Identification of Food Expenditure and Food Security of Muslim Households: Evidence from Indonesian Family Life Survey 2007 and 2014
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Published:
Dec 23, 2024
Keywords:
Food expenditure, food security, Muslim household, propensity score matching (PSM)
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Abstract
This study examines the impact of religiosity on household food consumption and food security in Indonesia, particularly among Muslim households. Despite the acknowledgment of religious factors in food-related policies, limited research has explored their specific influence on food expenditure and security. Using longitudinal data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) covering 2007 and 2014, this study analyzes food expenditure and food security levels among Muslim households, employing the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model. The analysis includes variables such as age, education, marital status, employment, and gender. Findings reveal that religiosity negatively influences food expenditure, both in total and per capita, suggesting that religious households tend to spend less on food. Moreover, Muslim households demonstrate higher levels of food security, often reporting moderate or adequate food security, compared to non-religious households. This indicates a potential protective effect of religiosity on food stability. The study recommends integrating financial education programs that emphasize frugality and mindful consumption. Additionally, strengthening community-based support systems, such as zakat and sadaqah, could play a crucial role in improving food assistance and security.
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References
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Al-Khazali, O., Bouri, E., Roubaud, D., & Zoubi, T. (2017). The impact of religious practice on stock returns and volatility. International Review of Financial Analysis, 52, 172–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2017.04.009.
Ambali, A. R. & Bakar, A. N. (2014). People's awareness on halal foods and products: potential issues for policy-makers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1104.
Beckline, M. & Kato, M. S. (2014). Assessing the impact of consumer behaviour on food security in South West Cameroon. Journal of Food Security, 2(3), 87–91.
Bengtson, V., Silverstein, M., Putney, N., & Harris, S. (2015). Does religiousness increase with age? Age changes and generational differences over 35 years. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12183.
Black, D. A. & Smith, J. A. (2004). How robust is the evidence on the effects of college quality? Evidence from matching. Journal of Econometrics, 121(1–2), 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.006.
Carapina, I. (2015). Women are more religious than men; is this true? Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 2. https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00056.
[COMCEC] Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. (2019). COMCEC Financial Outlook 2019 [online]. [accessed 2022 Feb 25]. Retrieved from: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/COMCEC-Financial-Outlook-2019_October.pdf.
Damen, F. W. M., Luning, P. A., Fogliano, V., & Steenbekkers, B. L. P. A. (2019). What influences mothers’ snack choices for their children aged 2–7? Food Quality and Preference, 74, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.12.012.
Dehejia, R. H. & Wahba, S. (2002). Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465302317331982.
Egah, J., Zakari, S., Idrissou, L., Kotobiodjo, N., El Ghazi, I., Baco, M. N., & Kestemont, M. P. (2023). Eliciting the gender income influences on household’s food security in West Africa. Heliyon, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17408.
Elhoushy, S. & Jang, S. (2021). Religiosity and food waste reduction intentions: A conceptual model. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(2), 287–302.
Fahrur, T., Sony, R., & Najib, M. (2020). The influence of religiosity on the consumption of eco-friendly food in Indonesian muslim millennials. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change., 13(11), 96–118.
Franklin, B., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White-Means, S. (2011). Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity. Journal of Community Health, 37(1), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-011-9420-4.
French, S. A., Tangney, C. C., Crane, M. M., Wang, Y., & Appelhans, B. M. (2019). Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2.
French, S. A., Wall, M. & Mitchell, N. R. (2010). Household income differences in food sources and food items purchased. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-77.
Global Network Against Food Crises and Food Security Information Network. (2022). 2022 Global Report on Food Crises [online]. [accessed 2022 Feb 25]. Retrieved from: https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/c8fc03bc-e58a-4272-9159-02bed07462fb.
Hanson, K. L., Sobal, J. & Frongillo, E. A. (2007). Gender and marital status clarify associations between food insecurity and body weight. The Journal of Nutrition, 137(6), 1460–1465. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1460.
Hasanah, A., Mendolia, S. & Yerokhin, O. (2017). Labour migration, food expenditure, and household food security in Eastern Indonesia. Economic Record, 93, 122–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12344.
