Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia (JFI) is an Indonesian-based scientific journal, published by the Indonesian Phytopathology Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia) and suported by the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. JFI is published 6 times a year (January, March, May, July, September and November). The journal is an open-access and Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE), Republic of Indonesia No. 85/M/KPT/2020, 1 April 2020, as "SINTA 2" of Indonesian journal accreditation level (until volume 20 issue 2 2024). Also, has been registered in Crossref, DOAJ, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Portal Garuda, Dimension, and other scientific databases. JFI includes manuscript articles relating to plant diseases and their control, including pathogenic characterization, pathogen detection and identification, physiology and biochemistry of diseases, molecular biology, morphology and ultrastructure, genetics, disease transmission, ecology and epidemiology, chemical and biological control, also topics about characteristics of biocontrol agents and abiotic abnormalities in plant health. Articles can be either original research papers, short communications, or disease note. P-ISSN: 0215-7950 E-ISSN: 2339-2479 Download: Author Guideline
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Bioprospeksi Ekstrak Biji dan Daun Mahoni serta Filtrat Bakteri Endofit untuk Pengendalian Meloidogyne incognita
Bioprospection of Mahogany Seed and Leaf Extracts and Endophytic Bacterial Filtrate to Control Meloidogyne incognita The root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a major pathogen of tomato plants and causes yield losses of up to 77%. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mahogany seed and leaf extracts and endophytic bacterial filtrates against the nematode M. incognita in tomato plants at laboratory and greenhouse scales. Secondary metabolite compound analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The final concentrations of mahogany seed and leaf extracts obtained based on LC95 values were 9.429% and 27.448%. Filtrates from three endophytic bacterial isolates were tested for their mortality against juvenile 2 (J2) M. incognita. One endophytic bacterial isolate, i.e. APE 35 was found to cause the highest mortality. Mahogany seed and leaf extracts and endophytic bacterial filtrate APE 35 can suppress root knots in tomato plants caused by M. incognita. Mahogany seed extract treatment can suppress root knots with the highest percentage, i.e. 66.23%. However, mahogany seed and leaf extracts can be phytotoxic and inhibit the growth of tomato plants. Mahogany seed and leaf extracts, as well as the endophytic bacterial filtrate APE 35, contain compounds with potential nematicidal properties. Mahogany seed extract contains the highest nematicidal compounds, namely n-Hexadecanoic acid (17.71%) and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (1.81%).
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Peran Trichoderma spp. sebagai Agen Biokontrol pada Penyakit Rebah Semai dan Biostimulan Kedelai
The Role of Trichoderma spp. as a Biocontrol Agent of Damping Off Disease and Soybean Biostimulant Domestic demand for soybeans in Indonesia continues to increase each year, yet the average production has declined. To meet national needs, the government must even import soybeans. One of the causes of low soybean production is damage from plant pests and diseases, particularly damping-off caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, which can lead to total plant death under severe infection. One promising, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective approach to disease management is the use of biological control agents such as Trichoderma spp., which function not only as biocontrol agents but also as biostimulants. This research was conducted at the Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Brawijaya University and Central Laboratory of BALITKABI for in vitro experiments and in vivo study located at a greenhouse of Agriculture Experimental Land Brawijaya University, Jatimulyo, Lowokwaru, Malang. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and five replications. Applications of Trichoderma harzianum and T. asperellum, either individually or in combination, successfully reduced the incidence and severity of damping-off disease by 14% to 26.6% under field conditions. These treatments also increased the total phenolic content of the plants, indicating enhanced resistance, thus supporting the role of Trichoderma as an effective biocontrol agent. In addition, the combined application of Trichoderma species significantly increased the number of soybean leaves, indicating a biostimulant effect.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification of Polerovirus Infecting Chili Pepper in Java
Infection of polerovirus in chili peppers has been reported from various parts of the world, including Indonesia. Pepper vein yellow virus (PeVYV), a member of genus Polerovirus were reported infecting chili plants in Bali, Java, and Aceh during 2012 to 2020. Recently, symptoms of the polerovirus infection, such as yellowing leaves with vein thickening, were found in chili pepper crops in the Central Java Region, specifically in Brebes, Magelang, and Kulon Progo. Molecular detection by RT-PCR method using universal polerovirus primers O3R/PL4F, followed by sequence analysis, confirmed the presence of PeVYV on samples from Magelang and Kulon Progo. Furthermore, the isolates of PeVYV are identified as PeVYV-2, PeVYV-6, and PeVYV-8. These current incidences indicate the expansion of the Polerovirus distribution in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia
Aplikasi Filtrat Guano terhadap Infeksi Pepper yellow leaf curl virus pada Tanaman Cabai
