Hemera Zoa

Cover

Admin Hemera — 2018-11-05

Cover

Title Page, Organizing Committee

Admin Hemera — 2018-12-05

Title Page, Organizing Committee

Message from Orginizing Committee

Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto — 2018-10-31

Dear Colleagues,

It gives us immense pleasure to inform you that Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA) is organizing the 20^th Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations Congress (FAVA Congress) & the 18^th Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association Congress (IVMA Congress) an International Congress, Seminar and Workshop. The event will be held in the Nusa Dua, Bali, the very famous paradise island and international tourist destination from October 30th to November 3rd, 2018.

The current congress will be enriched and compose of several satellite meeting of international and national veterinary organizations such as The 40^th FAVA Council Meeting, 15^th IVMA International Veterinary Scientific Conference and Animal Health Expo, The 2^nd JSPS Core-to-Core Program Tripartite Meeting, The 1^st FAVA-AVA Joint Meeting, ASEAN Veterinary Statutory Body Network (AVSBN) Meeting, Meeting of IVMA's Organizations of Veterinary Specialty and Scientific Interest Groups, Indonesian Animal Hospital Association (ARSHI) Meeting and the 16th PIDHI Meeting. It is expected to be a big event in veterinary field in 2018 with expected more than 1,000 participants coming around the country as well as foreign participants from Asian countries and other continents.

In this opportunity, a very basic Veterinary Role as an important profession was chosen as the theme of the present event “To Serve Mankind through Animal Kingdom”. The Organizing Committee cordially invites all the Veterinarian, Veterinary and Biomedical Scientists, Animal Husbandry practitioners, Human Medical, Academicians, Scholars and other related professions in Asia and other continents to take part in this event.

The Congress and Scientific seminar will focus on the improvement of the role of veterinary professions in Asian countries as well as recent developments, trends and technologies available for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatments as well as productivity and quality of animals and animal products. The main objective of this event is to bridging government-academicians–business sector and public participation to achieve the goal for better serve and better quality of life.

Thank you.

Sincerely,

Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto,
Chairman of the Organizing Committee

Table of Content

Proc FAVA & KIVNAS PDHI — 2018-10-31

Message from OC

Table of Contents

Invited Speaker

FAVA – Oral Presentation

Animal Welfare

Equine

Farm Animal

Microbiology and Parasitology

Pathology

Pre-clinical Science

Small Animal

Veterinary Public Health

Wild Animal and Aquatic Conservation

KIVNAS – Oral Presentation

Equine

Farm Animal

Microbiology and Parasitology

Poultry

Small Animal

Wild Animal

JSPS – Oral Presentation

Japan Society for the Promotion Science

Animal Quarantine – Oral Presentation

Indonesian Veterinary Epidemiology Association – Oral Presentation

One Health – Oral Presentation

FAVA – Poster Presentation

KIVNAS – Poster Presentation

IS-01 Global Challenge on Veterinary Profession

John De Jong — 2018-10-29

IS-02 Advancing Communication-Cooperation-Collaboration for the Implementation of One Health in Indonesia

Robyn Gwen Aldres — 2018-10-29

IS-03 Practical Aspects of Antibiotic Stewardship in Animal Production

Jaap A. Wagenaar — 2018-10-29

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging and is a threat for human and animal health. This increasing resistance results into treatment failures and increased mortality in humans and animals. If there is no action to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU), it is forecasted that the number of people dying due to AMR will increase considerably in the near future. AMU in animals poses a potential risk for public health as it contributes to the selection and spread of AMR which can disseminate to humans. Therefore, at global level WHO, FAO and OIE combined efforts in a such called One Health approach to minimize the public health impact of AMR associated with AMU in farm animals. The Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance (GAP) has been adopted by the World Health Assembly in 2015. This plan contains five strategic objectives. WHO urged all member states to develop a National Action Plan in line with the five objectives of the GAP, and with a One Health approach. Indonesia has submitted the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2019 in the Library of National Action Plans of WHO.

Although it is not clear to what level AMU in animal production contributes to the AMR problem humans, there is a worldwide urge to reduce AMU in animal production to a minimum to protect human health. The basis of this so-called ‘antimicrobial stewardship’ is focusing on (preventive) measures which enable animals to remain healthy and thus take away the need for antimicrobial treatment. Another pillar of stewardship is limiting and strictly regulating the use of so-called ‘’critically important antimicrobials for human medicine’’, like fluoroquinolones. It can be difficult to change AMU practices which have become habits for farmers and veterinarians; therefore specific triggers are required. In the Netherlands the total therapeutic AMU (in mass sold) in farm animals doubled between 1990 and 2007; parallel to the EU-ban of antimicrobial growth promotors which were completely phased out by 2006. From 2005 onwards, several events triggered a series of measures and initiatives to reduce AMU in livestock with almost 70%. This reduction was followed by reduced AMR levels in livestock. Some key success factors were: clear reduction targets defined by the government, having full transparency on antimicrobial prescription and usage, the existence of a surveillance system for AMR, and a close collaboration of all stakeholders and a shared goal. Although specific contexts differ between countries and production systems, tailored approaches taking into account specific contexts and stakeholders can be effective in responsible use of antimicrobials.

IS-04 Food Security

Chris Rittgers — 2018-10-29

IS-05 Practical Review on alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry

I Wayan Teguh Wibawan — 2018-10-29

IS-06 Hereditary Diseases and Genetic Predispositions

Urs Giger — 2018-10-31

IS-07 1. Feline Opthalmology 2. Ocullar Disorder Associated to Systemic Hypertention

Nalinee Tuntivanich — 2018-10-30

IS-08 Biomedical Application of Mamalian Cholecyst-Derived Scaffold

T V Kumar — 2018-10-30

IS-09 Feline Pelvic Fracture

Monchanok Vijarnsorn — 2018-10-30

Pelvic fractures are traumatic injuries that account for approximately 20-32 % of appendicular fractures in cats (1). Among these feline patients, fractures of the pelvic floor are commonly found (90%), while the incidences of the sacroiliac luxation and the ilial body fractures have been reported as high as 60% and 48.5% (2, 3). The causes of pelvic fractures usually involve high impact trauma predominantly road traffic accidents. The patients can suffer significant morbidity and mortality if the concurrent soft tissue injuries were not appropriately diagnosed and managed. The initial assessment of the vital organ systems should be performed to identify life-threatening injuries. The concurrent non-orthopedic injuries can occur as high as 59-72% of the cases and it is of important that the injured patients need to be stabilized before primary repair of the pelvic bone (1).

IS-10 Practice Management

Lowell Ackerman — 2018-10-30

IS-11 Animal Welfare in Laboratory Animal

Lydia Pethick — 2018-10-30

IS-12 Animal Welfare in Pig

Paul Withington — 2018-10-30

IS-13 Cattle Production and Reproduction

German Alonso Garcia — 2018-10-30

IS-14 Animal Welfare in Small Animal

Natasha Lee — 2018-10-30

IS-15 Risk of Transboundary Animal Diseases in Asia

Ian Dackre — 2018-10-30

IS-16 Innovation on Microfluidics-based Device for Single Cell Analysis, A Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor Model

Achariya Sailasuta — 2018-10-30

Recently, our laboratory, Companion Animal Cancer Research Unit, CAC-RU is interested in cancer stem cell (CSC) analysis both at the single cell and the tissue-based levels. However, cellular heterogeneity is still the major hassle for our comprehension in CSC biology. Therefore, to overcome and eradicate this big obstacles, a single cell analysis method must be established. Our laboratory has finally setup and integrated the microfluidics-based single cell analysis into our CSC researches under the association with Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University and Thai Micro-electronic Centre, NECTEC, Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand and Faculty of Medical Technic, Mahidol University since 2013 till present.

IS-17 Diagnosing and Managing of Canine Diabetes Mellitus

Maulana Ar Raniri Putra — 2018-10-30

High blood glucose level or hyperglycemia is caused by few factors, such as diabetes mellitus, stress-induced hyperglycemia, use of glucocorticoid, or hyperadrenocorticism. Therefore, it is important to have a thorough examination before having diabetes mellitus as a diagnose from hyperglycemia.

Diabetes mellitus happens because of pancreas failure in insulin production that is sufficient to control blood glucose level or insulin failure to decrease blood glucose level because of the insulin resistant. When hyperglycemia happens and over the ability of kidney to absorb glucose then it will appear in the urine (glucosuria). Glucosuria will induce the diuretic-osmotic process that will attract a lot of water to tubulus renalis and induce the clinical sign polyuria. Polyuria will trigger the body to keep hydrated by trigger the thirst center in the brain that cause the clinical sign polydipsia. Insulin is needed by the body to help glucose entering into the cell so it can be used as an energy source. If the insulin level in blood is low then the glucose will fail to enter the cell. This will cause a series of process, the first process is the body will have the energy deficit that trigger the hunger center in the brain to work and cause clinical sign polyphagia. Furthermore, the body will have to break the fat to get energy that can cause weightloss. The use of fat as an energy source continuously will cause high formation of keton bodies that can cause ketoacidosis condition (Ketoacidosis diabetes).

Diabetes mellitus consist of 2 types, type 1 and type 2 of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 of diabetes mellitus happens because of the failure of beta cell in insulin production so it produces a very less insulin or none. Dog is an animal that is common to have this type of diabetes mellitus. While type 2 of diabetes mellitus happens because of the insulin failure to work (insulin resistant) which is related to obesity. High level of body fat will induce the release of cytokine that inhibits insulin work so blood glucose level will arise. If this condition runs in a cronic matter then the beta cell will damage and will fail to produce insulin. Cat is a common animal to have this type 2 of diabetes mellitus.

IS-18 Cardiac Radiology

Deni Noviana — 2018-10-30

IS-19 Biosecurity Matters! Protect Your Research

Ibrahim Faseeh — 2018-10-30

Genetically modified mammals are an essential tool in today’s biomedical research resulting in a global trade where biosecurity is critical at the national, sub-national, and perhaps most importantly at an institutional level. The global research animal exchange entails many risks to the microbial status of research animals and animal colonies. Though research animal vendors have well-established procedures to minimise biosecurity concerns, the typical researcher may need guidance in addressing biosecurity concerns when importing animals from a vendor or colleague or when shipping animals to a colleague. A biosecurity risk mitigation process typically involves careful evaluation of animal source risk, transportation risks and destination institution capability and researcher’s requirements. This presentation will focus on important considerations when developing a plan, meeting a given institution’s biosecurity needs when receiving animals from across town or around the world while facilitating the animal related researcher’s needs.

IS-20 Atmospheric Science within a One Health Perspective

Jun Noda — 2018-10-30

In the atmosphere, particulate matters exist as aerosols which may have essential functions for the earth system to health quality of the individuals. A field of atmospheric sciences associated with aerosols has been focusing mainly on their chemical and physical properties to characterize their role and effect for the climate system, ocean-atmosphere interaction, health-related issue, and more.

It is well recognized that biological aerosols defined as “bioaerosols” to be present ubiquitously in the atmosphere, yet the scientific knowledge of their roles and functions are somewhat limited [1].

Since the bioaerosols may have a significant effect on climate, health quality of human and livestock animals, and ecological system, it is of great importance to acquire further knowledge in many aspects. The bioaerosols such as bacteria, virus fungi, and their fragments are not well in-cooperated with the atmospheric science researches mainly due to the difficulty associated with detection of bioaerosols. Often the concentration of bioaerosols in the air is very low, which requires sampling of a large air mass. Furthermore, the current scientific communities still lack the multidisciplinary approaches to tackle airborne infection, allergen dispersion, the stability of the biological material and more in the atmosphere.

Traditionally in both human and veterinary medical sciences, the bioaerosol investigations focused on understanding the infectivity of potential airborne infectious materials. For example, influenza, tuberculosis, mycoplasma, and other pathogenic ones to be examined. For example, the main focus points are finding strains which are more easily spread and the probability of infection to occur. Also, for the prevention of infectious diseases, understanding host susceptibility and immune response are also important focal points. However, in the real atmospheric condition, there are many substances in the air both gas and particulate phases. Thus understanding the mechanism of airborne infection requires not only the pathogen by itself, but it also needs to include some other co-existing airborne materials such as dust and air pollutants. Therefore, investigating the viability of bacteria with the effects of the particulate matters commonly found in the atmosphere as the co-existing material is important. Our research activities primarily focus on interactions between the bioaerosols and some other particulate matters such as dust and air pollutant in the atmosphere. This approach tries to evaluate the factors attributing the prolongation or reduction of the viability of bioaerosols. More specifically, understanding the critical factors to determine the viability of airborne pathogen, it may be easier to find solutions to control the airborne infection. Our work also focuses on emerging diseases such as Non-tuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM) clinical case in Japan [2].

In order to achieve global health, the one health approach can bridge the medical and environmental sciences as the multidisciplinary effort to safeguard human, animal, and environmental health.

IS-21 Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) for Geriatric Patients

Tatang Cahyono — 2018-10-30

IS-22 Seminar and Demonstration: Animal Rehabilitation Technique and Tools

Kanok Bamrungsri — 2018-10-30

IS-23 Innovation on Animal Feed Technology

German Alonso Garcia — 2018-10-30

IS-24 Zoonotic Wildlife Parasites in Southeast Asia and Their Global Implications

Reuben Sharma — 2018-10-30

Domestic animals and wildlife harbour a number of zoonotic pathogens of veterinary and public health concern. Approximately 75% of the emerging human infectious have a sylvatic cycle and wild animals are known to be efficient reservoirs of these infections. In addition, wild animals in the peri-urban setting act as efficient sources of infection for domestic animals including livestock. In Southeast Asia, the increasing destruction of natural habitats and the escalating trend in land use change has narrowed the disease transmission interface between humans, domestic animals and wildlife The complex interaction between the zoonotic pathogens, humans and animals, the arthropod vectors or intermediate hosts, and the environment, pose a serious challenge for the control and prevention of these zoonotic diseases. In many instances, this is confounded by the paucity of sound epidemiological data.

In Southeast Asia, wild and domestic animals including livestock are hosts to a myriad of parasites of which a number are zoonotic. These pathogens may be transmitted to humans either through an invertebrate vector or intermediate hosts, or by ingestion of the infective stages. While these parasites are endemic to the region, they pose a serious threat to visitors and may have negative impacts to the tourism industry. Of pivotal concern are two protozoan parasites which cause zoonotic primate malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi), and human muscular and enteric sarcocystosis (Sarcocystis spp.). The major natural reservoir host for P. knowlesi are the Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) which is the most common and widespread species of non-human primate in Southeast Asia. This apicomplexan haemoparasites is efficiently transmitted from macaques to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. Zoonotic primate malaria is now considered the most common and most deadly form of human malaria in many parts of Southeast Asia.

Sarcocystosis is transmitted by ingestion of the Sarcocystis cystic tissue stages present in meat or oocysts in the environment. The life cycle of the parasite involves intermediate and definitive hosts of which humans may assume both roles with varying pathological consequences. While the disease may be self-limiting, muscular infections can cause considerable clinical signs in humans. Both these protozoan parasites have global implications as they are known to infect travellers visiting the region. As such, it is necessary that veterinarians and public health workers be aware of these potentially fatal zoonotic parasites of our local wildlife and domestic animals, in order to facilitate timely and accurate diagnosis, treatment and control measures.