Hassan, H. F., Ghandour, L. A., Chalak, A., Aoun, P., Reynolds, C. J., & Abiad, M. G. (2022). The influence of religion and religiosity on food waste generation among restaurant clienteles. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 1010262.
Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H. & Todd, P. E. (1997). Matching evidence job an econometric estimator: Evaluating programme a evaluation from training. Review of Economic Studies, 64(4), 605–654.
Heiman, A., Gordon, B. & Zilberman, D. (2019). Food beliefs and food supply chains: The impact of religion and religiosity in Israel. Food Policy, 83, 363–369.
Ichino, A., Mealli, F., & Nannicini, T. (2008). From temporary help jobs to permanent employment: What can we learn from matching estimators and their sensitivity?. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(3), 305-327.
Jaffar, A., Abbas, J. & Nurunnabi, M. (2019). The relationship of religiosity and marital satisfaction: The role of religious commitment and practices on marital satisfaction among Pakistani respondents. Behavioral Sciences, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9030030.
Koç, H. & van Kippersluis, H. (2017). Thought for food: Nutritional information and educational disparities in diet. Journal of Human Capital, 11(4), 508–552.
Kurt, D., Inman, J. J. & Gino, F. (2018). Religious shoppers spend less money. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 116-124.
Lusk, J. L. & Briggeman, B. C. (2009). Food values. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(1), 184–196. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20492417.
Manajit, S., Samutachak, B. & Voelker, M. (2020). Socio-economic determinants of consumption patterns in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 20(2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.59588/2350-8329.1301.
Nassè, T. B. (2020). Religious beliefs, consumption and inter-religious differences and similarities: Is syncretism in consumption a new religious dynamics?. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 2(2), 59–73.
Pellón-Elexpuru, I., Van Dijk, R., Van der Valk, I., Martínez-Pampliega, A., Molleda, A., & Cormenzana, S. (2024). Divorce and physical health: A three-level meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117005.
Pienaar, M., van Rooyen, F. C. & Walsh, C. M. (2017). Household food security and HIV status in rural and urban communities in the Free State province, South Africa. Sahara-J, 14(1), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2017.1379428.
Rausser, G., Zilberman, D. & Kahn, G. (2015). An alternative paradigm for food production, distribution, and consumption: A noneconomist’s perspective. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 7(1), 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100913-012549.
Razak, S., Abdullah, I., Raking, J. & Nuzul, A. (2023). Mediating role of socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern changes of middle-class Muslims: An analysis using SEM. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2163798.
Rosenbaum, P. R. & Rubin, D. B. (2006). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Matched Sampling for Causal Effects, 1083, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810725.016.
Satt, H. (2017). Eid Mawlid al-Nabi, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha; optimism and impact on analysts’ recommendations: Evidence From MENA region. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 12(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2017.04.001.
Sekhampu, T. (2013). Determination of the factors affecting the food security status of households in Bophelong, South Africa. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 12(5), 543.
Silva, P., Araújo, R., Lopes, F., & Ray, S. (2023). Nutrition and food literacy: Framing the challenges to health communication. Nutrients, 15(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224708.
Strauss, J., Witoelar, F. & Sikoki, B. (2016). The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey: Overview and Field Report: Volume 1. Santa Monica (US), RAND Labor & Population.
Suleman, S., Sibghatullah, A. & Azam, M. (2021). Religiosity, halal food consumption, and physical well-being:An extension of the TPB. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1860385.
UHF Certification Council. (2016). Guidelines for the Preparation of Halal Foods [online]. [accessed 2022 Feb 25]. Retrieved from: https://hygienicworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Halal-GUIDELINES-FOR-THE-PREPARATION.pdf.
Vaal, A., Michel, G. & Rieunier, S. (2023). Lived religiosity and consumption: Dilemma and meaning-making among practising Catholic consumers. Recherche et Applications En Marketing (English Edition), 38(1), 56–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/20515707221143733.
White, H. (2006). Impact evaluation: The experience of the independent evaluation group of the world bank. University Library of Munich, Germany, MPRA Paper.
Yeniaras, V. & Akarsu, T. N. (2017). Frugal doesn’t mean ordinary: A religious perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(2), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2015-0046.