Application of Guano Filtrate on Infection of Pepper yellow leaf curl virus in Chilli Plants Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV) is a member of Begomovirus genus, which causes yellow leaf curl disease in chili plants in Indonesia. This virus is transmitted by vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Research was carried out to determine the potential of guano in suppressing yellow leaf curl disease in chili pepper. Field experiment was conducted using factorial design in a randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor was chili cultivar (‘Gelora’, ‘Bara’, and ‘Pelita 8’) and the second factor was treatment of guano filtrate (before virus inoculation, 1 week after virus inoculation, 2 weeks after virus inoculation, virus inoculation without guano, without virus inoculation nor guano). Virus inoculation was carried out using B. tabaci. In general, symptoms were developed 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation although the incubation period varied between chili cultivars. Green mosaic with leaf curling was mostly found in ‘Gelora’, whereas yellowing with leaf cupping was mostly found in ‘Bara’ and ‘Pelita 8’. Begomovirus infection on plant showing symptoms has been confirmed by polymerase chain reaction method. Application of guano did not cause suppression on disease incidence and severity. Similarly, it did not affect plant height and flowering period.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia
Komunitas Fitonematoda pada Pertanaman Kopi Robusta dan Arabika di Jawa Timur
Phytonematode Community in The Robusta and Arabica Coffee Plantation in East Java Phytonematode is one of the important parasites of robusta and arabica coffee plantations. This study aimed to determine the phytonematode community on arabica and robusta coffee and their distribution at different plant health conditions. The investigations were conducted at the Sumber Asin Experimental Station, Belawan, and Kalisat Jampit Plantation in East Java. Root and soil samples were taken from the symptomatic plants, plants between symptomatic and healthy plants, and healthy plants. Nematodes were extracted from root samples by mist chamber and soil samples with centrifugation flotation methods. The observed variables are prominence value and proportion of important phytonematode distribution. Phytonematodes identified from robusta coffee are: Pratylenchus coffeae, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Meloidogyne spp., and Hemicriconemoides cocophillus. Phytonematodes identified from arabica coffee are: Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne spp., Paratylenchus sp. Criconemoides sp., and Helicotylenchus sp. Phytonematodes are dominated by P. coffeae and R. reniformis on robusta coffee and R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. on arabica coffee. There are differences in the prominence values of each of the phytonematodes found. The highest phytonematode prominence value from extraction of robusta coffee roots was found in P. coffeae at 295.83, whereas in arabica coffee roots was found in R. similis at 259.16. In general, there are increasing population pattern of these species from healthy to symptomatic plants.
Keefektifan Perlakuan Air Panas dan Teh Guano terhadap Nematoda Aphelenchoides besseyi pada Benih dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Bibit Padi
The Effectiveness of Hot Water and Guano Tea Treatments on Aphelenchoides besseyi Nematode on Rice Seeds and Their Effects on the Growth of Rice Seedling Aphelenchoides besseyi is one of the important nematodes infecting rice and can significantly reduce yield and grain quality. The research aimed to obtain an effective method to control A. besseyi in rice seeds through hot water treatment and soaking in guano tea. The study was conducted on three varieties, i.e Pak Tiwi 1, Ciherang, and IPB 3S. Two treatments was evaluated, i.e. soaking the seeds on hot water (55 °C) and guano and soaking time at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. Hot water treatment at 55 °C and guano tea effectively reduced the population of nematodes, but show different effect depending on the variety. In var. Pak Tiwi 1, hot water treatment is effectively reduced nematode population with 5-30 minutes soaking time, and the best of growth of rice seedling shown in 10 minutes soaking in hot water and 20 minutes soaking in control treatment. In var. Ciherang, the method of hot water treatment with 5-30 minutes soaking time and immersion of guano tea for 30 minutes effectively decreases the nematode population, and the best interaction that produces the highest rice seedling growth is shown in the control treatment with a time of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes, immersion of guano tea with 5, 10, 25 minutes, and hot water treatment with 5 and 10 minutes soaking time. In IPB 3S, the best population decrease was shown in the immersion of guano tea with 5 and 30 minutes soaking time, meanwhile the best growth of rice seedling is shown in 5 minutes soaking time of hot water treatment.
Potensi Beberapa Isolat Bakteri Endofit untuk Biokontrol Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepae pada Tanaman Bawang Merah
Potency of Some Endophytic Bacteria Isolates for Biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepae on Shallot Basal root disease (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepae) is an important disease in shallot plants which causes high yield losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of several endophytic bacterial isolates (APE22, APE35, BAT2-2, and MER) originated from ferns, mangroves, and pepper plants to control F. oxysporum f.sp cepae on shallots in in vitro and in planta experiment. The results showed that all bacterial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp cepae in vitro with percent inhibition ranging from 37.78% to 83.33% depending on the isolates tested. In planta experiment conducted in a greenhouse showed that endophytic bacteria were able to stimulate the growth of shallot plants and to reduce the incidence and severity of basal root rot disease. Among all the endophytic bacteria tested, isolate BAT2-2 showed the highest ability to suppres disease severity compared to other endophytic isolates.
