ADOLESCENT’S RESILIENCE IN INDONESIA: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM PANDEMIC OF COVID-19?
Abstract
Resilience plays a crucial role in adolescent development, particularly during crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic, which disrupted education, family dynamics, and social interactions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of social support from friends and teachers, as well as mother-child communication, on adolescent resilience during the pandemic. An explanatory design with a quantitative approach was employed, with data collected online from 202 adolescents across Java Island through questionnaires distributed via social media platforms. The study sample consisted of junior and senior high school students participating in distance learning during the pandemic. The findings indicated that 67.3% of adolescents showed moderate resilience, while 6.9% displayed high resilience. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between social support from friends (r = 0.146), social support from teachers (r = 0.270), and mother-child communication (r = 0.206) with adolescent resilience. Regression analysis showed that social support from teachers had the most significant positive effect on resilience, explaining 8% of the variance in adolescent resilience. These findings suggest that enhancing teacher support and improving family communication are key strategies to foster adolescent resilience during crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
References
Adler-Constantinescu, C., Beşu, E. C., & Negovan, V. (2013). Perceived social support and perceived self-efficacy during adolescence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78(2013), 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.294
Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the covid-19 pandemic: Students' perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPSP. 2020261309
Akat, M., & Karataş, K. (2020). Psychological effects of covid-19 pandemic on society and its reflections on education. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44336
Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait, L. M., & Al-Saht, G. R. (2020). The effect of online learning on communication between instructors and students during covid-19 pandemic. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(2), 380-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2020-0131
Armstrong, M. I., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., & Ungar, M. T. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of child and family studies, 14(2), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10826-005-5054-4
Astarini, D., Nirwana, H., & Ahmad, R. (2016). Hubungan antara konsep diri sosial, persepsi siswa tentang dukungan sosial orangtua, dan teman sebaya dengan komunikasi interpersonal siswa dan implikasinya terhadap pelayanan bimbingan dan konseli. Konselor, 5(4), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.24036/02016546558-0-00
Barnes, H. L., & Olson, D. H. (1985). Parent-adolescent communication and the circumplex model. Child Development, 56(2), 438-447. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129732
Bireda, A. D., & Pillay, J. (2018). Perceived parent–child communication and well-being among Ethiopian adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1299016
Black, K., & Lobo, M. (2008). A conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1), 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074840707312237
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic medicine, 38(5), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
Cutrona, C., Russell, D., & Rose, J. (1986). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychology and Aging, 1(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.1.1.47
De Figueiredo, C. S., Sandre, P. C., Portugal, L. C. L., Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., da Silva Chagas, L., Raony, Í., ... & Bomfim, P. O. S. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic impact on children and adolescents' mental health: Biological, environmental, and social factors. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 106, 110171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110171
Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2002). The relationship between perceived social support and maladjustment for students at risk. Psychology in the Schools, 39(3), 305-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10018
Druss, R. G., & Douglas, C. J. (1988). Adaptive responses to illness and disability: Healthy denial. General Hospital Psychiatry, 10(3), 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(88)90015-1
Dvorsky, M. R., Breaux, R., & Becker, S. P. (2021). Finding ordinary magic in extraordinary times: child and adolescent resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(11), 1829-1831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01583-8
El-Zoghby, S. M., Soltan, E. M., & Salama, H. M. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and social support among adult Egyptians. Journal of Community Health, 45(4), 689-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00853-5
Firdanianty, F., Lubis, D. P., Puspitawati, H., & Susanto, D. (2016). Komunikasi Remaja dengan Ayah Masih Minim: studi Pada Siswa SMA di Kota Bogor. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 9(2), 124-135. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2016.9.2.124