Yuchel, E. M. (2006). Does Ramadan have any effect on food prices: A dual-calendar perspective on the Turkish data. Munich Personal EePEc Archieve, 1141, 1–12.
Zamri, G. B., Azizal, N. K. A., Nakamura, S., Okada, K., Nordin, N. H., Othman, N., MD Akhir, F. N., Sobian, A., Kaida, N., & Hara, H. (2020). Delivery, impact and approach of household food waste reduction campaigns. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118969.
Al-Khazali, O., Bouri, E., Roubaud, D., & Zoubi, T. (2017). The impact of religious practice on stock returns and volatility. International Review of Financial Analysis, 52, 172–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2017.04.009.
Ambali, A. R. & Bakar, A. N. (2014). People's awareness on halal foods and products: potential issues for policy-makers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1104.
Beckline, M. & Kato, M. S. (2014). Assessing the impact of consumer behaviour on food security in South West Cameroon. Journal of Food Security, 2(3), 87–91.
Bengtson, V., Silverstein, M., Putney, N., & Harris, S. (2015). Does religiousness increase with age? Age changes and generational differences over 35 years. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12183.
Black, D. A. & Smith, J. A. (2004). How robust is the evidence on the effects of college quality? Evidence from matching. Journal of Econometrics, 121(1–2), 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.006.
Carapina, I. (2015). Women are more religious than men; is this true? Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 2. https://doi.org/10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00056.
[COMCEC] Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. (2019). COMCEC Financial Outlook 2019 [online]. [accessed 2022 Feb 25]. Retrieved from: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/COMCEC-Financial-Outlook-2019_October.pdf.
Damen, F. W. M., Luning, P. A., Fogliano, V., & Steenbekkers, B. L. P. A. (2019). What influences mothers’ snack choices for their children aged 2–7? Food Quality and Preference, 74, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.12.012.
Dehejia, R. H. & Wahba, S. (2002). Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465302317331982.
Egah, J., Zakari, S., Idrissou, L., Kotobiodjo, N., El Ghazi, I., Baco, M. N., & Kestemont, M. P. (2023). Eliciting the gender income influences on household’s food security in West Africa. Heliyon, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17408.
Elhoushy, S. & Jang, S. (2021). Religiosity and food waste reduction intentions: A conceptual model. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(2), 287–302.
Fahrur, T., Sony, R., & Najib, M. (2020). The influence of religiosity on the consumption of eco-friendly food in Indonesian muslim millennials. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change., 13(11), 96–118.
Franklin, B., Jones, A., Love, D., Puckett, S., Macklin, J., & White-Means, S. (2011). Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity. Journal of Community Health, 37(1), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-011-9420-4.
French, S. A., Tangney, C. C., Crane, M. M., Wang, Y., & Appelhans, B. M. (2019). Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2.
French, S. A., Wall, M. & Mitchell, N. R. (2010). Household income differences in food sources and food items purchased. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-77.
Global Network Against Food Crises and Food Security Information Network. (2022). 2022 Global Report on Food Crises [online]. [accessed 2022 Feb 25]. Retrieved from: https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/c8fc03bc-e58a-4272-9159-02bed07462fb.
Hanson, K. L., Sobal, J. & Frongillo, E. A. (2007). Gender and marital status clarify associations between food insecurity and body weight. The Journal of Nutrition, 137(6), 1460–1465. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1460.
Hasanah, A., Mendolia, S. & Yerokhin, O. (2017). Labour migration, food expenditure, and household food security in Eastern Indonesia. Economic Record, 93, 122–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12344.
Hassan, H. F., Ghandour, L. A., Chalak, A., Aoun, P., Reynolds, C. J., & Abiad, M. G. (2022). The influence of religion and religiosity on food waste generation among restaurant clienteles. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 1010262.
Heckman, J. J., Ichimura, H. & Todd, P. E. (1997). Matching evidence job an econometric estimator: Evaluating programme a evaluation from training. Review of Economic Studies, 64(4), 605–654.
Heiman, A., Gordon, B. & Zilberman, D. (2019). Food beliefs and food supply chains: The impact of religion and religiosity in Israel. Food Policy, 83, 363–369.