Aktivitas Anticendawan Ekstrak Kecombrang Terhadap Colletotrichum acutatum pada Cabai Rawit
Antifungal Activity of Torch Ginger Extract Against Colletotrichum acutatum on Cayenne Pepper Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is a traditional spice plant that has been widely utilize in Indonesia as an antimicrobial in medical. However, the potential of torch ginger as botanical fungicide in phytopathology needs further study. The research aimed to study the antifungal activity of rhizome and leaf extracts of torch ginger using methanol and ethanol solvents against Colletotrichum acutatum. The extracts was tested using in vitro medium poisoning method at five concentration levels with observation parameter including colony diameter, sporulation, and germination of conidium. The in vivo test was conducted on cayenne pepper fruits with observation parameter such as incubation period, disease intensity and treatment efficacy level. The in vitro study showed that among concentration tested, the torch ginger leaf extract in methanol solvent with a concentration of 2.5% as the best concentration which is inhibits C. acutatum growth, sporulation and germination of conidium by effectiveness up to 66.2%, 99.8% and 100%, respectively in compared to other treatments. The in vivo test on cayenne pepper fruits, the methanol leaf extract at concentration 2.5% inhibits the development of C. acutatum growth, while at concentration 4.8% showed able to prolonged incubation period, reduced disease incidence and severity significantly with effectiveness 88.4% and 96%, respectively in compared to control and other treatments. The antifungal activity of methanol leaf extract of torch ginger against C. acutatum due to its highly phenolic compound. This research successfully demonstrated the potential of extract of torch ginger leaf as botanical fungicide to suppress C. acutatum infection, especially on post-harvest cayenne pepper fruits.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia
Compatibility of Mycorrhizae and Pineapple-Based Liquid Fertilizer on Local Variety of Shallot for Suppression of Fusarium Wilt Disease
A comprehensive approach is needed to control shallots twisted disease (penyakit moler) caused by infection of Fusarium oxysporum. The use of mycorrhiza is known to be quite promising for controlling Fusarium wilt. Many farmers combine biological control agents with plant waste—pineapple peel waste—, but the synergistic effects are not yet clearly known. This research aims to determine the compatibility of liquid fertilizer and mycorrhiza as an effort to develop new techniques in managing Fusiarium twisted disease. The research was arranged using a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The tests conducted included measuring the percentage of mycorrhizal infectivity and disease severity, bulb production, and biomass of shallot plants. The analysis of the content of pineapple peel-based liquid organic fertilizer (PLOF) showed that it contains 11.14% organic carbon source, 0.14% nitrogen, as well as other macro and micronutrients. The combination of mycorrhiza and PLOF can form a symbiosis with plant roots with a colonization rate of 66.67%. Meanwhile, the combination of the two treatments could not suppress the severity of twisted disease, nor could it increase bulb production and biomass of shallot plants.
Rice Blast Field Assessment in Three Regencies Underlies the Importance of Fungicide Resistance Studies in West Java, Indonesia
In recent decades, research about rice blast disease in Indonesia has not been focused on the dynamics of the fungus (Pyricularia oryzae) and fungicide use, which resulted in undiscovered pathogen mutations. Observations in Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi Regencies in West Java reveal a high disease incidence (53%–100%), with severity ranging from 8% to 67%. The highest disease severity was recorded in Cikembar District, which is located at the foothill of Mount Gede Pangrango, Sukabumi Regency. Despite a prolonged drought caused by El Niño in 2023, Cikembar still experienced a relatively high disease severity (36%), confirming that this area remains an endemic blast area. The high disease severity, although fungicides were widely used in Cikembar, raises concerns that P. oryzae resistance to fungicides has developed, mainly to isoprothiolane which has been yearly deployed in this area. Farmers are already confronting extra challenges such as unfavorable acidic soil and differences in fungicide use practices decision-making which complicates their control efforts. Laboratory investigations are needed to validate evidence of the emergence of P. oryzae mutations against isoprothiolane in order to provide long-term recommendations for the most effective fungicide use.
Kehilangan Hasil Akibat Busuk Umbi dan Identifikasi Agens Penyebabnya pada Ubi Jalar di Kecamatan Cilimus, Kabupaten Kuningan, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Yield Loss Due to Tuber Rot and Identification of the Causal Agents in Sweet Potatoes in Cilimus District, Kuningan Regency, West Java Province In 2019 there was an increase in the incidence of tuber rot in sweet potato crops along with the prolonged rainy season which hit most of Java Island, causing yield losses. One of the affected areas was Cilimus District, Kuningan Regency, Province of West Java. This research was conducted to calculate the yield loss of sweet potatoes caused by tuber rot problems and to identify the causes in Cilimus District. Yield losses due to tuber rot ranged from 4.3% and 19.7% with an average of 9.4%. Compared with data on the decrease in sweet potato production in Cilimus District from 2018 to 2021, the tuber rot problem showed an essential role in decreasing production in the area. The results of the identification of the pathogen confirmed Ralstonia solanacearum was the causal agent of tuber rot. Based on the morphological symptoms, it was known that R. solanacearum is the main cause of tuber rot problems (56.8%), followed by Cylas formicarius (29.1%), and a combination of both (14.1%). The cropping patterns and cultivation techniques used by farmers were suspected of triggering the development of tuber rot problems in the research area.