IS-25 Surgical Management of Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV)

Pasakorn Brikshavana — 2018-10-30

IS-26 1. Equine Oral Examination Using Oral Endoscope and 2. How to setup equine dentistry in your practice

Teerapol Chinkangsadarn — 2018-10-30

Developing of digital photography has brought veterinary services to another level of examination, disease diagnosis and client education. The use of oral endoscope with attached camera enhance the patient’s written dental record, thus it can also assist communication for case discussion among colleges or specialist for localize pathology, case follow up, treatment planning and practice marketing. It is not new technology but wildly use in veterinary practices. Unlike the flexible equipment used for internal endoscopy examinations for gastric ulceration, the dental scope is a rigid shaft called laparoscope with some degree of angle with led light source it can clearly visualize many small pathologies where conventional mirror visual are hard to detect.

Equine dentistry once was neglect field of equine dentistry. For the past few years, almost every equine practice can perform routine dental examination with confidence where there some practices were specialist in equine dentistry with world recognize veterinary such USA, UK, Australia and SE Asia. It is also possible for small mixed/equine practice to have basic setup for equine dentistry with minimal investment and good quality of service is achieved. The basic setup starting from safe working area include mode of patient restrain which sedative protocol is recommended. Oral examination tools are consisting of full mouth speculum, dental mirror, pick, head support and dental chart. Training of veterinary skill is essential to perform correct examination technique, disease diagnosis and treatment planning. The post graduate training is part of current veterinary professional development, alike equine dentistry many institute or conference offer these training all over the world.

IS-27 WSAVA Dental Guidelines

Siti Komariyah — 2018-10-30

IS-28 Small Animal Dental Anatomy and Pathology

Soenarti Daroendio — 2018-10-30

Teeth grow on a pair of upper and lower jaws. In the maxilla the incisors grow in the incisor bone, and the canines, pre molars and molars grow on the maxillary bone. In the lower jaw all tooth grow in the mandibular bone.

To facilitate identification, the oral cavity is divided into 4 quadrants like the Triadan System modification. Consecutive quadran 1 to 4 are: right upper jaw, left upper jaw, left lower jaw and right lower jaw. And each tooth gets a 3 digit numbering identity: digit 1 is the number of the qudran where the tooth is growing, and 2 digits are then the number of each tooth starting from the sagittal piece to the two jaws to the right or left. For example: 101 is the identity for 1st incisors in the right upper jaw, 204 is the identity for the canines in the left upper jaw.

IS-29 Selecting Animal Models for Biomedical Research and Testing

Fitriya Nur Annisa Dewi — 2018-10-30

IS-30 Fuji Film

Fuji Film — 2018-10-30

IS-31 WSAVA One Health

Shane Ryan — 2018-10-30

IS-32 Introduction of Linking Awareness Journey: Intercelluar (Non-Verbal) Communication

Rani Octalia — 2018-10-30

IS-33 Case Sharing: The Success of Acupuncture Therapy in Animals

Gustav A Muller — 2018-10-30

IS-34 Surgery Technique for Pelvic Problema and Femoro-acetabular Dislocation

Dhirgo Adji — 2018-10-30

AW-1 Animal Welfare in Indonesian Traditional Dairy Goat Farmer, Field Study in Cilengkrang, Cimalaka District, Sumedang Regency

Tyagita Hartady — 2018-10-28

For people in Cilengkrang Village, Cimalaka District, Sumedang Regency, dairy goats are a living investment that can be used as future assets. Although not as the main livelihood, raising livestock is done directly by the residents with the provision of knowledge about raising goat from the local breeders group, Simpay Tampomas. Milk produced is then sold and some were consumed by humans.

With traditional maintenance methods, it is not surprising that family involvement in management is high (Yunita et al., 2017). The majority of farmers rely on personal and senior experience in overcoming their livestock problems (Hartady and Widyastuti, 2018).

Welfare is not absolutely necessary for humans alone. As creatures of God Almighty, farm animals also have the same rights to be treated wisely by humans. Animal welfare is closely related to the health of animals and the welfare animal automatically will be productive as well, which in the end animal-source food can be guaranteed safe for human consumption. For information, animal welfare is a new priority trend for the 2001 International Strategic Plan for the World Animal Health Office (OIE) (Daldiri, 2017).

However, not all farmers understand the background and application of animal welfare. Various factors such as educational background, financial condition, limited space for cages and access to up-date information about farming, etc are a barrier for dairy goat farmers to apply animal welfare principles to their farm.

EQ-1 Quarantine Action for Horses Originating from Countries with different Health Status to EDFZ Jakarta for the 18th Asian Games 2018

. Mujiatun — 2018-10-28

Indonesia hosted the 18^th Asian Games on 18 August to 2 September 2018. In order to organize the equestrian competitions of these Asian Games, an Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ) was set up. EDFZ is a term used by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for a specific zone in which equestrian competitions can be organized. This system is based on the OIE’s concept of compartmentalisation and zoning. A specified area is shown to be free from a defined list of equine diseases that are otherwise present in the country or region. Horses within an EDFZ are protected from diseases that may occur in other parts of the country (OIE 2018).

Once the EDFZ is established, implementation of biosecurity management, health certification standards and procedures have to be observed, including the setting up of a Registered Animal Quarantine Installation (RAQI) to prevent the spread of diseases to this EDFZ.

Horses that came from countries that have a disease situation equal to the EDFZ with specific health requirement such as vaccination and testing, were taken directly to the EDFZ core zone, which was the venue for the equestrian events at the Jakarta Equestrian Park, Pulomas [DGLAHS, 2018]. Few horses came from countries with a health status not equal to the EDFZ. These horses had to be quarantined in their country of residence for 21-30 days and again in Indonesia for 14-21 days. Based to the regulations of the Indonesian Agriculture Quarantine Agency (IAQA) a RAQI was set up to observe the health status of these horses.

General observation of horse health status in the RAQI consisted of inspection for clinical signs of infectious diseases and also a repeat of laboratory testing for specified diseases which, as per requirement of the “Veterinary Certificate for the Temporary Importation of horses into Indonesia to compete in the equestrian events of the 18^th Asian Games” (here: Asian Games Health Certificate), had already been tested in the country of residence.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the quarantine action for horses in the RAQI at the 18^th Asian Games 2018.

EQ-2 Establishment of Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ) in Jakarta to Facilitate the Equestrian Competitions During The 18th Asian Games, 2018

Sri Hartarti — 2018-10-28

The 18th Asian Games, which include the Olympic equestrian disciplines of jumping, dressage and eventing, were held in Jakarta from 18 August to 2 September 2018.

Equestrian sport in the Asian region is well developed in only a few countries and, in general there is little agreement between the member nations of the region about animal health regulations for horse movement between these countries. Few countries are approved for reentry of horses that have visited them to the European Union (“approved third countries”), hence making it difficult for Europe based Asian horses to travel to and to return from some countries in the region. Indonesia is one of the countries with no approval.

In order to facilitate competition horse movement to specific international events, the World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE) has developed the concept of Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ), which is based on the fundamental principle of zoning and compartmentalisation as defined in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Chapter 4.3, 4.4).

The basic principle of EDFZ is to demonstrate that the equine health of a defined core zone and its surroundings have high health standards which are acceptable to the trading partners. The stepwise approach taken in Indonesia consisted of (1) an assessment of the equine health status and the identification of critical diseases; (2) the definition of a core zone (the venue) and a surveillance zone; (3) the application of biosecurity measures and protocols; (4) international and national health certificates, specifically developed for the Asian Games; (5) a self declaration of the EDFZ submitted to the OIE; and (6) acceptance and publication of the application for regionalization by the European Commission. If both of these applications are approved, participating nations can be reassured that sanitary conditions at the equestrian venue have met the international standards as set by the OIE and the EU.

EQ-3 Castration as a Treatment for Seminoma Intratubular Case in Horse

Budhy Jasa Widyananta — 2018-10-28

Quality Stallions are one of the most expensive aset in the horse farm. Testicular swelling quite common found without specific diagnosis due to lack of experience. Varied supportive diagnosis is needed to confirm the cause. A thirteen years old horse crossbreed stallion had a history of progressive testicular enlargement.

EQ-4 Potential Vector in Equistrian Diseases Free Zone, Jakarta International Equistrian Park Pulomas Indonesia

Upik Kesumawati Hadi — 2018-10-28

In preparation of the equestrian competitions of the 18^th Asian Games Jakarta, Indonesia has to set up an Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ) with a core zone at the Jakarta International Equistrian Park Pulomas (JIEPP) venue and a surrounding surveillance zone covering the area of DKI Jakarta and a protection zone covering Greater Jakarta (DGLAHS 2018). EDFZ is a horse disease free zone defined by OIE to hold horse racing competitions at the Asian Games and is only valid temporarily. Vector surveillance is one of the biosecurity requirement in the monitoring of progress of EDFZ in control and eradication for various diseases, such as mosquito borne diseases. There are several mosquito-borne viral diseases that cause varying levels of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals that can have substantial welfare and economic ramifications (Durand et al. 2013). Periodic collection of local mosquito species is essential to inform vector control strategies and track their impact on mosquito borne diseases (Chapman et al. 2016). The study was done to describe the potential vector species in core zone, the habitats, the fluctuation dynamics and the potential disease spread. The result of this study will benefit in contributing the develompment of strategies to monitor and manage the risk.

FA-1 Case Study of Hog Cholera in Flores 2017 and Its Controlling

Paulus Mbolo Maranata — 2018-10-28

Hog Cholera disease or Classical Swine Fever (CSF) or also known as Pork Sampar is one of the viral diseases that attack pigs. The virus that causes Hog Cholera is the genus Pestivirus. Hog Cholera belongs to one of 25 types of strategic infectious animal diseases listed in the Ministry of Agriculture no. 4026 / Kpts / OT / 140/4/2013 on the Stipulation of Strategic Disease Infectious Diseases (Kementan 2013).

Hog Cholera disease only attacks pigs and is spread in various countries in the world. This disease attacks all ages of pigs and if not experienced vaccination morbidity and mortality can reach 100% Spread of this disease through direct and indirect contact. Direct contacts between pigs with pigs themselves or between humans in this case workers, visitors or veterinarians who work on these farms with pigs. Indirect contacts can occur through cage equipment, work clothing or transport equipment used such as motorcycles, wagon or truck carrying. The source of the spread of this virus is blood, nasal and mouth fluids, urine, faeces and semen.

Diagnosis of Hog Cholera disease based on clinical symptoms, disease epidemiology, pathology change and histopathology and confirmation of laboratory test result in isolation and virus identification, PCR and serology test result of ELISA and FAT.

Prevention in the form of strict biosecurity applications concerning the traffic of livestock, humans and equipment is needed in the prevention of this disease. In addition Hog Cholera Vaccination is the most effective way to do for the prevention of this disease, especially in Hog cholera endemic areas. Until now Hog Cholera can not be treated antibiotics just to deal with secondary infections.

The first case of Hog Cholera in Indonesia was found in North Sumatra in early 1994 the introduction of the disease was suspected from Peninsular Malaysia. In 1997 Hog Cholera spread to several other areas in Indonesia namely West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, DKI, Central Java, West Kalimantan, Bali, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT).

In NTT the Hog Cholera case was first found in Tarus Kabupaten Kupang in 1997 (Santia et al. 2008). In 1998 the disease has spread to several islands in NTT including Sumba, Rote, Sabu Island and several districts on the island of Timor. In 2002 the disease attacked the islands of Alor, Pantar and Pura. The year 2005 was first found in Flores ie in Sikka district although without the occurrence of outbreak (Diarmita 2011)

FA-2 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Pigs: Diarrhoea Pre-Weaned Pig in Breeder Area

Indra Parmonangan Nainggolan — 2018-10-28

All phases of pig raising are important, from the time of the womb, the prestarter, the starter, the grower, the finisher, the sires (sow), and the males (boar), all related to each other to produce maximum performance. However, the initial phase of pig breeding is indeed a phase most important.

In this phase, the state of the digestive tract is still relatively sterile from microorganisms, does not have a good body temperature regulation system, immune system is not functioning well so vulnerable to the presence of infectious diseases from outside in the initial phase, piglets tend to be environmentally sensitive and easy to stress.

The symptoms of diarrhoea (scours) at the time of pre-wean, weaning or change of feed is necessary to watch out for. In theory, diarrhea is a disease of gastrointestinal disease (enteritis) that attacks many piglets or young pigs, caused by several factors:

*Non-infections, such as sudden weaning stress, weather changes (from summer to rainy season or vice versa), cage displacement, density, poor cage sanitation, starving and sudden change of feed in pigs to be weaned.

*Infection, such as bacterial (colibacillosis), viral (coronavirus), or parasitic disease (coccidiosis).

At the time of weaning, piglet has a high risk of stress because it is psychologically separate from the mother. Stress increases as pigs also have to adapt to the environment and the type of feed from the normally wet becomes more complex and dry.

In addition, in the digestive tract, the piglet has changed the size of the surface of the small intestine villi to be shorter so that it affects the digestibility and absorption capacity of the feed. Another consequence is the presence of changes in the immune system and intestinal microflora so that if there is a beneficial bacterial imbalance, can cause the occurrence of diarrhea.

FA-3 Production Trait of Crossbreed Cattle and Reproductive Disorders in Brahman Cross (BX) Breeding Program at PT Lembu Jantan Perkasa

Berlin Pandapotan Pardede — 2018-10-28

The feedlot industry in Indonesia has developed very rapidly, along with the increase in meat consumption. Brahman Cross (BX) is an imported beef cattle from Australia which is widely used by feedloters as broodstock. Feedloter chooses BX cattle because besides the price is quite cheap, this breed also has a very good growth factor [1].

In order to support the self-sufficient of beef meat, feedloters who imported BX from Australia have to conduct breeding program as part of the Ministry of Agriculture decree no. 02/PERMENTAN/PK.440/2/2017 related to the import of ruminants into Indonesia. BX Cattle is often crossed with other breeds through artificial insemination programs, in order to provide calving ease and to produce high-weight cattle.

Beside the target to produce good body weight and average daily gain (ADG) of the calf from crossbreeding, the feedloters have also to manage the breeding efficiently by taking care of the reproductive disorder that might be affected the production.

Good reproductive efficiency will have a positive impact on increasing livestock production [2]. In various breeding programs, there are many factors that can affect the reproductive efficiency of cattle, such as reproductive disorders. Reproductive disorders can be a major economic problem in a farm. These reproductive health problems can be the bottleneck in the production process and productivity in the livestock sector [3].

Therefore, this study will discuss the production performance in various cross-breed cattle and reproductive disorders in a feedlot breeding program.

FA-4 Assessment of Estrous Cycle Using Ultrasound to Determine Time of Insemination In Banteng (Bos javanicus, d’Alton 1823)

Dedi Rahmat Setiadi — 2018-10-28

Banteng is considered as endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Banteng is currently distributed in Java, in Kalimantan [Indonesian Borneo], Sabah [part of Malaysian Borneo], Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and, probably Lao PDR and Vietnam (1). The populations in the Asian mainland have decreased by about 80% in the last decades. The total number of wild banteng is estimated to about 5,000-8,000 animals. No population has more than 500 animals, only a few have more than 50. Reasons for the population decline are reduction of habitat, poaching, hybridisation with domesticated cattle, and infections with cattle diseases (4).