Gordon-Hollingsworth, A.T., Thompson, J.E., Geary, M.A., Schexnaildre, M.A., Lai, B.S., Kelley, M.L. (2016). Social support questionnaire for children: Development and initial validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. 49(2), 122-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175615596780
Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M. R. (2020). Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
Haverfield, M. C., & Theiss, J. A. (2017). Parental communication of responsiveness and control as predictors of adolescents' emotional and behavioral resilience in families with alcoholic versus nonalcoholic parents. Human Communication Research, 43(2), 214-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12102
Havnen, A., Anyan, F., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Gurigard Riksfjord, M., & Hagen, K. (2020). Resilience moderates negative outcome from stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated-mediation approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186461
Hennan, M. R., Dornbusch, S. M., Herron, M. C., & Herting, J. R. (1997). The influence of family regulation, connection, and psychological autonomy on six measures of adolescent functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(1), 34-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554897121004
Hunter, A. J., & Chandler, G. E. (1999). Adolescent resilience. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00488.x
Indrawati, A. R., & Alfiasari, A. (2016). Dukungan informasional orang tua: Penentu keberhasilan prestasi akademik anak di perdesaan. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 9(3), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2016.9.3.159
Jang, J. (2012). The effect of social support type on resilience [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Alabama]. Institutional Repository University of Alabama. https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/1540
Kennedy-Moore, E., & Watson, J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help?. Review of General Psychology, 5(3), 187-212. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.3.187
Khan, A., & Husain, A. (2010). Social support as a moderator of positive psychological strengths and subjective well-being. Psychological Reports, 106(2), 534-538. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.2.534-538
Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of family communication. Communication Theory, 12(1), 70-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00260.x
Kort-Butler, L.A .(2017). Social support theory. In C.J. Schreck, M.J. Leiber, H.V. Miller, K. Welch (Eds.). The encyclopedia of juvenile delinquency and justice. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118524275.ejdj0066
[KPAI] Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. (2021, February 8). Survei pelaksanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh (PJJ) dan sistem penilaian jarak jauh berbasis pengaduan KPAI. Bank Data Perlindungan Anak. https://bankdata.kpai.go.id/infografis/survei-pelaksanaan-pembelajaran-jarak-jauh-pjj-dan-sistem-penilaian-jarak-jauh-berbasis-pengaduan-kpai
Kuhlman, K. R., Straka, K., Mousavi, Z., Tran, M. L., & Rodgers, E. (2021). Predictors of adolescent resilience during the covid-19 pandemic: Cognitive reappraisal and humor. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(5), 729-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.006
Langford, C. P. H., Bowsher, J., Maloney, J. P., & Lillis, P. P. (1997). Social support: a conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(1), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x
Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 841-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3
Liu, Q., & Wang, Z. (2021). Perceived stress of the covid-19 pandemic and adolescents' depression symptoms: The moderating role of character strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 182, 111062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111062
Maesaroh, S., Sunarti, E., & Muflikhati, I. (2019). Ancaman, faktor protektif, dan resiliensi remaja di Kota Bogor. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 12(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2019.12.1.63
Malihah, Z., & Alfiasari, A. (2018). Perilaku cyberbullying pada remaja dan kaitannya dengan kontrol diri dan komunikasi orang tua. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 11(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2018.11.2.145
Meng Qi, M. S., Zhou, S. J., Guo, Z. C., Zhang, L. G., Min, H. J., Li, X. M., & Chen, J. X. (2020). The effect of social support on mental health in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of covid-19. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(4), 514-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.001
Muladsih, O. R., Muflikhati, I., & Herawati, T. (2011). Pola komunikasi, pengambilan keputusan, dan kesejahteraan keluarga jarak jauh: Kasus pada keluarga mahasiswa pascasarjana. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 4(2), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2011.4.2.121
Noorafshan, L., Jowkar, B., & Hosseini, F. S. (2013). Effect of family communication patterns of resilience among Iranian adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 900-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.670
Özmete, E., & Pak, M. (2020). The relationship between anxiety levels and perceived social support during the pandemic of covid-19 in Turkey. Social Work in Public Health, 35(7), 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1808144