Antifungal Activity of Leaf Extract of Alchornea cordifolia Against Aspergillus flavus the causal Agent of Yam Tuber Rot
Rots and mycotoxin contamination of agro-produce are prevalent in tropical world. Aspergillus flavus is a major mycotoxigenic rot contaminant of tubers in Abia state, Nigeria. Consumption of mycotoxin contaminated foodstuffs accounts for 25% of medically important human diseases in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to assess antifungal activity of Alchornea cordifolia against A. flavus a mycotoxigenic rot pathogen of stored tuber produce both in vitro and in vivo. Isolates were made from rotted yam tubers and pathogenicity test carried out to confirm A. flavus as pathogen. Five concentrations (100-500 mg mL-1) of methanol leaf extracts of the plant and thiophanate-methyl–a standard fungicide–were evaluated against the growth of the fungus in culture and pathogen-induced rot development and spread in vivo. The experiment was made up of 7 treatments and 3 replicates laid out in CRD. The plant leaf extract demonstrated varying levels of inhibition of A. flavus in vitro and rot development and spread in living tissues of yam. About 56.38%–68.22% and 67.245–80.01% inhibition was recorded by 100 mg mL-1 and 500 mg mL-1 of A. cordifolia extract for spore germination respectively whereas the same concentrations reduced rot development from 60% in the control experiment to 21.80% and 12.10% respectively which compared favorably (P<0.05) with standard fungicide, thiophanate-methyl. The plant demonstrated strong antifungal activity in vitro and minimized A. flavus induced rot advancement in living yam tissues.
First Report of Celery mosaic virus Infecting Celery (Apium graveolens) in Indonesia
Celery mosaic virus (CeMV), member of genus Potyvirus, is reported for the first time in Indonesia, from celery plants (Apium graveolens) in a vegetable field at Berastagi, North Sumatera Province. The plants possessed mosaic and vein clearing symptoms on the leaves as typical of CeMV infection. Virus incidence was confirmed by RT-PCR using degenerate potyvirus primer which amplified partial coat protein and 3’-UTR of the viral genome. Phylogenetic tree analysis placed Indonesian CeMV isolates in one separated clade within CeMV group and shared 96.5%–96.7% nucleotide identity with exemplar isolate of CeMV.
Analisis Keterkaitan Budi Daya Petani terhadap Penyakit Tular Tanah Lada di Bangka
Analysis of the Correlation between Farmers' Cultivation and Soil-borne Diseases of Pepper in Bangka The decrease in planted area and production of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Bangka is influenced by soil-borne diseases such as yellow disease, basal rot disease, and white root disease. Soil-borne diseases are closely related to biotic and abiotic factors that trigger their development, such as cultivation techniques practiced by farmers. This study aims to identify distribution and cultivation techniques that trigger the development of soil-borne diseases in black pepper plants in Bangka. The study was conducted in the districts of South Bangka, Central Bangka, Bangka, and West Bangka in Province of Bangka Belitung Islands. Field data collection was conducted through observations of disease intensity and structured interviews with farmers. The analysis results are presented in cross-tabulation tables for each soil-borne disease with correspondence plots to see distribution of cultivation factor groups on disease incidence levels. The results showed that yellow disease is the dominant soil-borne disease of pepper plantations in Bangka Island, followed by basal rot and white root. Correspondence analysis using the chi-square test at α 0.05, the cultivation factors that were significantly correlated with the intensity of yellow disease were plant age, plant population, seedling source, planting pattern, organic matter, and shading. While the factors that significantly affect the intensity of basal rot are seedling source, shading, and sanitation. Vine prunning is closely related to the incidence of white root disease. Cultivation techniques have been identified as an important factor in the development of pepper soil-borne diseases in Bangka. Further research is needed to identify the interrelationships between these factors.
Potensi Mikrob Endofit dalam Menekan Penyakit Busuk Umbi pada Tanaman Bawang Merah
Potential of Endophytic Microbes in Suppressing Basal Rot Disease in Shallot Plants Shallots are one of the leading horticultural commodities in Indonesia. One of the constraints on shallot production in Indonesia is basal rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Several endophytic microbes have been reported to play a role as biological agents and effectively suppress plant diseases. This study aims to determine the ability of Bacillus siamensis, Chaetomium sp., Curvularia lunata, and Trichoderma asperellum to suppress the growth of F. oxysporum. The endophytic microbes are collection of Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. In vitro assay was carried out using dual culture assay and production of antifungal volatile organic compounds (VOC) assay. VOC assay was conducted on PDA and TSA medium with concentration levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. In vivo assay was conducted by planting shallot bulbs after soaking in the endophytic microbial suspension, followed by inoculation of F. oxysporum at 1 week after planting. Inhibition of the growth of F. oxysporum on dual culture assay reached 51.41% (B. siamensis), 71.04% (Chaetomium sp.), 69.45% (C. lunata), and 74.55% (T. asperellum); while VOC assay also indicated inhibition by endophytic microbes with relative inhibition level of 34.45% (B. siamensis), 14.53% (Chaetomium sp.), 35.23% (C. lunata), and 42.57% (T. asperellum). Suppression of disease incidence by endophytic microbes reached 60.00% to 73.33%.