Since the wild population has been declining continously and the numbers of individual are getting smaller, therefore captive breeding is urgently needed in order to support the conservation of Banteng sustainably. Although breeding program of Banteng is important, but information about the reproductive biology of Banteng is very limited. Breeding programs in Banteng can be done by natural mating or using assisted reproductive technology such as artificial insemination (AI). The aplication of AI in Banteng can support Banteng conservation program in order to increase heterozygosity, prevent inbreeding and possible to use of the Banteng bulls from different facilities for AI of females in all breeding facilities of Banteng.

AI applications require information on the estrous cycle and estrous signs to determine the precise AI time. Clinical signs of estrous in Banteng is difficult to observe, therefore determining the time of AI must be done through rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The objectives of this research is to assess estrous cycle to determine time of insemination.

FA-5 Semen Characteristics of Banteng (Bos javanicus) Collected by Electroejaculation Method

Vincentia Trisna Yoelinda — 2018-10-28

Banteng (Bos javanicus) is listed as endangered species in IUCN Redlist. Only few thousand wild banteng survive and their numbers are decreasing as a result of hunting and the loss of habitat due to deforestation and conversion to agricultural land. One of the conservation measures is to preserve this species in ex-situ breeding center. The breeding centre with the largest number of individuals is Ragunan Zoo in Jakarta, with 21 animals. Despite those numbers of individuals available, the sex ratio was far from ideal at 16 males and five females. While in Taman Safari Prigen, there were with 16 individuals and a sex ratio of five males and 11 females [1] Since number of males are usually less than females, and also to avoid inbreeding in order to keep high heterozygosity population, therefore, assisted reproductive technology such as artificial insemination is considered to be necessary.

For artificial insemination, semen collection sufficient quantitiy and quality of semen from males are needed. Thus, best semen collection method should be considered. Though transrectal massage procedure does not require the male to be anesthetized prior to semen collection, semen collected by this technique contains urine contamination. Besides, volume of semen sample obtained by transrectal massage is lesser compared to electroejaculation. Electroejaculation is also suitable for wild animal because in this particular semen collection procedure, males are not required to be trained.

The information about semen characteristics of banteng bulls collected by electroejaculation is less known. To date, study done by Johnston et al. (2002) is the only available data. That study only provided data from one semen sample from one 4-year-old banteng bull located at Western Plains Zoo [2]. Moreover such volume parameter and consistency was not reported from that study. Thus, this study is aimed to provide more reliable data from larger number of semen samples collected by electroejaculation and to add information to previous data that are availabe.

FA-6 Analysis of Sperm Freezing Capability of Various Bulls at the Singosari AI Center

Rhesti Indriastuti — 2018-10-28

Artificial insemination (AI) has been widely applied to improve genetic quality in cattle worldwide. One of the most important factors in AI program is the quality of semen. Many procedures in semen processing have been developed to preserve the sperm quality. The Singosari AI center produces the frozen semen through cryopreservation method. During this process, the number of semen collected will be rejected if the quality is low. Fresh semen with less than 70% of sperm motility, before freezing semen with less than 55%of sperm motility and less than 40% of sperm post-thawing motility evaluation will be rejected, so that it was only the viable sperm will be processed to be frozen semen commercial. Therefore, comparative study was carried out to analyze the freezing capability of sperm.

FA-7 Practical Applications of Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Bali Cattle Herded Semi-Intensively in Maumere, NTT

Cynthia Gaina — 2018-10-28

Generally, real time, B-mode ultrasound scanner has become an essential part for veterinary reproduction applications. Diagnostic ultrasound seems to be a useful tool to study anatomical structures and to confirm echogenic pattern in reproductive organ (Holman et al, 2011). Many experiments showed that ultrasonography imaging has considerable beneficial for the evaluation of the internal structure of reproductive organ function in domestic animals (Beal et al, 1992) as it can be used as a non-invasive technique to evaluate animal reproductive health (Holman et al 2011). Pregnancy detection with ultrasonography provides more advantage compare to manual palpation because of its ability to detect early presence of embryo and its accuracy (Beal et al, 1992; Nation et al 2003). To the best of our knowledge, most of cattle farmers and veterinarians in Maumere have relied on one single method for detecting pregnancy in cows, that is, rectal palpation. However, this method has its limitation as it should be performed by a skillful technician to diagnose pregnancy as early as 40 days of gestation and it does not provide any information about the viability of the embryo or fetus. Therefore, this study aims to investigate pregnancy status of Bali cattle herded semi-intensively in Maumere, NTT by using ultrasonography.

The objective of the research was to study the practical uses of ultrasound for pregnancy detection in Bali cattle on B-mode ultrasound imaging.

FA-8 Embryo Transfer and Artificial Insemination Program of Belgian Blue Cattle in Indonesia: Pregnancy Rate, Birth Weight and Calving Ease

Bambang Purwantara — 2018-10-28

The beef cattle industry in Indonesia hampered by low population and productivity. Apart from genuine adaptability to tropical condition and low input of production, local breeds basically have small body size and low daily weight gain. During the last few years, through artificial insemination (AI) program the government has introduced crossbred of various European breeds with local cattle. Moreover, embryo transfer (ET) program, has also been adopted to support the foundation of elite cattle.

Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang, a centre to produce and distribute embryos of high genetic quality cattle is responsible to develop a modern breeding program through embryo technology. The center, since its establishment in 2000, has produced and distributed thousands of bovine embryos of local and exotic breeds [1].

BET Cipelang has mandated to implement a large-scale importation of Belgian Blue (BB) embryos. Nine hundred frozen BB embryos have been imported from Belgium and transferred to recipients at various breeding centres. To study the performance of the crossbred between local breeds and BB, 1000 frozen semen of BB bulls were imported and inseminated [2}.

The BB cattle has widely known as the breed with double muscling properties. The significance of this project is to study the BB capability on coping up with various local constraints to produce Indonesian BB. The breeding program of the local breed with BB through AI will direct the breeding policy on crossbreeding program. This study was developed to evaluate the success rate of AI and ET, calving ease, calves body weight, daily gains and some other phenotypic performance.

FA-9 Reproductive Efficiency of Brahman Cross Cattle Using Artificial Insemination with Frozen Semen from Bali, Brahman, Limousin, and Simmental Cattle

Husnul Khotimah — 2018-10-28

Demand and consumpsion of beef meat increases every year in Indonesia. The increase of demand is not followed by the availability supply of beef cattle production nationaly. Statistical data from Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan Indonesia showed that on the year of 2016 the demand of beef was 604.968 ton and the production of beef was only 354.770 ton. The goverment imported of beef and cattle to fulfill the lack of supply, as of 2016 there was 116.761 ton beef and 1.298.560 cattle imported to Indonesia⁽¹⁾.

Indonesia has determined to achieve beef self–sufficiency by 2024. To achieve that goal the goverment want to increase the cattle population nationaly by requiring the cattle and buffalo farm industry to oblige the breeding programe. The goverment made some policy including Upsus SIWAB and an obligation of the feedloters of imported cattle to do breeding. According to PERMENTAN no 49 thn 2016 and it’s add on PERMENTAN no 2 thn 2017, importation of beef cattle must meet the ratio 1:5 between breeding cattle and feeder cattle.

Reproductive efficiency is a parameter used to determine the success of breeding programe. Reproductive eficiency is a measure of the ability if a cow to become pregnant and produce offspring⁽²⁾. Optimalization of reproductive efficiency can be one of means to increase national cattle population.

Brahman Cross is one of the most common imported cattle breed to Indonesia. Husbandry and reproductive management play an important role to achieve the best result on cattle breeding programe. Feedloters who conduct breeding programe of Brahman Cross cattle (Breedlot) have the capacity and potential to increase the reproductive efficiency of their breeding programe due to they have capital and good management. Thus it is important to assess and measure the reproductive efficiency of Brahman Cross cattle artificially inseminated with frozen semen to increase the reproductive efficiency of beef cattle in the Breedlot.

FA-10 Sperm Freezability of Various Breed of Bulls at Lembang AI Center

Zulfi Nur Amrina Rosyada — 2018-10-28

Currently, artificial insemination (AI) techniques using cryopreserved semen have been widely used to improve the genetic potential of livestock species. Semen at the Lembang AI Center usually collected by artificial vagina (AV) then the semen should be evaluated to get the good quality of spermatozoa for the freezing process. Several efforts are being made to improve the quality of frozen semen for AI so as to get the most out of this technology. But there are certain obstacles in this path to achieve breeding goals. The trend now is to design procedures or refine methodologies so as to maximize the production of good quality semen without discarding too many poor quality ejaculates. Therefore, to minimize the poor or discarded spermatozoa used in the cryopreservation process, this study might elaborate more about the influencing factors.

FA-11 Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Bovine Brucellosis in Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Province, Indonesia

Aprizal Panus — 2018-10-28

Brucellosis in dairy cows caused by Brucella abortus is detrimental to the dairy business because it adversely affects the production and reproduction potential of dairy cows. In Indonesia, annual economic losses due to reproductive disorders including abortion, infertility, sterility, death early of born weak calves and decreased milk production reached 13.8 million US$ (Noor, 2007).

Subsequent serological studies have indicated the presence of bovine brucellosis in some areas in Indonesia such as South Sulawesi, West Timor and DKI. Jakarta. Although infection of goats and sheep in Indonesia has not been documented, brucellosis is likely to be present in these species as well. However, brucellosis in these species is generally caused by Brucella melitensis.

Brucella abortus is endemic in Indonesia. In past three years, the number of brucellosis cases in DKI. Jakarta has increased with more less 501 heads were detected seropositive recently in 91 farms of dairy cattle and 141 out of 899 samples in 2013, 5 out of 178 in 2014 and 58 out of 202 in 2015 samples were positive Brucellosis reported among approximate 2.550 dairy cattle in DKI. Jakarta province respectively. Brucellosis was detected not only in dairy cattle, but also in sheep in DKI. Jakarta Province. Therefore brucellosis still a concern of the Indonesian government.

Population of cattle in Indonesia is more less 16 million. This population comprises of 15.5 million of beef cattle and 0,5 million of dairy cattle distributed in 33 provinces. In Indonesia, eradication activities are accompanied by a vaccination program of infected farms conducted to maintain low level of brucellosis at farm level.

However the implementation of vaccination program is mostly irregular, and therefore the benefits from the vaccination for brucellosis may be hard to assess. In addition, culling accompanied by a compensation scheme has not worked properly, as the amount of compensation disbursed is generally considered insufficient by farmers. This means that not all seroreactors are culled. (Anka et al, 2014).

This situation threatens the cattle population in DKI. Jakarta, especially for DKI. Jakarta Province which has become the source of dairy products such as milk and milk-derived products. Therefore, bovine brucellosis is still one of the targeted diseases that the Indonesian government is trying to eradicate in future.

MP-1 Cysticercosis in Goats in the Semi-arid Tropics of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Aji Winarso — 2018-10-28

Semi-arid region of West Timor has a good potential of livestock farming, including goat farming. Small scale goat farms in West Timor raise their animals in semi-intensive system by rearing their animals in pasture or rice field.

There are a high demand of goat in the local market especially prior to Kurban Fiest. Despite high population growth of goat, there are some reasons causing low productivity, such as parasite infections.

Taeniid cestodes infect carnivores (as well as human) as the definitive host and involve a wide range of intermediate host where they present as metacestode cyst.¹Cysticercosis or infection of cestode larval stages (metacestode) may appear vary from subclinical to severe clinical signs.¹ Cysticercus infection lead to productivity losses² even mortality in livestock.³ They are responsible for economic losses due to partial or total condemnation of carcass and offal.^{1, 3}

Cysticercosis also pose a risk of public health.³ The zoonosis risk even higher in developing countries and especially in rural area, people lives in close proximity with animals, poor sanitation³ and low awareness. Dogs and wild canids are common definitive host of the most metacestodes occurring in goat and other ruminants.¹But some of them involve human as definitive host as well as incidental intermediate host in their life cycle.⁴ To make an effective control of cestode infection, it is necessary to identify the agent and collect its epidemiological data.

This research aims to determine the prevalence and to identify the etiological agent of cysticercosis of goats in semi-arid region of West Timor.

Cysticercosis in Goats in the Semi-arid Tropics of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

MP-2 Theileriosis Prevalence On The Cattle In District Gorontalo

Muhammad Sayuti — 2018-10-28

This study aims to study the disease of protozoan blood in cattle in Gorontalo regency caused by Theileria sp .. Some protozoa of blood that infect cows include Theileria sp., Trypanosoma sp., And Babesia sp. The presence of protozoa will lead to anemia, growth disorders, reproductive disorders and death. In general, the protozoa of this blood will hamper the livestock business and result in economic losses for farmers.

The sample of cow's blood in Gorontalo Regency is the object studied. The samples taken were 158 cows obtained through the slovin equation with 93% accuracy. Samples were taken at the farmers' level belonging to livestock groups and not belonging to livestock groups in Kabupaten Gorontalo. The study was conducted by examining cow blood memelaluimetode blood thin scalp examination using binocular microscope with 1000 magnification. Data analysis done descriptively. The results obtained found 32.5% of cattle suffering from Theilleriosis

MP-3 Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus suis and Salmonella sp. Isolates from Selected Swine and Poultry Farms in Regions III and IV in the Philippines

Darlene Fe P. Castro — 2018-10-28

Swine and poultry industries are significant contributors to the agricultural sector in the Philippines. Specifically, the provinces in Regions III and IV have registered the highest number of pigs and chickens raised and also the highest production of pork, chicken and eggs in the Philippines. Despite the increasing trend in chicken and pork production, these agricultural sectors are beset with animal health concerns, particularly, the occurrences of bacterial diseases and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial compounds. The widespread practice of antimicrobial use provides an environment conducive for selection, spread and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance is being encountered in swine and poultry industry with the common respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases of bacterial causes. In this research, the commonly observed opportunistic agent, Streptococcus suis was detected in pigs, while the enteric bacteria, Salmonella enterica was isolated from chickens. Antimicrobials are important for the control of infectious diseases. However, several studies have shown that the use of antimicrobials has resulted in resistance, making AMR a worldwide concern.

MP-4 Study of Parasitic Diseases - Goat's Digestive Zoonoses In Gorontalo District

Tri Ananda Erwin Nugroho — 2018-10-28

The purpose of this study is to study the parasitic-zoonotic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in goats in Gorontalo District. The results of this study in the long term are expected to contribute to the Gorontalo regional government in the development of the livestock sector, especially in terms of handling diseases in goats and anticipating the presence of goats.

MP-5 Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella Species Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Sukabumi and Bogor Areas

Zumala Nilasari — 2018-10-28

Animal protein needs in Indonesia increase every year. One source of animal protein that is affordable for all levels of society is poultry. Poultry mostly farmed in several parts of Indonesia. The region that has the largest poultry population in Indonesia is the province of West Java. The regions in West Java that contribute the highest poultry populations are Sukabumi and Bogor. The largest number of poultry populations is broiler chicken population, which is 108,304,978 tails.