Ichino, A., Mealli, F., & Nannicini, T. (2008). From temporary help jobs to permanent employment: What can we learn from matching estimators and their sensitivity?. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(3), 305-327.
Jaffar, A., Abbas, J. & Nurunnabi, M. (2019). The relationship of religiosity and marital satisfaction: The role of religious commitment and practices on marital satisfaction among Pakistani respondents. Behavioral Sciences, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9030030.
Koç, H. & van Kippersluis, H. (2017). Thought for food: Nutritional information and educational disparities in diet. Journal of Human Capital, 11(4), 508–552.
Kurt, D., Inman, J. J. & Gino, F. (2018). Religious shoppers spend less money. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 116-124.
Lusk, J. L. & Briggeman, B. C. (2009). Food values. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(1), 184–196. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20492417.
Manajit, S., Samutachak, B. & Voelker, M. (2020). Socio-economic determinants of consumption patterns in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 20(2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.59588/2350-8329.1301.
Nassè, T. B. (2020). Religious beliefs, consumption and inter-religious differences and similarities: Is syncretism in consumption a new religious dynamics?. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 2(2), 59–73.
Pellón-Elexpuru, I., Van Dijk, R., Van der Valk, I., Martínez-Pampliega, A., Molleda, A., & Cormenzana, S. (2024). Divorce and physical health: A three-level meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117005.
Pienaar, M., van Rooyen, F. C. & Walsh, C. M. (2017). Household food security and HIV status in rural and urban communities in the Free State province, South Africa. Sahara-J, 14(1), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2017.1379428.
Rausser, G., Zilberman, D. & Kahn, G. (2015). An alternative paradigm for food production, distribution, and consumption: A noneconomist’s perspective. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 7(1), 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100913-012549.
Razak, S., Abdullah, I., Raking, J. & Nuzul, A. (2023). Mediating role of socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern changes of middle-class Muslims: An analysis using SEM. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2163798.
Rosenbaum, P. R. & Rubin, D. B. (2006). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Matched Sampling for Causal Effects, 1083, 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810725.016.
Satt, H. (2017). Eid Mawlid al-Nabi, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha; optimism and impact on analysts’ recommendations: Evidence From MENA region. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 12(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2017.04.001.
Sekhampu, T. (2013). Determination of the factors affecting the food security status of households in Bophelong, South Africa. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 12(5), 543.
Silva, P., Araújo, R., Lopes, F., & Ray, S. (2023). Nutrition and food literacy: Framing the challenges to health communication. Nutrients, 15(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224708.
Strauss, J., Witoelar, F. & Sikoki, B. (2016). The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey: Overview and Field Report: Volume 1. Santa Monica (US), RAND Labor & Population.
Suleman, S., Sibghatullah, A. & Azam, M. (2021). Religiosity, halal food consumption, and physical well-being:An extension of the TPB. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1860385.
UHF Certification Council. (2016). Guidelines for the Preparation of Halal Foods [online]. [accessed 2022 Feb 25]. Retrieved from: https://hygienicworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Halal-GUIDELINES-FOR-THE-PREPARATION.pdf.
Vaal, A., Michel, G. & Rieunier, S. (2023). Lived religiosity and consumption: Dilemma and meaning-making among practising Catholic consumers. Recherche et Applications En Marketing (English Edition), 38(1), 56–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/20515707221143733.
White, H. (2006). Impact evaluation: The experience of the independent evaluation group of the world bank. University Library of Munich, Germany, MPRA Paper.
Yeniaras, V. & Akarsu, T. N. (2017). Frugal doesn’t mean ordinary: A religious perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(2), 204–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2015-0046.
Yuchel, E. M. (2006). Does Ramadan have any effect on food prices: A dual-calendar perspective on the Turkish data. Munich Personal EePEc Archieve, 1141, 1–12.
Zamri, G. B., Azizal, N. K. A., Nakamura, S., Okada, K., Nordin, N. H., Othman, N., MD Akhir, F. N., Sobian, A., Kaida, N., & Hara, H. (2020). Delivery, impact and approach of household food waste reduction campaigns. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118969.