Keragaman Spesies Colletotrichum yang Berasosiasi dengan Buah Jeruk Impor dan Potensinya Menginfeksi Tanaman Cabai, Karet, dan Kakao di Indonesia
Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Assosiated with Imported Citrus Fruits, and their Potential to Infect Chili, Rubber, and Cacao Trees in Indonesia Colletotrichum species have been widely reported as causative agents of anthracnose in citrus trees. The importation of citrus fruits brings the risks of introducing introducing species of Colletotrichum new to Indonesian territory. This research was conducted to identify species of Colletotrichum from imported citrus fruits and to evaluate their potential to infect important horticultural and plantation crops in Indonesia. A total of 7 Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from imported citrus fruit from China, Pakistan, and Indonesian local citrus fruit. The Colletotrichum isolates were observed for their morphological and molecular characteristics as well as their pathogenicity on citrus fruit, chili, rubber and cocoa trees. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the MLSA (multilocus sequence analysis) method which combines the ITS, ACT, TUB2 and GAPDH gene loci. Identification of Colletotrichum isolates resulted in one species of the C. boninense complex species (C. karstii) and 3 species of the C. gloeosporioides complex species (C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto, and C. siamense). The Colletotrichum isolate from Indonesian citrus was identified as C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto. The C. fructicola strain could infect chilies, while the C. karstii strain could infect chili and cocoa. Strain of C. gloeosporioides s.s. and C. siamense have a wider host range, namely chili, rubber, and cocoa. Several species of Colletotrichum carried by imported citrus fruits could become pathogens in several important crops in Indonesia, including chili, rubber, and cocoa.
Begomovirus yang Berasosiasi dengan Gejala Mosaik Kuning pada Tanaman Terung di Bengkulu
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a horticultural crop that has high economic value and is widely cultivated. One of the obstacles to eggplant cultivation is virus infection that causes diseases. In several eggplant fields in Bengkulu, systemic symptoms of yellow mosaic were found which were similar to Begomovirus infection in chilies. Research was conducted to detect and identify Begomovirus as the causal agent of yellow mosaic symptoms on eggplant plants in Bengkulu and its association with betasatellites. Samples were taken by purposive sampling from eggplant fields in Bengkulu City, Central Bengkulu Regency, North Bengkulu Regency, Kepahiang Regency, and Rejang Lebong Regency. Virus detection was carried out by PCR method using Begomovirus universal primers and betasatellite specific primers followed by confirmation of virus identity by DNA sequencing. PCR using universal Begomovirus and betasatellite primers was successfully amplified DNA fragments measuring ±912 bp and ±1300 bp, respectively from leaf samples with symptoms of yellow mosaic, leaf malformation and thickening of leaf veins. Based on DNA sequencing, samples from North Bengkulu and Kepahiang showed the highest homology 99% with Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. These findings are the first reports of TYLCKaV infection and its association with Begomovirus betasatellites on eggplant in Bengkulu.
Perlakuan Panas Kering dan Ekstrak Rimpang Lengkuas terhadap Benih Kedelai Terinfeksi Xanthomonas axonopodis
Dry Heat Treatment and Galangal Rhizome Extract on Soybean Seeds Infected with Xanthomonas axonopodis Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the sources of vegetable protein whose demand continues to increase. One of the main obstacles in soybean cultivation is the bacterial pustule seed-borne disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycine. This study aimed to evaluate dry heat treatment and galangal rhizome extract on the suppression of X. axonopodis pv. glycine population and vigor of soybean seeds infected with the bacteria. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was dry heat treatment at 45 ℃ with heating times of 6, 12, and 24 hours, and control without heating. The second experiment was soaking the seeds for one hour in galangal rhizome extract with concentrations of 25%, 20%, and 15%, and the control (water). The variables observed were bacterial population, germination, vigor, and viability of the seeds. The results showed that heat treatment and galangal rhizome extract had a significant effect on reducing the population of X. axonopodis carried by soybean seeds. Treatment of soybean seeds with dry heat for 24 hours caused the seeds to be free of X. axonopodis, but seed germination and vigor decreased. While seed treatment with 25% galangal rhizome extract caused the X. axonopodis population to decrease to 7.0 × 102 cfu mL-1, while not affecting soybean vigor and viability. The results indicate that dry heat treatment has better potential than galangal rhizome extract in eliminating X. axonopodis in soybean seeds. However, because heat treatment has a negative impact on seed germination, it is necessary to find the optimal heating temperature and time to suppress X. axonopodis populations without reducing seed viability.