Antibiotics often used in livestock and poultry as a prevention of disease transmission and as a growth promoter. Routine use of antibiotics in the livestock industry, especially chickens, has a negative impact. One of them is the emergence of antibiotic resistance. One of the bacteria that has experienced antibiotic resistance is the Klebsiella species.

Klebsiella bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria are normal flora in the oral cavity, skin and intestines, but can become pathogens in animals and humans under certain conditions. This bacterium is one of the causes of bacterial diseases that attack large livestock and poultry. Many reports say that Klebsiella species have experienced resistance to antibiotics. Klebsiella had experienced resistance to several antibiotics, namely ampicillin as much as 66.7%, Nalidixic Acid 61.8%, tetracycline 59.8% and trimethropin 50%. Klebsiella bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are very dangerous for animal and human health. Diseases caused by Klebsiella bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics will be difficult to cure. Akova (2016) states that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that experience resistance will produce infections that are difficult to treat or cannot even be treated using antimicrobials.

MP-6 Coccidiosis Intestinal Dysmotility in C57BL/6 Mice

Riki Siswadi — 2018-10-28

Recently, anecdotal report was arisen that coccidiosis in cattle resulted in delayed intestinal motility. The occurrence of delayed intestinal motility has been never briefly reported. However, some study indicated a delay in intestinal motility. A study in cattle coccidiosis reported a transient increase of nutrients apparent digestibility, especially of crude fiber index, during clinical coccidiosis and that anorexia and intestinal leakage impaired the nitrogen balance, causing weight depression. The observation may have reflected intestinal hypomotility, however, this work did not observe the intestinal motility directly. Another study indicated that Eimeria infection in rabbit could induce intestinal motility disturbance. The disturbance, however, did not indicate as general delay in intestinal transit, because some part of the intestine experienced faster motility and another part indicated slower motility.

As one of the cosmopolitan diseases of production animal, the occurrence of intestinal dysmotility by coccidiosis need to be clarified. And a control measure against intestinal dysmotility of coccidiosis need to be proposed soon after the clarification of its clinical existence. Therefore, we designed a study with murine Eimeria as model to provide evidence for better approach toward this emerging issue.

MP-7 Isolation of Antibiotic Resistance Gene from Staphylococcus aureus from Chicken Poultry Farm in Bogor West Java Indonesia

Nabila Swarna Puspa Hermana — 2018-10-28

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen in human and another animal species. It also associated with staphylococcosis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and bumble foot disease in poultry. Antibiotics including penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline are widely used for treating infection caused by S. aureus.

Chicken poultry play important role in food supply as one of protein source in Indonesia. West Java province has largest population of chicken poultry, where Bogor has the largest population of chicken poultry with 19.75.850 chicken in 2018. In order to maintain the production, farmers used antibiotics for prophylaxis, growth promotor, and therapy. However, extensive use of antibiotic can be found in low income and developed country, caused the increasing number of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus isolated from cloacal swab of chicken poultry in Bogor West Java Indonesia.

MP-8 Lack of Antibody Formation Against Inactivated Avian Influenza Virus in Ducks and Chickens After Intranasally Immunization

Okti Nadia Poetri — 2018-10-28

Vaccination is one of control strategies implemented in endemic countries such as Egypt and Indonesia [1,2]. Most commercial AI vaccines available in Indonesia are adjuvanted inactivated AI vaccines applied through intramuscular routes. Vaccine application by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection can cause pain and stress in poultry, the route of vaccine through the nasal drip (intranasal) is a more convenient and painless.

However, respiratory applied inactivated influenza is poorly immunogenic. Therefore prior to developing inactivated intranasal vaccine, it is necessary to study antibody response to inactivated AI virus which exposed through intranasal route. The aim of our research was to determined antibody response of ducks and chickens against avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 after intranasally immunization.

MP-10 Subcloning Gene Encoding Rophtry 1 (ROP1) Toxoplasma gondii WTA Isolate

Purmaningtyas Kusumaningsih — 2018-10-28

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite which could infected all organism, and built a vacuola parasitoporus for multiplicity their self in host [1]. Toxoplasmosis is the one of zoonotic diseases which could infected animal and human and involved that two organism to their life [2].

Toxoplasmosis in animal is difficult to held, it cause involved the environment. Oosit could sporulated in the water, it made fish, walrus and other mamalian infected by T. gondii. Bat could be a vector of T. gondii if they bite cattle where in it bloods contain with tachyzoites [3]. Toxoplasmosis in ranch such as cattle, pork, sheep, goat and poultry focused on reproduction health that impact economics system and causes congenital disease. This condition can impact for fulfill of prime seed and good meat for human consumption [4].

The invasion of T. gondii to host cell could cause immunology reaction like cytokine secretors such as IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α and T cells such as CD4+ and CD8+. It involved surface antigen/SAG protein and excretory-secretory antigen/ESA protein [5].

Rophtry-1 protein has functioned as a penetration factor and it has 66 kDa molecular of weight. Cloning gene of rophtry-1 T. gondii RH isolate have done and result on vaccination using recombinant plasmid rop1, improving activity of natural kill cells, cell and T proliferation. Recombinant antigen of ROP1 also can use for toxoplasma diagnosis [6,7].

The aim of these studies was to sub-clone the gene encoding ROP-1 protein T. gondii WTA isolate to pET-32a(+) and produced a recombinant plasmid of ROP-1 in E. coli BL-21(DE3). This recombinant plasmid will be used to produce a recombinant protein which will be able to perform preliminary studies on its stability on detect T. gondii specific antibodies.

MP-11 Eimeria pragensis Induce Immune Mediated Intestinal Hypomotility in C57BL/6 Mice

Riki Siswadi — 2018-10-28

The manifestation of intestinal dysmotility of coccidiosis has never been briefly reported before. From murine Eimeria study we concluded that Eimeria pragensis (Ep) is capable to induce intestinal hypomotility described to be similar to pan-enteric ileus.

In comparison with the intestinal dysmotility in postoperative ileus which is orchestrated by T_H1 immune response [1], a local injury to some part of intestine could trigger pan-enteric ileus. If the T_H1 immune response could also be induced in Ep infection, the delay in intestinal motility could be explained as similar mechanism as the post-operative ileus. Since the Ep infestation occurred in the ileocecal part of the intestines, with similar mechanism of post-operative ileus, the pan-enteric ileus could be triggered. In this study, we tried to find a relationship between intestinal dysmotility and T_H1 immune response in murine coccidiosis.

MP-12 Effect of AKBISprob Supplementation on Antibacterial-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolated from Laying Hens Intestine

. Nurliana — 2018-10-28

Generally, Bacteria in the intestine consist of beneficial bacteria and bacteria that have the potential to disrupt animal health such as pathogenic bacteria. The presence of pathogenic bacteria is one of the factors that cause gastrointestinal dysfunction, but can be suppressed by maintaining the presence of beneficial bacteria for the digestive tract, especially the type of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) (Astuti, 2016). LAB has antagonistic activity because it is able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria so it can compete to maintain normal flora balance in the digestive tract. The main inhibitory activity of LAB is caused by the accumulation of primary metabolites such as lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. In addition, LAB is also capable of producing antibacterial compounds such as bacteriocins (Furtado et al., 2014). Naturally LAB has existed in the digestive tract of chickens, but it is easy to experience changes in the amount due to the influence of given the feed (Widodo et al., 2015). Feed and the environment can affect the composition of microbes in the digestive tract in chickens(Ghadban, 2002; Apajalahti et al., 2004). Provision of fermented feed can improve the composition of intestinal microflora and increase the number of LAB. Fermented feed is generally easily biodegradable and has a higher nutritional value than the original ingredient and it can reduce the pH of the digestive tract.

AKBISprob is an alternative product to increase poultry production in the form of supplement made from a mixture of soybean wate, and palm kernel meal which is fermented with Aspergillus niger. The fermentation process using Aspergillus niger can reduce the crude fiber contained in AKBIS, because the mold can produce amylase, pectinase, amyloglucosidase and cellulase enzymes which can degrade cellulose so that it is easier to digest. In addition, Aspergillus niger also produces metabolites in the form of citric acid which is a component that can reduce intestinal pH so that it is suitable for LAB growth. Based on research conducted by Nurliana et al. (2016; 2017), supplementation of 4% AKBISprob can maintain the chickens production and health as well increase the number of LAB and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in chickens intestine. Thus creating a balance of microflora in the digestive tract of laying hens. Based on the above reasons, it is necessary to conduct research on antibacterial detection of BAL in laying hens that have been given AKBISprob.

MP-13 Antibody Response to Avian Influenza Vaccination in Small-Scale Duck Farming in Mojokerto District, East Java

Tutik Surjaningdyah — 2018-10-28

Commercial duck farming in Indonesia is practiced either as a nomadic way (moving around) or as an intensified settled system. Since the emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 subtype clade 2.1.3 in Indonesia in 2003, ducks acted as a reservoir (carrier) without showing clinical signs. In late 2012 the new HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2 was introduced which caused high duck mortality, especially in young ducks. Nomadic ducks have a high risk of developing and spreading Avian Influenza (AI). In addition to this high risk, there are many duck farmers who do not practice proper AI vaccination, to achieve protective immunity. One of the measures to control AI is by administering scheduled vaccinations. The objective of this study was to investigate the increase of AI antibody titer in ducks after vaccination and to identify the best timing for vaccination.

MP-14 Antibiotics Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry in West Java

Aprilia Hardiati — 2018-10-28

Most of poultry industries use antibiotics for health management program. They use them as bacterial infection treatment and disease prevention, known as antibiotic growth promotor (AGP) [1]. Now, worldwide concern is about antibiotics resistance. Monitoring programs are done by countries in the world to protect human and animal health [2]. The monitoring programs usually use indicator bacteria such as Escherichia coli [3].

Many researchers studied about antibiotics resistance in Indonesia. Escherichia coli isolated from poultry has been resistance to doxycycline (25%) and gentamycin (12.5%) [4]. Seven E. coli isolated from fecal samples shown that resistance to methicillin (85.7%), penicillin G (71.4%) and 42,9% were resistance both doxycycline hydrochloride and streptomycin [5]. Start from Januari 1^st 2018 Indonesian Misintry of Agricuture banned antibiotics as AGP, based on Permentan No. 14/2017. They tried to prevent the spread of antibiotics resistance. So, it is necessary to determine antibiotics resistance patterns, especially in E. coli as indicator bacteria.

MP-15 Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Isolate with Propagation in Chicken Embryonated Eggs and Molecular Biology

. Syamsidar — 2018-10-28

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD), also known as Gumboro disease is one that has an adverse economic effect. This disease is a threat to the poultry industry (Mueller, 2003). Deaths in chickens caused by IBD can even reach 100%. Outbreaks remain widespread despite vaccination programmes (Soedoedono, 2001). In Indonesia, the IBD disease is the cause of high death rates in poultry from the very virulent IBD (vvIBD) throughout the year 2014. Prevention of the disease can be done through vaccination. However, a tight vaccination programme so not ensure the safety of poultry from IBD. Therefore, there is a need for a vaccine strain to be suitable with those in the field. This can be accomplished with collecting virus isolates from the field and identifying the suitable vaccine strain. The purpose of this research is to characterize virus IBD isolates through propagation in embryonated chicken eggs. In addition, molecular methods will be used from PCR to identification with sequencing.

MP-16 Characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum Caused Infectious coryza/Snot: Satellite Colony Phenomenon

Agnesia Endang Tri hastuti Wahyuni — 2018-10-28

Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute upper respiratory disease of poultry that can appear in all ages. Some of clinical signs that are commonly seen in IC are rhinitis, facial swelling or edema, lacrimation, anorexia, and retarded growth in young poultry [1.2.3]. The disease can be found worldwide, especially in tropical countries [4]. Infectious coryza is very important in the chicken farm industry in developed and developing countries, including Indonesia [5]. The large economic losses due to IC such as increased number of culling, decreased egg production (10-40%), decreased body weight, stunting growth, and some mortality (2-10%) [4].

Avibacterium paragallinarum which was previously classified as Haemophilus paragallinarum is a causative agent of infectious coryza in laying and broiler chickens, quail, pearl chicken, turkey, and peacocks [4,6,7,8]. The bacteria is commensal in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory system, is sensitive to preservation and does not last long outside the host body [8]. Factors X and V are needed for the growth of several types of A. paragallinarum. According to in vitro growth requirements, A. paragallinarum can be either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) independent or NAD-dependent. The reduced form of NAD (NADH; 1.56-25 µg/ml) and the oxidized form (20-100 µg/ml) is required for in vitro growth in most isolates A. paragallinarum that show satellitic colony on a medium [9]. The description of the need for V factor of field isolates A. paragalinarum has been few reported. The aim of this research is to find out the phenomenon of satellite colonies from a variety of poultry isolates.

MP-17 Avian Influenza Virus-H5N1 Is Circulating Among Backyard Chicken in Marga District, Tabanan Regency, Bali

Gusti Ayu Yunianti Kencana — 2018-10-28

Avian Influenza or bird flu is ani nfectious pandemic disease (Horimoto and Kawaoka, 2001). AI viruses can cause high mortality in poultry and infect humans in Indonesia (Daniels et al., 2013). Pet and backyard animals can be infected with the HPAI-H5N1 virus (Mahardika et al., 2018). Monitoring of the virus needs to be done so that the Avian Influenza outbreak casesare not occurred. Isolation of AI virus can be done on 9-day-old hatched chicken eggs injected through the allantois’ space. The virus can be tested by hemagglutination (HA/HI) and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Rection (RT-PCR) tests (FAO, 2014).

MP-18 The use of Antibiotics in Small-Scale Duck Farm at Mojokerto District, East Java

Nurul Hidayah — 2018-10-28

Duck is a type of commercial poultry, farmed traditionally by herding transiently or intensive farming by the community. In general, the herding duck looks for food at the surface of rice field and from rice stem. The problem often occurred on these herded ducks were feed poisoning because the extensive use of pesticide in rice field, therefore the traditional farming had become riskier. The careless use of drugs in handling health problems in duck, such as the administration of antibiotics to all livestock within one group. The objective of this study is to identify the use of antibiotic in duck farm.

PAT-1 Case report: Metastatic ganglioneuroma in a Sumatran Tiger

E Handharyani — 2018-10-28

Neuroblastic tumors, which are uncommon tumors of nerve cell origin, are classified into neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma depend-ing on the degree of maturation of neoplastic neuroblasts and development of schwannian stroma [2,4,7]. Ganglioneuroma is a rare neuroectodermal tumor of the peripheral nervous system. Ganglio-neuromas generally are considered to be benign neoplasms composed of both mature ganglion cells and nerve fascicles with axons, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and other connective tissue elements [1]. The aim of this study is to clarify the pathomor-phological feature of a subcutaneous ganglio-neuroma which occurred in a Sumatran tiger.