Pasaribu, R. M., Hastuti, D., & Alfiasari, A. (2013). Gaya pengasuhan permisif dan rendahnya sosialisasi nilai dalam keluarga berisiko terhadap penurunan karakter remaja. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 6(3), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2013.6.3.163
Permatasari, N., Ashari, F. R., & Ismail, N. (2021). Contribution of perceived social support (peer, family, and teacher) to academic resilience during COVID-19. Golden Ratio of Social Science and Education, 1(1), 01-12. https://doi.org/10.52970/grsse.v1i1.94
Pitzer, J., & Skinner, E. (2017). Predictors of changes in students' motivational resilience over the school year: The roles of teacher support, self-appraisals, and emotional reactivity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416642051
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
Putro, K. Z., Amri, M. A., Wulandari, N., & Kurniawan, D. (2020). Pola interaksi anak dan orangtua selama kebijakan pembelajaran di rumah. Fitrah: Journal of Islamic Education, 1(1), 124-140. https://doi.org/10.53802/fitrah.v1i1.12
Rahat, E., & İlhan, T. (2016). Coping Styles, Social Support, Relational Self-Construal, and Resilience in Predicting Students' Adjustment to University Life. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16(1), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2016.1.0058
Rahmaita, R., Krisnatuti, D., & Yuliati, L. N. (2016). Pengaruh tugas perkembangan keluarga terhadap kepuasan perkawinan ibu yang baru memiliki anak pertama. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2016.9.1.1
Ritchie, L. D., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Family communication patterns: Measuring intrapersonal perceptions of interpersonal relationships. Communication Research, 17(4), 523-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365090017004007
Rogers, E. M. (1999). Anatomy of the two subdisciplines of communication study. Human Communication Research, 25(4), 618-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1999.tb00465.x
Rosenfeld, L. B., Richman, J. M., & Bowen, G. L. (2000). Social support networks and school outcomes: The centrality of the teacher. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17(3), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007535930286
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Social support as an individual difference variable: Its stability, origins, and relational aspects. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 50(4), 845. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.845
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science & Medicine, 32(6), 705-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
Sunarti, E., Islamia, I., Rochimah, N., & Ulfa, M. (2017). Pengaruh faktor ekologi terhadap resiliensi remaja. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 10(2), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2017.10.2.107
Sunarti, E., Islamia, I., Rochimah, N., & Ulfa, M. (2018). Resiliensi remaja: Perbedaan berdasarkan wilayah, kemiskinan, jenis kelamin, dan jenis sekolah. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 11(2), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2018.11.2.157
Theiss, J. A. (2018). Family communication and resilience. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1426706
Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53-79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2626957
Thorell, L. B., Skoglund, C., de la Peña, A. G., Baeyens, D., Fuermaier, A., Groom, M. J., ... & Christiansen, H. (2022). Parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences between seven European countries and between children with and without mental health conditions. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 31, 649–661 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01706-1
Thurlow, C. (2003). Teenagers in communication, teenagers on communication. Journal of language and social psychology, 22(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X02250055
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of nursing measurement, 1(2), 165-17847.
Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family process, 42(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00001.x
Wang, J., Wang, H., Lin, H., Richards, M., Yang, S., Liang, H., ... & Fu, C. (2021). Study problems and depressive symptoms in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak: Poor parent-child relationship as a vulnerability. Globalization and health, 17(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00693-5
Wang, P., Liu, D. Z., & Zhao, X. (2014). The social ecology of resilience: A comparison of Chinese and Western researches. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3259-3265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.744
Wardhani, R. H., Sunarti, E., & Muflikhati, I. (2017). Ancaman, faktor protektif, aktivitas, dan resiliensi remaja: Analisis berdasarkan tipologi so siodemografi. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 10(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2017.10.1.47
Zimmerman, M. A., Stoddard, S. A., Eisman, A. B., Caldwell, C. H., Aiyer, S. M., Miller, A. (2013). Adolescent resilience: Promotive factors that inform prevention. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 215-220. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12042