The Diversity of Shallot Rhizomicrobiome and Twisted Disease Suppression with The Applicationof Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma asperellum
Twisted disease (Fusarium spp.) is an endemic disease that reduces shallot production in the coastal land area of Samas, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The application of Bacillus spp. can suppress the twisted disease by secreting secondary metabolites and enhancing soil suppressiveness. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of adding spraying Bacillus spp. on the disease incidence, production of shallots, and their effect on the diversity of rhizomicrobiome by culture microbe approaches. Bacillus spp. with a density 108 cfu mL-1, Trichoderma asperellum 106 cfu mL-1 was applied by spraying to the shallot. Fungicide chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and prochloraz were used to control the disease. The diversity of rhizobacteria and fungi was analyzed using the ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) method. Based on the analysis result, the addition of spraying B. velezensis B-27, combination B. velezensis B-27 and B. cereus RC76, and T. asperellum was unable to enhance the suppression of twisted disease, but it was able to enhance the production of shallot bulbs reaching 7.10, 7.80, and 8.43 ton ha-1. Furthermore, the result revealed the diversity of the rhizomicrobiome, spraying Bacillus sp. showed 39% differences in bacterial diversity with control while T. asperellum caused 43% difference in the diversity. Spraying Bacillus spp. has not been able to suppress the incidence of twisted diseases compared to control. However, the similar disease incidence on a spraying Bacillus spp. and control showed a higher production until 70% compared to control. This result showed that the addition of spraying Bacillus spp. able to increase the tolerance of shallot plants toward twisted disease.
Perlakuan Air Panas dan Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria untuk Menekan Cendawan Terbawa Benih pada Padi Varietas IPB-3S
Hot Water Treatment and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria to Suppress Seed-Borne Fungi on Rice Variety IPB-3S IPB-3S is a new rice variety which was developed to improve national rice production in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine seed-borne fungi associated with IPB-3S variety and to determine the potential of hot water and PGPR treatment to suppress the fungal infection. The study consisted of five experiments, i.e. seed health test by dry seed observation and by blotter test, pathogenicity test, seed treatment using hot water and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Seven genera of fungi were found in IPB-3S seeds, namely Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhizoctonia, Curvularia, Fusarium and Colletotrichum. All of these fungi are pathogenic based on pathogenicity test. Seed treatment using hot water at 54 ℃ and PGPR reduced fungal infections and increased germination of IPB-3S seeds.
Ketahanan Enam Galur Padi asal Petani terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)
Resistance of Six Lines from Farmers against Bacterial Leaf Blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a disease that detrimental to rice production in Indonesia. One effort to control the disease is to use BLB resistant varieties. This study aims to evaluate the development of bacterial leaf blight on six lines (TCIPB202101, TCIPB202102, TCIPB202103, TCIPB202104, TCIPB202105, and TCIPB202106) and two control varieties (Ciherang and Inpari 30). Green house experiment was conducted in Cikabayan Dramaga using artificial inoculation. The study was conducted by observing the incubation period, lesion length and disease intensity at 7 and 14 days after inoculation (DAI). The results showed that all the lines tested were resistant to BLB and had better resistance compared to the control varieties. The TCIPB202105 and TCIPB202106 lines had the best resistance response with an average disease intensity below 1%. Meanwhile, the TCIPB202101 and TCIPB202102 lines had the highest percentage of disease intensity although they are still considered as moderately resistant category.
Isolasi Bakteri Filosfer Berpotensi sebagai Penambat Nitrogen dan Deteksi in Vitro Kemampuannya dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Colletotrichum
Isolation of Potential Nitrogen-Fixing Phylloplane Bacteria and in Vitro Detection of Their Ability to Inhibit the Growth of Colletotrichum Anthracnose is one of the significant diseases in chili plants caused by Colletotrichum spp., with potential yield losses of up to 100%. The negative impact of fungicide use forces the search for biocontrol agents as part of environmentally friendly disease management. One of the sources where these biocontrol agents can be found is in the phyllosphere. This experiment aimed to obtain antagonistic bacteria from the phyllosphere of healthy chili plants that have the potential to be developed as biocontrol agents and potentially increase the nutrition uptake through nitrogen-fixation. Healthy chili plants were obtained from red chili plantations in Cijambu Village and Nanggerang Village, Sumedang Regency, West Java. Isolation using Nitrogen-free media and screening for antagonistic activity resulted in the isolation of eight bacterial strains, namely strains CJB1, CJB2, CJB3, CJB4, CJB5, NGR1, NGR2, and NGR3. The antagonistic tests on these eight bacterial strains were then conducted against various Colletotrichum spp. strains from different chili cultivation centers in Garut, Lembang, Sumedang, and Jatinangor. The testing was carried out using a dual-culture method followed by the examination of volatile compound activity using the double compartment method. The results showed that phyllosphere bacteria NGR1, CJB1, and CJB5 consistently demonstrated abilities to inhibit the growth of four Colletotrichum spp. strains, both directly through antagonistic tests and based on the volatile anticendawan compound activity produced by these bacterial strains. Malformations in the mycelium of Colletotrichum spp. were also detected when the pathogen was directly exposed to phyllosphere bacteria or their volatile compounds. This experiment indicates that phyllosphere bacteria that potentially capable of fixing nitrogen also have the potential to be developed as biocontrol agents for Colletotrichum spp.