PAT-2 Rapid Diagnostic Test of Red Sea Bream Iridoviral Disease (RSIVD) in Grouper Epinephelus sp. Based on Serological Co-Agglutination and Molecular Study

Dwi Sulistiyono — 2018-10-28

Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) is caused by red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), a

double stranded DNA of Icosahedral virus with a diameter of 120-240 nm [1]. RSIV is one of the species of the Megalocytivirus, Genus of the Iridoviridae Family, first reported to infect red sea bream (Pagrus major) fish, at Sikoku Island, Japan 1991, and since then it has been noted to cause considerable economic losses to fisheries in Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, Philippines, Malaysia and also in Indonesia [2,3,4]. Rapid transmission with high mortality rates in fish populations infected becomes a serious threat to the aquaculture fishery business. Stained imprints or tissue sections [1], monoclonal antibody technique (MAb), Immunofluorescent Antibody Tests (IFAT) [5], Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [6] Electron Microscope and Multiplex PCR [2] methods have been introduced. Although it is very effective for detecting RSIVD in infected fish, but requires training and specialized equipment at a high cost.

Co-agglutination test is a diagnostic method, used both in humans and animals in detecting bacterial or viral diseases [7], this method is fast, easy to use, and does not require special equipment. Test results from co-agglutination are easily seen macroscopically, so it is suitable if developed in RSIVD detection in the field case. This study aims to create and conduct RSIVD co-agglutination kit field tests supported by molecular studies and diagnostic analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the accuracy and reliability of the kit. Then the test results will be compared from the pooling and individual samples.

PAT-3 In Vitro Growth Inhibition Activities of Natural (nCaIFN) and Recombinant (rCaIFN) Canine Interferons on Three Different Tumor-Derived Cell Lines

Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto — 2018-10-28

Recently, from many kinds of diseases one could be counted is a tumor disease. Tumor is a degenerative disease that involved many biological pathways within the host. A tumor or neoplasm can be defined as a disturbance of growth characterized by excessive, abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of transformed or altered cell(s) at one or more primary points within the host, and frequently at one or more metastatic sites (Priosoeryanto, 1994).

The treatment of tumor is mostly by medical surgery which usually combined with chemotherapeutic agent(s), unfortunately the using of chemotherapeutic agent can develop a seriously side effect to the treated-patients. Biological substances like interferon (IFN) known as anti-virus agent is also one of promising candidate for treating or preventing of tumor disorders.

Feline and canine squamous cell carcinoma is one of tumor type that often found in cat and dog, and mostly develop to a very aggressive disorder. The using of in vitro cell culture is a way to avoid the use of live animals on the study of tumors especially the study of antitumor agent due to can mimic the in vivo condition. The aim of the present study is to examine the growth inhibition activity of natural and recombinant canine interferon in order to find the suitable biological substances for combating tumor disorder especially in the field of veterinary medicine and also as an information for the development of tumor treatment in the human medical side.

PAT-4 Histopathological Study of Mice (Mus musculus) Digestive Organs Treated with Alkali pH Water

Sri Estuningsih — 2018-10-28

Water is an important part of the body. As much as 50-60% of an adult's body weight consists of water. Water functions in the body include as a means of transporting substances, regulating body temperature, regulating body pH, forming body structures, solvents for the body's chemical reactions, and helping the body's mechanical functions, such as lubrication (Insel et al. 2004; Asamadi 2008). In the event of water deficiency, the body will become dehydrated which able to cause cell death to individual death (Stanfield and Hui 2008). Recently, there are alkaline pH drinking water products that are commercially popular that have pH around 8-10 (alkaline water). Some parties claim that alkaline water can help neutralize the level of acidity (pH) of blood due to free radicals, while also having micro cluster technology that can increase oxygen solubility. According to Shirahata et al. (2012) alkaline water is beneficial for health because it can suppress oxidative stress.

This study aims to know the effect of alkaline pH drinking water reviewed through histopathological studies of the digestive organs of mice (stomach, intestine, and pancreatic exocrine glands).

PAT-5 Update: Q Fever in Indonesia

Agus Setiyono — 2018-10-28

Q Fever is zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular obligate and negative Gram bacterium with pleomorphic shape (Kaplan and Bertagna 1955). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classify Coxiella burnetii as potential bioterrorism agent within B rank for its ability and characteristics (CDC 2013).

The main reservoir animals for Q fever are ruminants (Maurin and Raoult 1999). Q fever infection whether in animal or human generally occur through inhalation, vector bites, or through oral ingestion—the last two routes are considered as secondary routes (Angelakis and Raoult 2010). Clinical symptoms of Q fever in both animal and human generally asymptomatic. Q fever can cause abortion in the third trimester of pregnancy and pneumonia in ruminants. Whether in human, acute Q fever can cause flu like syndrome and can develop into hepatitis, endocarditis, and for some severe chronic case, it caused death (Fournier et al. 1998).

Office international des epizooties (OIE) classify Q fever into a re-emerging disease group (OIE 2010). Based on OIE data in 2012, the distribution of Q fever in animals occur in almost all country in the world including ASEAN (OIE 2012).

Q fever was first discovered in Australia in 1935 (Kaplan and Bertagna 1955). Q fever disease transmission in animal occurs almost in every country in the world. Based on OIE data, Indonesia was classified as no information region (OIE 2012). World Health Organization (WHO) reported that Q fever was first found in cow serologically in Indonesia in 1953 (Kaplan and Bertagna 1955). Q fever in ruminants was again reported by Indonesian researcher between 2006 to 2015 in Bali, West Java, Jakarta, and Medan (Mahatmi et al. 2007; Setiyono et al. 2008; Nasution et al. 2015).

Positive Q fever result was obtained especially from ex imported cows, thus it was suspected that cows from abroad might play main role of transmission of Q fever in Indonesia. However, there was also report of positive result in local ruminants, such as Bali cattle, goat, and sheep (Mahatmi et al. 2007). Researches in various country also stated of potential local ruminant as reservoir animal, among them are Tibet sheep in China, Alpine and Saanen goat in Italia, camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Saudi Arabia, or Swedish dairy cattle in Swedia (Mohammed et al. 2014). Based on the historical study of Q fever in Indonesia, this research was performed by taken sample from both ex-import cattle and local ruminants in several region in East Java (Malang, Surabaya, Madura), Central Java (Boyolali), and West Java (Bogor, Bandung, Depok) which are known as regions with high population of ruminants in Indonesia. So far, surveillance data of Q fever has not been recorded from these regions.

PAT-6 Brain Histopathology of Cynomolgus Monkey (Macacafascicularis) with Memory Impairment Indicated by Alzheimer Type Neurodegenerative Disease

Vinka Aftinata Kusumaputri — 2018-10-28

The study is about the degenerative lesion found in nine cynomolgus monkeys that showed decline cognitive function during theirold age life. In previous studies, the brain of these cynomolgus monkeys has been tested positive for amyloid deposits by using the ELISA test.

PAT-7 A Natural Case Like Diabetes Rat as A New Approach on Understanding Alert of Glucose Methabolism

Adi Winarto — 2018-10-28

Currently, diabetic case as a degenerative disease has widely known that it can be cure by insulin. A remain puzzle is proliferation do not found in rest Beta cells, so insulin injection has to be applied entire life of diabetic patient. So far, there is no diagnostic approach that expresses such of thing which may indicate an early anomaly on glucose metabolism process. The aim of this research to get case model of hyperglycemic rat that has long period in process.

PAT-8 Antiproliferation Activity of Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) Leaves Ethanol Extract on MCA- B1 and MCM-B2 Tumor – Derived Cell Lines In Vitro

Riski Rostantinata — 2018-10-30

INTRODUCTION

Tumor is a degenerative disease as the second agent cause of death in human. This disease is caused by disturbances of cell’s growth that show alteration and uncontrolled of cells proliferation. The uncontrolled of cells proliferation is also accompanied by penetration of that cells into others tissue and develop on it. Removed of tumor is usually done by operation or chemotherapy. Alternative treatment that can be used is herbal treatment. Typhonium flagelliforme known as “Keladi Tikus” in Indonesia; is known has a chemopreventive effect (2). Other researchers also show flavonoid glucoside of T. flagelliforme (1) can induce the activity of apoptosis in colon cancer cells (5). The aim of this study is to examine the in vitro anti-proliferation activity of Typhonium flagelliforme leaves ethanol extract on MCA- B1and MCM-B2 cell line.

PCS-1 Development of Mouse Parthenogenetic Embryos in Phosphate Free Medium

Vista Budiariati — 2018-10-28

Parthenogenesis is an artificial oocytes activation process without paternal contribution so that embryos will develop without fertilization [3]. The process of parthenogenesis as a reproductive strategy occurs in species of insect, pisces, or amphibian, which not require any implantation. Naturally, parthenogenesis is not common in mammals, but by understanding cellular mechanism during fertilization, it is possible to artificially activate mammalian oocytes.

Blastocyst, derived from parthenogenesis, can be used for developmental study, embryo reconstruction, and one of potential source for pluripotent stem cells. Unfortunately, previous studies reported that parthenogenetic embryo did not achieve exhilarating blastocyst rate.

One of the component that has been predicted to inhibit parthenogenetic embryo development is phosphate. Haraguchi et al. (1996) reported that phosphate caused a negative effect on in vitro culture of AKR/N mice fertilized embryos, removal of phosphate elements was significantly improved the blastocyst rate up to 42.6% [1]. The effects of phosphate also became an interesting finding in the study that reported mouse fertilized embryos could well developed in modified medium rat 1 cell embryo medium (MR1ECM) which not contained any phosphate [2].

The effect of phosphate on in vitro culture of mouse parthenogenetic embryo has not been clear. The aim of this research was to analyze inhibitory effect caused by phosphate in the medium and compare the development pattern between parthenogenetic and fertilized embryos in order to reach optimal production of parthenogenetic blastocyst for further purposes.

PCS-2 Specialized Structured Cardiovascular of Bats Related to Their Ability to Fly

Anisa Rahma — 2018-10-28

Bats have the second largest diversity in mammalian classes after rodentia (Nurfitrianto et al., 2013). Bat population reaches approximately 1100 species (Teeling et.al 2005). In Indonesia there are 205 or 21% of known world bat species (Suyanto 2001). Bats are the only flying mammals. The ability bat to fly is supported by the shape of the extremities and also the adaptation of the cardiovascular organs. Based on empirical studies of cardiovascular was known that cardiac muscle mass is a good indicator for the degree of adaptive specialization of prolonged locomotor activity, in both birds and mammals. Data on cardiovascular muscle morphology and muscles that support flying ability will provide an overview of the behavior, ecology and physiology of certain animals (Bishop 1997).

Several studies have been conducted to study the cardiovascular system of bats. Research on bat hematology profile has been done (Heard and Whittier 1997, Mclaughlin et.al 2007, Wawrocka and Bartonicka 2014, McMichael et al. 2015, Ratnasooriya 2016, Rashid et al, 2016, Rahma et al., 2018). Joseph (1908) says that every animal has a different size and heart shape to each other. This heart size difference is influenced by the size of the body and the high energy required by the animal (Joseph 1908).

Bat's heart rate is known to increase during flight (Thomas and Suthers 1972). This is causes an increase in the rate of metabolism. Writing this paper will discuss about the uniqueness of the bat's heart so that it can support its ability to fly.

PCS-3 Toxicity Sub-cronic Ethanolic Extract of Malaka (Phyllanthus emblica) Leaves on Kidney Function of Mice (Mus musculus) be Reviewed from Blood Creatinin Level

N Asmilia — 2018-10-28

Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75-80% of the whole population, and the major part of traditional therapy involves the use of plant extract and their active constituents in the indigenous. The plant genus Phyllantus is widely distributed in most of tropical and subtropical countries like China, India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia [1,2]. Phyllantus spesies have long been used in folk medicine to tread a broad spectrum of disorders. Phyllantus emblica or Indian gooseberry (Figure 1), belonging to family Euphorbeaceae has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, adaptogenic, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory potential [3]. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of malaka leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) on renal function by analyzing creatinine level in mice blood (Mus musculus).

PCS-4 In Vivo Embryo Production at Cipelang Livestock Embryo Centre

Faisal Amri Satrio — 2018-10-29

Livestock Embryo Center/Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang is one of the government institution under the supervision of Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. BET Cipelang has the main task of carrying out the production, development, and distribution of livestock embryo for all regions of Indonesia. BET Cipelang produced embryos using two methods, there are in vivo and in vitro. The produced embryos will be transferred to the recipient cow using embryo transfer technique.

Embryo transfer biotechnology can be used to enhance genetic improvement and to increase marketing opportunities with purebred cattle. Because of their relatively low reproductive rate and long generation interval, embryo transfer is especially useful with cattle. The success of embryo transfer depends on factors associated with the embryo, the recipient or an interaction among the factors of the embryo and recipient [1].

Embryo quality is one of the main factors for successful embryo production. In vivo embryo production has better quality than in vitro such as cell number, morphology, growth and development ability and after freezing. The frequency of occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in in vivo-derived embryos are lower than in vitro and the consequence is that only 30-40% of oocytes resulting from in vitro maturation develop into blastocysts after in vitro fertilization and the in vitro yield rate of embryos are lower than from in vivo [2]. Recently, there are no studies about the performance of in vivo embryo production at BET Cipelang. The aim of this study is to explore the quality of in vivo embryos produced by BET Cipelang.

PCS-5 Nitric Oxide Induced Basal Cell Hyperplasia and Lamina Propria Elongation in Rat Gastroesophageal Junction

Tena Djuartina — 2018-10-29

NO (Nitric Oxide) is an inorganic compound composed of nitrogen and oxygen, NO is also produced in various places on various types of mammalian cells. NO as a radical compound is important in mediating physiological and pathological events in mammals including humans [1].

GEJ (gastroesophageal junction) is a transition zone between the surface of esophagus which is covered by stratified squamous epithelium to the gastric mucosa which consists of simple columnar epithelium (z-line), where circular muscle of esophagus fuse with oblique muscle and lipid layer of the gaster. At the lower part of GEJ, there is the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that not only allow food to move into stomach and works as an exit passage of the gas, but also inhibit reflux of any substances that potentially can cause harm to the esophagus [2].

Petersson et al, found that chronic exposure to cytotoxic levels of NO can cause inflammation, intestinal metaplasia and neoplasia. Although it is known that gastric acid, pepsin and bile acids can cause adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus and GEJ, NO exposure and nitrosative stress role in this phenomenon is yet to be fully understood and further study is needed [3].

The purpose of this was to identify and compare the histopathological changes occurring in GEJ in relation to administration of physiological concentration of nitrate dissolved in HCl and ascorbic acid. As such, the animal model used in this study can be used to study and represent the changes microscopically, because obtaining a full thickness biopsy from a human subject can be difficult to perform.

PCS-6 Preparation and Application of Nano Chitosan Particles as Adjuvan in Rabies Vaccination Based on Anti-Idiotype Antibody

Sayu Putu Yuni Paryati — 2018-10-29

Rabies is a fatal disease to humans and animals, but can be controlled by prophylaxis administration before being exposed. One type of vaccine that can be utilized is an anti-idiotype antibody vaccine originating from IgY purification of chicken egg yolk. The use of vaccine additives in the form of adjuvants is very important to improve the effectiveness of vaccines [1].

Chitosan is non-toxic, easily synthesized, safe to use and able to induce an immune response by activating macrophages. Chitosan can modulate dendritic cell maturation so that it can induce interferon interactions and stimulate activity of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Chitosan can be made in the form of chitosan nanoparticles that can be used to deliver drugs and vaccines through inhalation pathways, orally, intravenously and as non-viral gene delivery vectors. In the oral delivery of chitosan nanoparticles are able to overcome the problem of solubility, protect the drug from enzymatic degradation, controlled release, and extend the time of action in the bloodstream through ionic mechanisms with mucin. Inhalation of chitosan 0.5mg/ml with influenza vaccine produces a good response [2-4].

