Kusmana, 2009). In this climax state the balance has been reached, but it is unstable, dynamic and changes that occur are internal, and changes in species composition occur in the mortar. Composition of the species is relatively constant. Mangrove trees composing this community type can reach a diameter of 50 cm. Several undergrowth species grow in mortgages such as Acrostichum aureum (fern) (Ghufrona et al., 2015). KNP mangrove forests have anthropogenic impacts, but the impacts are not too large, and therefore mangroves are not disturbed and are still natural. Vegetative indicators such as composition, density, important value index, and species diversity were evidence that the KNP mangrove forest is well protected.
Evennes index (e) Evenness index (J) of species for each station in three locations and three growth rates is spread evenly. The composition and presence of species were almost the same in the three study locations. The highest evenness index was found in the seedling category in LBE by an average of 0.48. The lowest index was also found in seedlings in LB with an average of 0.41. From 18 stations, J value of mangroves in KNP has an average value of 0.44 or medium category. Significant test results have shown that the p-values for the tree of 0.54, sapling at 0.58 and seedling are 0.43 (Table 4). These results have shown that not all J is below the average value (0.44) or p-value > 0.05 or from 6 stations at three growth rates in three locations there are several evenness indices of more than 0.44 ( Figure 5).

References
This study has been completed with the good cooperation of the East Kutai College of Agriculture (STIPER Kutai Timur) and team of Lecturers from the Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University. Sincere thanks to the Kutai National Park Service for permission so that research activities in the mangrove forest can run smoothly.
KNP had a valuable and preserved forest in the East Kalimantan Province. It is declared as a nature conservation area in Indonesia. The results of this study indicated that the mangrove forest stands were healthy and well maintained. Previous research stated that there were 12 species of KNP mangroves, then in this study, 21 species were found. Twenty-one of these species consists of 16 species of trees, two species of ferns, one species of pandan, one species of parasite, and one palm species. Species of family Rhizophoraceae are often found and have dominated the mangrove forests in KNP. R. mucronata was a species that has been dominated the growth stages of tree, sapling, and seedling. The diversity of vegetation that develops can be a potential biodiversity site, and the location has the potential for ecotourism, education, and research. This study's findings could be used as the primary source of information and provide necessary data to assess mangrove ecosystems' environmental parameters in the region. Furthermore, detailed research on the forest's mangrove ecology and biodiversity aspects is needed for a sustainable mangrove management policy.