Etiologi Penyakit Antraknosa pada Bawang Merah yang Disebabkan oleh Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Etiology of Anthracnose Disease on Shallots Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Anthracnose disease can occur in all growth phases of shallot plants (Allium cepa var. aggregatum); however, disease development and characteristics of the causal agent are not yet known. This research was conducted to study the etiology of anthracnose disease through in vivo and in vitro approach, which includes symptom development, incubation period, and pathogen characteristics. Early symptom of the disease is indicated by the appearance of white spots which then enlarge and finally caused the tissue dies. The typical symptom involves the presence of a concentric orange-brown pattern on the spots with incubation period of 2-4 days. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen colony are white, the conidium is cylindrical, the hyphae are septate. Other character includes the presence of acervulus and setae. Molecular identification of the pathogen showed 99.51% homology with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides accession KT390192.1 from China which originates from tobacco plants.
Kombinasi Tanaman Penghalang, Kitosan, dan Ekstrak Daun Bugenvil untuk Pengelolaan Virus pada Tanaman Kedelai
Combination of Barrier Crop, Chitosan, Bougaivillea Leaf Extract to Manage Virus on Soybean Viral infection is one of the limiting factor of soybean production in Indonesia. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of chitosan, bougainvillea leaf extract, and their combinations as well as insecticide as comparison treatment in controlling virus infections on soybeans in the field. The effectiveness of treatments were tested in main plot with and without maize as barrier plants. Disease assessment, insect population, and agronomic variables were observed weekly. The aphid population in the control treatment with barrier plants showed significantly lower than control without barrier plants, indicating that barrier plants able to hindered aphids to enter the soybean crops. Incorporating of chitosan, bougainvillea leaf extract, and their combination treatments able to control aphid population comparable to insecticide treatment in both main plots. The low AUPPC of aphid populations were in line with lower disease incidence, severity in compared to AUDPC of control treatments. The effectiveness of treatments in plot with barrier plants able to reduced aphid population and disease intensity higher than similar treatments in main plot without barrier plants. The AUDPC among chitosan, bougainvillea leaf extract, combination, and insecticide treatments was significantly lower in both main plots in compared to control treatment. Soybean yields showed significantly higher in chitosan, bougainvillea leaf extract, and combination treatment than control treatments in both main plots. The utilization of maize as barrier plants incorporated by one of chitosan and/or bougainvillea leaf extract will become a eco-friendly management package to control viruses infecting soybean in the field.
Metode DAS-ELISA dan RT-PCR untuk Deteksi Potyvirus yang Menginfeksi Bawang Merah
DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR Methods for Detection of Potyviruses Infecting Shallot Viral infection of shallots in Indonesia may reduce yields, mainly because it is bulb-borne. Virus detection to monitor the incidence of disease in the field or examine healthy seeds requires an accurate and reliable method. In this study, the detection of Potyvirus members, i.e., Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV), was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from shallot leaf samples. Leaf samples were collected from several shallot growing areas in Brebes and Cirebon. Infections of OYDV and SYSV were detected using the DAS-ELISA method, then field samples that gave positive reaction were selected for further detection using the RT-PCR method, followed by nucleotide sequencing. Based on the DAS-ELISA method, OYDV and SYSV infections were detected from field samples as single and mixed infections. Potyvirus infection was confirmed by the RT-PCR method from field samples that gave a positive reaction in ELISA. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that OYDV infection was detected in both samples that reacted positively with OYDV and SYSV antiserum. These results indicated the cross-reaction between OYDV and SYSV antisera.
Perbanyakan Nematoda Daun Aphelenchoides fragariae pada Biakan Cendawan
Mass Rearing of Foliar Nematode Aphlenchoides fragariae on Fungal Culture This research investigated the in vitro cultivation of the foliar nematode Aphelenchoides fragariae, which can feed on both plants and fungi. As there was no prior information available in Indonesia, this study aimed to establish an efficient method for mass rearing, thereby supporting future research. Five fungal cultures i.e. Alternaria porri, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Pythium sp., and Rhizopus sp. grown in potato dextrose agar were evaluated as potential growing media at three different temperatures: 16, 28, and 37 ℃. Nematodes were surface-sterilized with streptomycin sulfat 0.1% before being introduced into the fungal cultures. Results showed that A. porri was the most favourable culture for A. fragariae reproduction, particularly at 28 ℃. Under these conditions, the average final population reached 407.8 nematodes per petri dish. Notably, A. fragariae failed to thrive at 37 ℃ in all tested fungal media. This suggests that the optimal temperature for its reproduction ranges between 16 and 28 ℃. This study provides valuable insights into the in vitro cultivation of A. fragariae, paving the way for further research utilizing this nematode species.