In this work, the preparation of chitosan nanostructures and their application as adjuvan in antibody anti-idiotype rabies vaccination were reviewed.

PCS-7 Lead Detection in Blood and Liver of Cattle sold in the Traditional Market of Denpasar City

I Ketut Berata — 2018-10-29

Lead contamination in many foods is reported to endanger consumers' health. Beef as one of the food of animal origin can be contaminated by lead mainly due to the maintenance of cattle in contaminated areas. Balinese cattle that are kept in urban landfills are reported to be contaminated with high levels of lead in the blood and in other tissues with lower levels [4]. The threat of human health from eating foods that contain leads can cause anemia because leads can substitute iron in hemoglobin [2]. Lead poisoning can also cause malfunction of various organs such as liver, kidney [1], lungs, spleen [7] and brain [9] in the form of cognitive impairment [5]. The high threat due to contamination of leads to health, then the meat health check should also be made on the presence of leads. One of the inspection efforts on the presence of lead contamination in beef, then the place of sale in the traditional market is a good location for sampling examination.

PCS-8 Oyster Shell Powder as Alternatives Macromineral for Synthetic Testosterone

Pudji Astuti — 2018-10-29

Oyster is one of seafood produced in waters, especially in eastern Indonesia. During this time, oyster is known as aphrodisiac agents, an agent that can increase sexual appetite because it can remind testosterone levels and very high nutrient content of zinc, vitamin A iron, calcium, and selenium are also Vitamins A and Vitamin B12. Therefore, the oyster is known as the mineral's potent testosterone-boosting abilities (Matsuda et al., 2003). Zinc is also very important, it can be used as a stimulant of enzymes, hormones and the immune system.

Due to the abundance of oysters in Indonesia, only meat of oyster is consumed, while the existing shells are never used to consume and just thrown away. Therefore, a research plan will be made on the use of oyster shell waste, as a precursor of testosterone in Rat (Rattus norvegicus). Since many kinds of oyster, it would be compared among three kinds of oyster shell namely Kerang darah (Anadara granosa), Kerang hijau (Perna viridis) and Kerang keong (Telescopium telescopium).

Based on function, Zn inhibits aromatase enzyme which convert estradiol to testosterone as a consequence, testosterone levels will increase (Michell et al. 2012).

The purpose of this study were to determine the highest content of Zn among the three types of oyster shell; 2. To measure testosterone levels in rat after given shell powder containing highest Zn.

PCS-9 Effect of Freeze Drying of Follicular Fluid from Waste of Aceh Cattle Ovary on the Estradiol Concentration

M Adam — 2018-10-29

Aceh cattle are one of the many cow’s species that are widely preserved and distributed in Aceh Province. This species is the result of a cross between Bos sundaicus and Bos indicus and has been designated as a native Indonesian class of cattle in 2011 by the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia through the decision of the Minister of Agriculture number 2907 / Kpts / OT.140 / 6/2011 [1]. Aceh's cattle population in 2017 in total was 627,629 species [2]. Slaughtering the cows results in the obtaining of byproduct or waste such as ovaries. The ovarium of female cows is one of the complement results of animal slaughter house which is infrequently used. In fact, the ovaries comprise follicles which contain many active compounds inside the follicular fluids such as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone [3]. Freeze drying/lyophilization is one of the preservative process which are generally used in food and non-food processing. This study was conducted to determine the effect of these methods on the concentration of estrogen in follicular fluid.

PCS-10 The Features of Seminiferous Tubule Cells in Rat Testicular Dysfunction Induce by Secretome Based On Cytoskeletal Protein Profile

Surya Agus Prihatno — 2018-10-29

Secretome is a factor found in the stem cell culture medium. This factor may repair the tissues of the organs that were damaged by various degenerative disorders¹. A previous study has reported that secretome derived from the fetal human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HUC-MSC) may be an effective regenerative agent for β-cell pancreatic regeneration in Type 1 diabetes mellitus and for skin regeneration in incisional and burn wound healing.

The administration of cisplatin as a chemotherapeutic agent is limited because it causes side effects, such as reproductive toxicity and progresses to testicular dysfunction². As a degenerative disorder, testicular dysfunction is characterized by failure in the synthesis of reproductive hormones and spermatogenesis. Cisplatin-induced testicular cell damage would promote vimentin and cytokeratin localization in the spermatogenic, Sertoli, and Leydig cells.

Studies on the use of secretome in promoting the recovery of various degenerative disorders and its effects on the spermatogenesis of rats with cisplatin-induced testicular dysfunction have not been conducted. The aim of this stud was to investigate the effect of secretome derived from HUC-MSC on cisplatin-induced testicular dysfunction in rats.

PCS-11 Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Improve the Recovery of Pancreatic α and β Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Dian Bekti Hadi Masithoh — 2018-10-29

Mesenchymal stem-cell is a pluripotent cells that can be differentiated into many kinds of cells (1) and have abilities to differentiated into mature cell, secreted cytokines, and releasing many kinds of protein functioned in body body regulation (2). However, the therapeutic effect of stem cell arise from their secreted factor such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and metabolits which acts as biologic regulator in the autocrine and paracrine body function (3). Secreted factors of mesenchymal stem cells known as secretome or mesenchimal stem cell conditioned medium (MSC-CM) have therapeutic effect for antiapoptosis, angiogenic, immunomodulatoric, and chemoattraactive activity (4). Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium used as the replacement agent for cell therapy because it contains no cells and save for used in different individual (5).

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DMT1) is a disorder characterized by destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cell that progressively leads to insulin deﬁciency and resultant hyperglycemia. Insulin deﬁciency can lead to progressive metabolic derangement, with worsening hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, starvation, and death (6). Glucagon is a hormone produced by pancreatic α cells. Glucagon releases by the pancreas to raise the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream when the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream too low (7). Glucagon worked in opposite with insulin, which lowers the extracellular glucose level, while insulin works to increase the extracellular glucose level (8).

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MSC-CM on the structural and functional regeneration of pancreatic α and β cells in Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) induced with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The datas in this study will completes the information about the effect of MSC-CM on pancreatic cells regeneration, which has been presented in previous study (9).

PCS-12 Complex Oligosaccharide Detected in the Lingua of Hystrix javanica by Lectin Histochemistry

Teguh Budipitojo — 2018-10-29

Hystrix javanica or usually called Sunda porcupine is wildlife animal that only found in Java, Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, Lombok, Madura, and Tonahdjampea (Indonesia) [1]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has classified this Rodentia into Least Concern criteria, that means the species is relatively widespread and abundant [2]. Nevertheless, their population in nature was threatened, since this mammal was considered as pest by some people.

There were anatomical data of Sunda porcupine organ, but it still limited. One of the ways to determine the detail function of the organ can be done by making histological preparations. Lectin histochemistry has been used widely as a probe to detect sugar residues in the organs or tissues because lectin can bind specifically to carbohydrate residues in term of glycoconjugates [3]. Analysis the composition or type of sugar residues in the organs can help to understanding the role of their function.

The aims of this study were to detect and find out the distribution of complex oligosaccharide in the lingua of Hystrix javanica using lectin histochemistry method. This data will completes the information that has been obtained before about mucopolysaccharide type of major salivary glands of Hystrix javanica [4].

PCS-13 The Profile and Morphology of Proboscis Monkey’s Blood Cells in South Kalimantan

Irma Padeta — 2018-10-29

Twenty percent of primate species is found in Indonesia¹. Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvtaus) or bekantan is one of endemic species in Kalimantan^2,3. This primate is belonging to Colobinae subfamily and distributed in Kalimantan (Indonesia), Sabah and Serawak (Malaysia), and Brunei. Proboscis monkey is belonging to endangered species based on International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) assessment⁴. Indonesian Ministry of environment and forestry established Proboscis monkey is belonging to one of twenty five species which has been incrased in population.

Blood cells have important role in body regulation such as maintaining body temperature, carriying oxygen, nutrition, hormone and metabolism product to the whole body⁵. Blood examination is important for body health evaluation^6,7, especially in non-human primate where lived in zoo, animal captive or rehabilitiation center⁶. The aim of this study was to investigate the profile and morphology of female-juvenile proboscis monkey blood cells at rehabilitation center (Sahabat Bekantan Indonesia Foundation) in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan.

PCS-14 Potential Reproductive Adaptation of Mice (Mus musculus) from Mild Stress using Dark Light Cycle Alteration

D N Pristihadi — 2018-10-29

Stress regarded as a major cause of body destruction. Stress can trigger the gluconeogenesis mechanism that initiates new glucose production from another molecule in the body’s storage tissue depot. When the stress occurs, the body gives a ‘fight or flight’ response. In this condition, the body prioritizes to survive rather than multiplying itself. The reproductive system categorized as the highest rank in the body needs pyramid. Therefore, the reproductive system is on the first line to be sacrificed when the stress occurs.

This research was conducted to observe the potential mice's reproductive adaptation from mild stress using dark light cycle alteration. Mice considered as the small laboratory animal with rapid metabolism rate. This study expected to be able to enrich the information of mice’s biology reproductive adaptation.

PCS-15 Study Anatomy of Testis and Epididymis of Timorese Fruit Bats (Pteropus vampyrus)

Yulfia N Selan — 2018-10-29

Fruit bats (Pteropus vampyrus) is one of the bats in Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Fruit bats have unique behaviour when mating which is hanging upside down (Corbet and Hill, 1992). The ability of male bat in maintaining the position when mating is according to the characteristics of male fruit bat reproduction system morphology. Testes are male genital organs which synthesis androgen hormone (especially testosterone) and the site where spermatogenesis takes place and eventually producing sperm. Epididymis plays role in transporting, storaging and maturating the sperm (Syahrum et al., 1994).

PCS-16 Determaining Surgical Method by Meniscectomy Induction on Garut sheep (Ovis aries) for early stage of Osteoarthritis

Handina Rakhmawati — 2018-10-29

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that cause of pain and disability by various factors such as advanced age, obesity, trauma, and arthritis disease. These factors affect by degeneration of the cartilage surface, leading to loss of matrix include proteoglycan osteophyte formation, subcondral and synovial membrane affected. In the healthy joint, meniscus, articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial membrane provide support to the joint. The meniscus is an important load bearing structure and has nutritive as well as lubricating properties in the knee joint as well (Little et al. 2010).

Animal models are research materials that can be used in studying potential pathogenesis and therapy in various diseases in humans. Sheep are commonly large animal model of OA because of the availability, ease of handling, and have a similarities with humans in size and structure of joint. In the development of science, sheep can be used as an animal model in studying the pathogenesis of diseases in human orthopedics studies such as joints, ligaments, and bones. Garut sheep is an Indonesian germplasm indigenous that has the structure, density, and size of joint anatomy that are similar in human joints rather than other small animals. This is the basis of the utilization of Garut sheep as an animal model in human orthopaedic. (Little et al. 2010; Gregory et al. 2012).

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the determining surgical method by meniscectomy induction on Garut sheep with 8 weeks post meniscectomy observation for early stage of OA.

PCS-17 The Potency Of Sernai Leaves (Wedelia biflora) to Increase Healing of contusion in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

. Rinidar — 2018-10-30

INTRODUCTION

Contusion is a type of injury caused by a collision of the body with a blunt object followed by damage to the soft parts of the body, bone damage, bleeding and swelling. The tissue Injuries cause an inflammatory or inflammatory reaction, in which the inflammatory reaction is followed by pain (dolor), heat (kolor), red (rubor), swelling (tumor), and impaired function in the area around the wound (fungsiolesa). The Inflammatory reactions are the result of increased capillary permeability and migration of leukocytes to areas of inflamed tissue. The body's defense process against injury involves cells that infiltrate the wounded areas including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. The body's response to inflammation is characterized by the release of neutrophils from the blood vessels which function as the first defense cells that play a role in phagocytosis of microorganisms and inflammatory cells in the wound. Contusion can be cured by giving anti-inflammatory drugs that aim to relieve pain, slow and prevent the spread of the tissue destruction process.the Anti-inflammatory drugs are classified into two, namely Non-Steroid Anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) and Anti-inflammatory Steroids (AIS), a class of anti-inflammatory drugs that have the ability to suppress signs and symptoms of inflammation. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in humans can cause side effects that are harmful to the body such as ulcers, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, while fot the animals cause the difficulties due to the large variety of species. Therefore, herbal ingredients are developed, one of which is sernai (Wedelia biflora). Sernai has empirical benefits as a medicine for wounds and ulcers , sernai leaf water extracts as antipyretics, antitripanosoma, antimicrobials, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agents.Sernai contains alkaloids, terpenoids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The Flavonoid compounds can inhibit the release of arachidonic acid, secretion of lysozyme enzymes from neutrophil cells and endothelial cells and inhibit the proliferation phase and exudation phase of the inflammatory process. If the prostaglandin pathway is inhibited, the the occurrence of local blood vessel vasodilatation will reduces and so a leukocyte infiltration decreases, then it is replaced by macrophages that function to help endothelial cell formation and new blood vessels so that wound healing can take place quickly.

SA-1 Conjunctivitis Treatment in Dog with Alkaline Water Eye Drop

A A S I Pradnyantari — 2018-10-28

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctival tissue that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera. The conjunctiva is the exposed mucous membrane and reacts to antigenic stimulation caused by contact with harmful stimuli. Handling of cases of conjunctivitis is generally treated with the administration of glucocorticoid antibiotics and topical antibiotics and broad spectrum (Ron, 2017). However, handling using Alkaline Eye Drop is still rare even never done especially in dogs. Alkaline Eye Drop is a liquid with an alkaline pH, the normal dog's eye pH is 8.05 (Billie et al, 2014). Alkaline water is easy to obtain and affordable. The use of Alkaline water to date has not been detected toxicity in the eye. But it is already used in humans to drink and cause antioxidant effects to the body (Rosa et al., 2012). It became the basis of the use of Alkaline Eye Drop for treatment in this case. The purpose of this paper is to get a more efficient, effective and without complications.

SA-2 Representation of Various Systematic Disruptions within the Patients Handled at “Klinik Hewan Jogja” between January and June 2018

Ida Tjahajati — 2018-10-28

Various diseases or disruption could affect all of the patients handled at any clinic or hospital. The health problems would be varied, depending on the disease or systemic disruption that ailed the patient. This research aims to figure out the spread of said health problems in the patients handled at Klinik Hewan Jogja between January and June 2018.

A numerical representation of afflictions that ails the patients in a clinic or a hospital during a period of time would provide the information needed to anticipate several diseases, facilitate easier treatment and follow-up actions for certain ailments, offer prevention methods, and lastly to yield data for clients' education. The data gathered is also vital to give a general picture the problems that frequent a certain area, thus imparting important information to all other clinics or hospitals in the said region.

SA-3 Haemogram Parameter of 17 Dogs That Have Been Infected by Ehrlichia canis in My Vets Animal Clinic Kemang in 2017

Tri Ayu Kristianty — 2018-10-28

Ehrlichiosis is a canine vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks. It is caused by a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia. Ehrlichia has three different species that can cause canine ehrlichiosis: E. canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii.