Potensi Senyawa Volatil dari Khamir untuk Mengendalikan Cercospora coffeicola
Potency of Yeast’s Volatile Compounds to Control Cercospora coffeicola Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora coffeicola is a major disease on coffee plants. Antifungal volatiles produced by some antagonistic agents can be useful in biological control approach of this pathogen. Some yeasts have been reported to produce antifungal volatiles and may have the potency as antagonistic agents against fungal pathogens. This research was aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of the yeast isolates and their ability to suppress C. coffeicola by producing antifungal volatiles. The yeasts were isolated from coffee leaves and berries grown in several location at Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kabupaten Bandung and Kecamatan Jatinangor, Kabupaten Sumedang. The research was started by isolation of yeasts and followed by morphological characterization of yeasts’ colony. The potency of the volatiles produced by the antagonistic isolates were tested in vitro using double dish system. As many as 52 yeast isolates were obtained. The dominant colors of the yeasts colonies on PDA were white, cream, and orange, with smooth, serrated, and filamentous edges. The colony shapes were round to irregular. The microscopic observation showed that the cells were round, ovate, and elongated, with the size ranged around 2.59-18.13 × 1.23-7.77 µm. Those yeasts isolates were able to suppress the growth of C. coffeicola by the activity of antifungal volatile compound, with the inhibition level of 11.85% to 79.26%. The results showed that all the isolates were capable to inhibit the in vitro growth of C. coffeicola.
Nanopartikel Kitosan dan Ekstrak Daun Bugenvil: Karakterisasi dan Aplikasinya untuk Mengendalikan Bean common mosaic virus strain Blackeye Cowpea
Nanoparticles of Chitosan and Bougainvillea Leaf Extract: Characterization and Its Application to Control Bean common mosaic virus strain Blackeye Cowpea Chitosan and bougainvillea crude leaf extract is known able to control viruses including Bean common mosaic virus strain Blackeye Cowpea (BCMV-BlC). To reduce the raw material usage and to increase their effectiveness and stability, it is necessary to formulate them using nanoparticle (NP) technology. The research aimed to synthesize nanoparticles of chitosan (Kit-NP), bougainvillea leaf extract (EDB-NP), and their combination (KEDB-NP) using modified ionic gelation method, characterized and evaluated the potential of NPs in controling BCMV-BlC on indicator plant Chenopodium amaranticolor. Kit-NP, EDB-NP, and KEDB-NP were successfully synthesized, with characteristic average particle sizes of 99.72, 163.68, and 221.42 nm, respectively under TEM and have a spherical form under SEM. The FTIR analysis showed that KEDB-NP functional groups were hydroxyl, alkene, amine, aromatic ring, and organohalogen aliphatic compounds. Chenopodium amaranticolor leaves sprayed by those of NPs, as well as their non-NP treatment at a concentration of 100–800 ppm before virus inoculation showed an average number of necrotic local lesion (NLL) significantly lower than untreated control and was not significantly different among concentrations. Those treatments before virus inoculation significantly prolong the incubation period and reduced NLL formation with effectiveness ranging 67.5%–100% in compared with application after virus inoculation. The NPs concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm which is applied before virus inoculation showed the best effectiveness in inhibiting NLL formation. Those of NPs synthesized using greatly less amount of their bulk materials, but their effectiveness are comparable to their non-NP forms in controlling BCMV.
Direct Isolation Method for Tomato-Infecting Phytophthora infestans
Infection of Phytophthora infestans at high altitudes in tropical regions causes symptoms of tomato late blight throughout the year. Even though it is very easy to find in the field, P. infestans is often very difficult to isolate aseptically in the laboratory. This study aims to evaluate direct isolation techniques that can increase the success of isolating P. infestans. Isolation was carried out on a non-specific medium, consisting of potato dextrose agar (PDA), corn meal agar (CMA), oatmeal agar (OMA), and water agar (WA) with three alternative types of antibiotics, i.e. chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and rifampicin. Observations were carried out to determine the effect of the medium on sporangia induction and the age of the original colony’s growth in CMA and OMA media. The results showed that the isolation of P. infestans using the direct method was successfully carried out on non-specific PDA, CMA, OMA and WA medium. The highest isolation success rate was obtained on CMA medium with the addition of 50 mg L-1 rifampicin. The fastest sporangia induction (8 days) was shown by colonies grown on OMA medium with the addition of 50 mg L-1 rifampicin based on the category of abundant sporangia after 20 days of incubation. Rejuvenation of P. infestans colonies for research purposes in the laboratory is recommended to be carried out routinely twice a month. This research provides practical guidance for understanding the bioecology of P. infestans infecting tomato plants, especially for further study on oomycetes fungi.
Kejadian Pertama Infeksi Zucchini yellow mosaic virus pada Tanaman Mentimun di Padang, Sumatera Barat
The First Occurrence of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Infecting Cucumber in Padang, West Sumatra Cucumber Local Padang variety is considered as a superior vegetable crop by urban farmers due to its early harvest time. Yellow spots and chlorosis symptoms was found on cucumber plants during field surveys conducted recently. These symptoms are similar to Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) infection on cucumbers in Java, and common symptoms of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) infection on cucurbits. Detection of the causal virus was carried out by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using PRSV specific primer and universal primers of Potyvirus, DNA sequencing and analysis. DNA target was not amplified by RT-PCR using PRSV specific primer, but DNA fragment of ±320 bp was successfully amplified using Potyvirus universal primer. The nucleotide sequences analysis showed highest similarity of 93.7% and 93.5% to the ZYMV isolates from Singapore and India, respectively. This is the first report on the occurrence of ZYMV infection on cucumber plants in Padang, West Sumatra.