Ehrlichia canis causes canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) that is also known as tropical canine pancytopenia, canine rickettsiosis or canine hemorraghic fever. Primary vectors of E. canis are Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis. CME is characterized by three stages, acute, subclinical, and chronic that can be difficult to definitively distinguish in practice.

E. canis form microcolonies within a membrane-lined intracellular vacuole that is also called morula, primarily in monocytes and machrophages of mammalian hosts. The patogen replicates only in cytoplasm of monocytic cells and the formation of morulae is defining characteristic that can be used for diagnosis.

A case ehrlichiosis in canine can be diagnosed based on clinical signs, blood smear examination, cell culture, serology test, or molecular detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

SA-4 Treatment in Guinea Pig (Cavy porcellus) for Fracture Left Tibia Fibula

Nimas Ayu Pertiwi — 2018-10-29

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are South American hystricomorph rodents and monogastric herbivores. They have stocky bodies, delicate short limbs with fragile bones and no tails [1]. The Guinea pig anatomy have short legs and little feet with claws on which front feet have four and back feet have only three. Their charachters active and exploring environment, make some traumas especiallay in joint problem. The injuries such as claws inflammation, musculoskeletal disorder and tibia fibula fractures, which are often oblique and can sometimes be open fractures due to the lack of soft tissue around the bone. This paper reports the case of a complete fracture of the proximal on the left tibia and fibula in a guinea pig treated surgically with an intramedullary pin.

SA-5 Case report: Mammary Gland Tubulocarcinoma on Dog Miniature Dachshund at Animal Hospital University of Brawijaya Indonesia

Ahmad Fauzi — 2018-10-29

In 1 study of 2000 dogs In America, 23% were found to have died due to cancer [1]. Mammary tumors are one of the most common neoplasms of female dogs [2]. This tumor mainly affects middle-aged dogs (9 to 11 years), with an increased incidence that begins at about 6 years old [3]. Sex steroid hormones are thought to have a major role during the early stages of carcinogenesis due to the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in higher proportions in most mammary tumours. [3,4]. In addition to hormonal influences, the use of products containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (progestin and estrogen combinations) to prevent estrus in dogs is also associated with an increased incidence of mammary tumors [5]. Mammary tumors can interfere with the physiological appearance and physiological function of the body. This report aims to describe cases of mammary tumors in dogs supported by hematology laboratory examination, blood biochemistry, cytology and histopathology.

SA-6 Foreign Objects in the Form of Nails Found Inside the Gastrim of a Mixed Breed Dog Patient Handled at Klinik Hewan Jogja

Ida Tjahajati — 2018-10-29

Various diseases could affect dogs, including disruptions of the gastrium caused by the presence of foreign objects. The dogs’ habit of consuming miscellaneous objects around them was the common cause for the said objects, which should not exist within their body, to be swallowed and enter the stomach. This kind of case is often found among the growing puppies of large breed dogs [1]. This report aims to reveal the case of foreign objects finding within the gastrium of a dog patient handled at Klinik Hewan Jogja. In this particular case, we found foreign objects in the form of many nails and an assortment of metal wire pieces inside the gastrium of mixed breed dog Messi.

SA-7 Os Humerus Amputation in Cat with Osteomyelitis

E Fitriana — 2018-10-29

Osteomyelitis is bone inflammation caused by infectious agent such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses [1]. Infectious agent attacks part of the bone such as cortical bone, periosteum, and myeloid cavity. Osteomyelitis cases may happen through two causes: hematogenous infection or infection right to the bone after trauma [2]. Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Escerichia coli are bacteria most often cause bone infection [3]. Around 50% of osteomyelitis cases are caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus [1]. Treatment for osteomyelitis cases depends on the severity of the case. If it is still mild, veterinarians may only give antibiotic to curb infection. However, on more severe osteomyelitis cases (usually on chronic osteomyelitis), other than antibiotic treatment, debridement or amputation surgery may be performed [4].

Amputation is a surgical procedure performed to separate a part or entire body part or extremities [5]. This procedure is a last option when problems on one part of the body cannot be treated by any other procedure. Several example cases that put amputation as a treatment option are bad blood circulation which cause no blood to sustain the tissues and thus causing tissue death; severe injury (from accidents); tumor/cancer; congenital or acquired defects that cannot be treated; and serious infection that cannot be treated by any other treatment [6].

SA-8 Non-Surgical Treatment of Unilateral Cherry Eye in Shih-Tzu Puppies

Dodik Prasetyo — 2018-10-29

Prolaps of third eyelid gland is a disease of young dogs, from 4 weeks to 2 years of age. Prolaps of the gland may appear as a red mass in the medial canthus. The prolaps is sudden in onset but it may regress once or twice for a few days and finally returns to remain for the animal’s life. Certain breeds such as the American Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, Boston Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Shih-Tzu, Beagle, and Pekingese are more prone to develop the condition. The etiology is unknown, and there is disagreement as to whether inflammation predisposes the animal to prolapsed [1]. Prolapse of the nictitans gland mainly seen in the dog, unilateral or more frequently bilateral, and usually one eye following the others, often in young dog including puppies, and known as “cherry eye” [2]. A thorough, relevant history is an important part of the diagnostic process. To use the problem-oriented approach, the clinician first determines the major problems that have caused the owner to present the animal for examination. An ophthalmic examination requires a minimum of equipment (Focal light source, Magnifying loupes, Direct ophthalmoscope, Indirect funduscopic lens, Schirmer tear test strips, Fluorescein test strips, Tonometer, Tropicamide (1%), Proparacaine / topical anesthetic, Sterile eye wash/rinse) [3]. Initial treatment with a topical antibiotic/steroid preparation may appear transiently to cause the gland to become replaced. Although not recommended by veterinary ophthalmologists, excision of the gland is still widely practiced by the general practioner [1].

SA-9 Mucinous Mamari Carsinoma and Mammary Adenoma in Young Cat

Ester Sembiring — 2018-10-29

Cat mammary tumors commonly occur in female cats above 9 years of age. The 85% mamae tumor in cats is malignant, characterized by rapid growth and spread. The cat race that has the highest presdiposis factor is Persian, followed by Siamse, and Mancoon. Mamae's tumor in Mimika cat occurs at the age of 6 months, Mimika is a female cat with a Maincoon race.

SA-10 Surgical Approaches to Feline Mammary Tumor and Abdominal Mass

Nimas Ayu Pertiwi — 2018-10-29

Mostly the feline mammary tumors are malignant tumors, the ratio or percentage of malignant mammary tumors is higher in cat (86%) as compared to dog (42%) and the histology of feline mammary tumors is closer to that in human breast cancer[1]. Adenocarcinomas are the second frequent tumor in cats, followed by mast cell tumor. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are thought to originate from the interstitial cells which from a network that coordinates peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract. These occur most frequently in the jejunum, caecum and colon[2]. Abdominal radiography image and histophatological examination helped to diagnose and the way to decide the treatment.

SA-11 The Total Count of CPS on Hand Holding Dog Swab in UNAIR Animal Hospital, Before and After Cleaning based on Islamic Rules and Cleaning Using Soap

Gretania Residiwati — 2018-10-29

Purify our self from the dirt is highly regarded in Islamic principles because that is one of legitimate requirements of a worship. In Islamic law, dogs are classified including into the severe unclean category, where there are some perspectives against the nature of unclean possess by dog. The way of purification is to wash as much seven times, and one of them using soil (Handi, 2008).

Essentially, the unclean determination for dog saliva is viewed from ritual dimensions, instead of rational, thus there should be no reason logically. Furthermore, we cannot mix the concept of holiness according to the religion with a sterile concept if we relate to the medical side. However, as far as we know the sacred way, surely there is a great secret that Our Creator has saved, thus we need to explore more deeply.

The means of transmitting pathogenic germs has been realized since the 1840s, where proper hand hygiene can reduce or prevent the occurrence of nosocomial infections. Dobson (2003) mentioned that washing hands can prevent more than 1 million deaths per year due to illness diarrhea, while washing hands with soap can reduce diarrhea up to 47%.

Jayne (2002) who compared the number of bacteria that successfully grown from the saliva of dogs, cats and humans, mentioned that bacteria in dog saliva had the largest number with 53 colonies, while cats had 16 and human with 5 colonies. The bacteria derived from dog saliva have the fastest grow and the most varied colonies colors.

Staphylococcus sp. is a normal flora that we can find on the skin, ears, swabs of nasal mucosa and mouth, also saliva of dog. This bacterium includes into opportunistic pathogens bacteria that can cause canine pyoderma, abscesses, otitis externa, infection of wound and urinary tract in dogs. In humans, they can cause external otitis, cardiomyopathy and endocarditis, food poisoning outbreaks, catheterrelated bacteremia, pneumonia and brain abscesses (Borjesson, 2014). S.intermedius and S.aureus are bacteria belonging to the Coagulase Positive Staphylococci (CPS) group which plays an important role in cases of skin infections in dogs and they are zoonotic (Hajek, 1967). Tanner et al (2000), reported that this bacterial transmission through pets to humans is a common case at home and inflict various diseases on dog owners.

In Indonesia, limited studies of various causative agents of diseases makes we lack to know whether the cause of the various diseases that are currently emerging. Thus, the efforts of preventive that should be more necessary to do rarely get a serious attention. Whereas very possible, that our lovely pet is one of the source of the various diseases transmissions because of less precise of biosafety.

There is no further proof yet, whether the concept of Islamic purification for saliva of dog also includes the concept of sterility against bacteria based on medical guidance. As an early stage, this paper will be elaborated how the total of CPS from hand swab holder dogs at Animal Hospital of Education, Airlangga University, Surabaya, before and after purification with soil according to Islamic principles and cleaning using soap.

SA-12 The Number of Dog Patients Infected with Companion Vector-Borne Diseases (CVBD) Treated at Klinik Hewan Jogja in 2017

Ida Tjahajati — 2018-10-29

Companion Vector Borne Diseases (CVBD) are diseases transmitted by vectors which can cause fatal outcome for dogs [1]. CVBD frequently attack dogs and are easily transmitted from one dog to other dogs through vectors’, such as ticks, mosquitoes, or sand flies, bite [2,3]. Some of the most harmful CVBD that infect dogs via ticks’ bite are anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis [4]. These diseases cause decreased appetite, lethargy, fever, anemia, jaundice, emaciation, and finally death if not treated properly [5,6].

Blood parasites’ infections such as anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis are often found in the field. However, due to the limitations of diagnosis confirmation, they often go unnoticed. Despite the considerable number of cases in dogs, the exact incidence rate is not yet known. There is an global call to eradicate CVBD owing to the facts that they are dangerous and may cause economic losses, with the additional risk of being zoonotic [1,3].

Taking the importance of anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis in the veterinary science into account, seeing the scant amount of data regarding dog patients followed with the lack of attention on said diseases, it is then deemed necessary to properly diagnose those diseases in dogs brought into the clinic, particularly at Klinik Hewan Jogja. This research aims to identify the number of dog patients treated in Klinik Hewan Jogja infected with those particular sicknesses (CVBD).

The result of this study will provide a summary of CVBD treated at Klinik Hewan Jogja, which in turn, will raise awareness of the diseases and the significance of working together to tackle the issue. Furthermore, the result will also yield information for clients’ education to help them prevent the diseases.

SA-13 Scabiosis (Notoedres cati) in Cat

Miyayu Soneta Sofyan — 2018-10-29

Feline scabies also referred as Notedric mange (Notoedres cati). This diseases is highly contagious skin disease. The symptom of this disease is a severe and relentless itch include a skin rash composed of small red bumps and blisters on the specific areas such as face, ear, neck, paws pads and spreading to the rest of the body. This disease was very contagious for cats and kittens which can opportunistically infest other mammals, including human (Griffin et al., 1993).

Notoedres mites are closely related to Sarcoptic mites of dogs and thus the two infestations have some similarity. Both the conditions typically begin with itchy crusts and scales on the ear margins. The Notoedric mange progresses to involve the face and ultimately covers the entire body, if the skin disease was ignored. (Scott et al.,2001). Three cats in the present study had mange lesions covering the entire body.

The characteristic itching and hair loss pattern was often all that was needed to diagnose Notoedric mange in the cat (Griffin et al., 1993). Scraping of the crusty skin examined, revealed all stages of Notoedres cati mite (from ova to adult) in the present study and confirmed the diagnosis. Notoedres mites are smaller than Sarcoptes, have ‘thumb print’-like dorsal striations, shorter limb stalks and a dorsal anus compared with the terminal anus, dorsal pegs and spines seen on Sarcoptes species (Scott et al. 2001). The mites were identified as per the reports of Walker (1994) based on their shape and the presence of dorsal anus, which distinctly differentiated the Notoedres cati from Sarcoptes sp. The present report describes case of notoedric mange I two cats and successful management with ivermectin therapy.

SA-14 Fracture of the Infraglenoid Tubersity in Canine

Rama Arge Frismana — 2018-10-30

INTRODUCTION

A broken bone or which was usually called bone fracture had been a medical condition in which there was an incomplete or complete break in the continuity of the bone. There are many different kinds of fracture. The Glenoid Fracture of Os scapula is a very rare occurrence that these fractures have only been described in some series of cases often as a part of scapular fracture series, therefore it was difficult to interpret (1).

In most incidents of ligaments or tendon injuries, fracture or luxation was involved (2). Tuber glenoid fracture often occurs in juvenile animals, it’s because they are very lively and often caused following faulty landing to a jump (3).

SA-15 Antibiotic Resistance Microbial Infection in Five Dogs in Bali

I Putu Wira Adi Wibawa — 2018-10-29

Antimicrobial Resistance is a global public health problem that is influenced by the use of antimicrobial agents in humans, animals and elsewhere. Abuse of antibiotics has increased the prevalence of human and animal microbioma resistance genes over the last 75 years (Pal et al, 2016). Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria are able to reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or other agents designed to cure or prevent infection. Thus bacteria survive and continue to multiply causing more harm (Bisht et al 2009). A strain is resistant against an antibiotic if its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is higher than for the corresponding parental wild-type strain (Martinez et al, 2015;Bengtsson-palme, 2017). As well as humans, pet animal like dogs that have certain medical conditions that are often prescribed antibiotics have a higher risk of infection with antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance in dog or other pet animal causes very adverse effects such as treatment failure with antibiotics that can cause severe infections, complications, increased mortality. Antibiotic resistance leads to extended treatment time leading to increased medical expenses. Another impact that is considered very dangerous is the zoonotic potential of resistant microbes that can be transmitted to humans. Infections that do not respond to antibiotics appropriately, should be suspected of having an antibiotic resistant microbial infection. Actibiotic sensitivity test is necessary in the selection and use of appropriate antibiotics for therapy.

SA-16 Blood Transfusion Importance in the Healing Process of Feline Panleukopenia Leading to DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)

Kemala Sherlin — 2018-10-30

INTRODUCTION

Feline panleukopenia caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), which is a highly contagious virus affecting all members of Felidae. Severity of clinical signs depends on age, immune status, and concurrent infections. The severity of the disease varies from the subclinical to sudden death. Typical initial signs include fever, depression, and anorexia. Cats can initially present vomit with lower frequency, develop watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea. Atypical presentations are common, especially in adult cats. Infected cats die from complications associated with secondary bacterial infection, sepsis, dehydration, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC). Mortality rates of 25%-90% in acute panleukopenia and up to 100% in per acute infections have been reported.

SA-17 Treatment of Coxofemoral Luxation Using Toggling Technique in Dog

A A N G D Wisesa — 2018-10-30

Coxofemoral luxation occur because the femoral head and the acetabulum are separated (Mark, 2011). In small animals, coxofemoral luxation with craniodorsal position is the most common type of luxation that occur in dog (Ali, 2014). Arun et al. (2012), explain that coxofemoral luxation occurs due to neoplasia or serious trauma.

There are several methods to solve this coxofemoral luxation such as non-surgical reduction, surgical reduction, femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO), and total hip replacement. In this study, it was evaluated using surgical reduction with toggling technique in treatment of craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in dog which appears to be technically easy, quick and has a good result.

SA-18 Retrospective Study of Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Jakarta

Siti Winda Kusumawardhani — 2018-10-31

Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is caused by feline parvovirus, a single stranded DNA virus. This virus is a fatal and highly contagious in cats. Control of this disease is complicated by environmental resistance, the shedding of high viral loads and interspecies transmission. Cats all of ages may be affected by FPV but kittens are most susceptible. Signs of disease include diarrhea, lymphopenia, neutropenia, followed by thrombocytopenia and anemia, cerebellar ataxia (in kittens only), abortion and immunosuppression (transient in adult cats) (Truyen et. al 2009). The severity of clinical sign depends on the immune status of the animal and the present of other infections (Rodriguez and Guererro 2017).

In Jakarta, the prevalence rate of this viral infection believed still high, but there were only few studies has been reported. The aim of this study were to provide the retrospective data of prevalence rate and survival rate concerning ages and concurrent disease of cats infected by FPV in Veterinary Clinic Drh. Cucu K. Sajuthi and Assosiate, Jakarta, Indonesia.

VPH-1 Turning Research into Results: Characterizing the Dog Meat Trade in Bali to Help End the Trade

Maria Maliga Vernandes Sasadara — 2018-10-28

The dog meat trade (DMT) in Bali is a black-market trade that threatens international tourism on both animal welfare and human health grounds. Outlets selling dog meat often advertise this by displaying ‘RW’ signs as this abbreviation stands for ‘rintek wuuk’ (soft fur) in Manadonese. The DMT is notoriously cruel and uses inhumane methods to catch, transport, and slaughter dogs, many of which are believed to be stolen.

Dog meat is not a food under Indonesian law and as such is not subject to food safety or zoonotic disease regulation. In particular, the DMT is believed to contribute to the transmission of rabies, which is endemic in Bali.

Despite this, there was little factual information about the DMT in Bali, and this was hindering Government efforts to close the trade. We believe our study is the first to characterize the DMT in Bali and provides insights as to how and why the trade exists, and what actions are needed to end it.

VPH-2 Risk Factor Analysis for the Transmission of Classical Swine Fever in West Timor, Indonesia

Petrus Malo Bulu — 2018-10-28

Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a serious and highly infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar (Paton and Greiser-Wilke 2003). The causative agent, Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a small (40±60 nm) enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with a single stranded genome with positive polarity (Horzinek et al. 1971; Moennig and Greiser-Wilke 2008). The virus is one of three pestiviruses that forms a group of economically important pathogens (Moennig et al. 1990) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It has a close antigenic relationship with the other pestiviruses - bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests, and their similar morphology and nucleic acid homology (Wengler 1991; Wengler et al. 1995). Indonesia was free from CSF until 1993. Between 1994 and 1996 thousands of pigs were reported to have died from the disease in the Indonesian regions of North Sumatera, Jakarta, Bali, Central Java, and North Sulawesi (Satya and Santhia 2000). An outbreak of CSF was reported in Dili, East Timor in August 1997 and the disease then spread to the Kupang district of West Timor in March 1998 (Satya and Santhia 2009) and subsequently to all districts of Timor (Santhia et al. 1997; Santhia et al. 1998).

The existence of CSF in an area and the potential for introducing the disease into a new area can be associated with the presence of certain risk factors. Identification of these risk factors is important in understanding the transmission of disease and for developing effective prevention, control and eradication programs. Farmers are a valuable source of information about potential risk factors and associated management and husbandry practices linked with disease as they often have many years of experience in raising or trading livestock. This knowledge can be used to identify risk factors for disease.

The objective of the study was to identify potential risk factors associated with CSF infection in West Timor. In particular factors involved in the management and husbandry of pigs were investigated.

VPH-3 Framework to Evaluate Factors Associated With the Roaming Behaviour of Dogs in Flores Island, Indonesia

Charlotte Warembourg — 2018-10-28

Dogs (Canis familiaris) are among the earliest domesticated animals and one of the most ubiquitous domestic species worldwide. Albeit of many benefits, this partnership can cause problems. Zoonoses (diseases transmittable from animals to humans) transmitted by dogs, particularly rabies, can have a high impact on animal and public health. Worldwide, more than 99% of human cases result from dog bites. The disease is responsible for around 59,000 human deaths per year with 60% occurring in Asia (1)(2). In societies where domestic dogs are owned, but free-roaming, a substantial risk for disease transmission through frequent contacts within the dog population exists. Yet, knowledge on the behaviors of free roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) is limited. Published studies exist on demography of dog populations worldwide, however studies examining roaming behavior and factors influencing it are rare. Do FRDD behave similarly worldwide? Is a dog just a dog? Or are there specific factors that influence their roaming behavior and therefore disease transmission? Such information is needed to inform mathematical disease spread models, which can be used to design evidence-based disease control strategies within FRDD populations.

We hypothesize that the behavior of FRDD depends on individual-dog, anthropogenic and environmental factors, which consequently influence the spread of infectious diseases in dog populations, which is also influenced by the duration of the immunity after anti-rabies vaccination. Our objectives are to identify those influential factors and investigate the impact of identified factors on disease spread.

We combine infectious disease modelling with empirical data collected in Flores Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. We identified three study sites (Pogon, Habi, and Hepang) including urban and rural areas of different dog density. We gathered the following data: Movement data from individual dogs and contact rates among them using GPS collars, dog characteristics and management by conducting interviews with dog owners, environmental factors through observation, serological samples through venipuncture, and dog counts via transects. We targeted 200 dogs (100, 60 and 40 dogs for high, middle and low-density sites). These are appropriate sample sizes, based on our previous experience. Blood samples are collected over a one year period. All the dogs included in the study are sampled at D0, D30, D90, D180 and D360 after vaccination. The samples will be serologically analyzed for rabies antibodies and compared to the vaccination history of the dogs. We will then incorporate knowledge gained on dog roaming, rabies immunity and dog population size into mathematical agent-based simulation models.

Thanks to this study, and similar data collected in African and Latin American countries, we will have a better understanding of the behaviour of the FRDD worldwide and their impact on zoonosis transmission. This study will contribute to the common aim of WHO and OIE to eradicate dog mediated human rabies by adapting the current recommendations for rabies vaccination to local settings and getting knowledge on the empirical rabies immunity duration in the field. Considering the close linkage between dog and human health, this study will also benefit humans by controlling rabies in free roaming domestic dog populations. Our objectives are to identify those influential factors and investigate the influence of identified factors on disease spread.

VPH-4 The Influence of Medium pH on Lactobacillus acidophillus Viability in Soyghurt Tested In Vitro and In Vivo

Lia Siti Halimah — 2018-10-29

L. acidophillus bacteria have a high tolerance for acidic atmosphere. This bacterial resistance occurs because the ability to maintain cytoplasmic pH is more alkaline than extracellular pH so that all the different proteins and enzymes in it can still work optimally. L. acidophillus bacteria have cell membranes that are more resistant to cell leakage. Cellular membranes consisting of two layers of phospholipid (lipid bilayer) which on each surface of the layer are attached to proteins and lipid bilayer glycoproteins are semipermeable, which will limit the movement of compounds in and out between the cytoplasm and the external environment. The digestive tract has a different pH, starting from the oral cavity with a pH ranging from 6-7 (interval), stomach with pH 1.5-2 (acid), and intestine with a pH of 8-8.9 (base). Many bacteria can live and have habitat in the oral and intestinal cavities, but only certain bacteria are known to survive in the stomach. The nature of bacteria, in general, does not stand in an acidic atmosphere in the stomach, but there are also pathogenic bacteria (detrimental) that are resistant to the acidic atmosphere in the stomach so that it can cause disease in the digestive system. The stomach is an organ of the digestive system which functions to digest food and as the body's defense organ. The body's defense mechanism is carried out by the stomach against bacteria, namely by removing stomach acid. The presence and endurance of L. acidophillus bacteria in the stomach have not been reported. Therefore, in this study will be tested the effect of soyghurt containing L. acidophillus bacteria on the viability of L. acidophillus bacteria in the stomach and its effect on the gastric fluid profile of male Wistar rats.

VPH-5 Competency of Meat Inspectors (keurmaster) and Level of Training Needs Based on the Standard of Working Competency

Dwi Windiana — 2018-10-29

A training program is a series of stages of training implementation that includes the analysis of training needs, the formulation of training needs, curriculum and syllabus, training patterns, training methodologies, modules and/or teaching materials as well as evaluation of learning to ensure the achievement of learning outcomes, while the training needs analysis is the activities to analyze the position/job and identify training needs (Ministry of Agriculture, 2018). Meat inspectors (keurmaster) are persons who assist the Veterinarians that are technical in charge of veterinary public health surveillance at the slaughter houses (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010).

VPH-6 Semi Quantitative Analysis of Rabies Entrance into Pisang Island from Pesisir Barat District of Lampung

Tri Guntoro — 2018-10-29

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious animal disease. Genesis of rabies is feared among people because it almost ends in death. The disease is caused by the virusrabies, the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae (Muleyaetal., 2012). The case of rabies / lyssa has long been recognized by the public and has been widespread in several countries of the world. Human deaths from rabies in Africa and Asia are estimated at 55,000 people per year (Knobel et al., 2005). The presence of rabies in Indonesia was first reported in the iPhones of West Java in 1884. To date, rabies in Indonesia still poses a major problem from the public health aspect with an average reported death rate of 125 people per year (Sedyaningsih, 2011). Therefore, rabies is grouped into strategic diseases and is given priority in its prevention, control and eradication.

Pisang Island is located inPesisir Barat District which is one of the foreign tourist destinations. It is located very close to the west coastal district which has a high bite case (attached). It is therefore necessary to analyze the risk of rabies entry from the Pesisir Barat district to Pisang Island.

VPH-7 Study of Inappropriate Antibiotic Usage in Cattle Farm in East Nusa Tenggara

Annytha Detha — 2018-10-29

Antibiotics have an inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms [1]. The inappropriate use of antibiotics has an impact on human health, animals and the environment [2,3]. Therefore prescription Antibiotic use should be given by veterinarian. In fact, a number of breeders are practicing antibiotic beef cattle without a veterinary prescription. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of antibiotics used without prescription from veterinarians by farmers in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara.

VPH-8 Analysis of 2017 Rabies Suspected Infectious Animal in Riau Province

Anisah Hanoum — 2018-10-30

Known Rabies cases in Indonesia started since Dutch colonialism and firstly reported by Schoorl (1884) in Jakarta on horse. Then cases on buffalo in Bekasi by Doubletree Esser (1889), and on dog found by Penning (1890). While the case in humans known by de Haan (1894) in Cirebon. In mid 1900s, the disease has spread progressively to variety of provinces which historically rabies free regions such as, the West Sumatra, Central Java and East Java (1953), North Sumatra and North Sulawesi (1956), South Sulawesi (1958), South Sumatra (1959), Lampung (1969), Aceh (1970), Jambi and Yogyakarta (1971), Bengkulu, Jakarta and Central Sulawesi (1972), East Borneo (1974), Riau (1975), Central Kalimantan (1978), South Kalimantan (1983), and Flores Island (1997). In early 2000's the spreading extends to Ambon and Seram Islands (2003), Buru Island (2004), Halmahera and Morotai (2005) Ketapang (2005), Bali Island (2008), and then to Bengkalis and Rupat islands in Riau Province (2009). In 2010 it also spreads to Nias and Saumlaki Islands. Java island hrabies-free ad been considered became Rabies-free region in 2004, nevertheless outbreaks reappeared in Garut (2005, 2007), Tasikmalaya (2006) and covering most of West Java starting 2008.

Whilest Rabies disease firstly found in Riau province in 1975, but from 1976 until 1981 no case reported, then the case spread out again since 1982 mostly in Riau mainland province except Indragiri Hilir district. All small islands along east side of Sumatra still stated as Rabiesfree region, later the case found on Indragiri Hilir district, and more recent outbreak of rabies also occurred on Rupat and Bengkalis islands starting
2009.

During 2017 there were 241 biting cases by Rabies suspected infectious animal in Riau Province. Based on distribution of biting cases, the highest occurance is in Pekanbaru 180 cases (75,63%), then Kampar 52 cases (21,85%) and one each are in Kuantan Singingi, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hulu,
Rokan Hilir, Rokan Hulu and Siak.

WAAC-1 Gastric Obstruction in Stranded Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Paloh, Kalimantan Barat at February, 9th 2018

Fidry R Ikhwan — 2018-10-29

Marine debris has been being global isu for years. It can give negative impact to the animal in marine environment. One of Indonesian waters who has a serious problem with marine debris is Paloh, West Kalmantan. Mineral bottles that stranded in Paloh beach is not Indonesia production, it printed Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand and China label (Saturi, S., 2014). In other word debris that be found in Paloh at least comes frome 5 different counries. Paloh waters also known as home for 4 species of sea turtle, one of them is Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Scuyler (2014) said the probablity of green sea turtle to ingest marine debris has increased significantly for more than century, he also said that plastic especially soft plastic in the most comon debris found in sea digestive tract (96.8%).

WAAC-2 Cause of the Death Sea turtle Stranded in Nesting Beach (Paloh, West Kalimantan) Period from February to April 2018

Maulid Dio — 2018-10-29

Coastal Paloh an important habitat for four species of sea turtles are the Green (Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricate), Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Aside from being a nesting habitat, the area is also a habitat for feeding, and mating habitat and migration path or traffic seaturtle (Suprapti, 2012). Not only for sea turtles traffic has also become important for a variety of vessels between both countries fishing vessels, tankers up cargo. Given the geographic location is directly opposite the South China Sea that is surrounded by several countries.

But unfortunately, the South China Sea is strategically important as well as give a bad condition for Paloh seas. Because the area is the location of the trash stream (marine debris) from various countries who tipped rubbish on the beach strandings Paloh. As for the garbage found a variety of forms, both organic waste and non-organic, but Mostly in the form of waste plastic and bottles of mineral water.

Not only trash that washed up on shore Paloh. In the last 2 months at least found 21 seaturtles (Table 1) were also stranded together piles of garbage and solid black colored chemical material at the seaside 7 which drifted onto the beach Paloh. This incident is considered remarkable so it is important for researchers, especially veterinarian determine the cause of death in the mass stranded turtle nesting beaches Paloh.

WAAC-3 Acute Bacterial Meningeoencephalitis in Stranded Juvenile Green Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) in Gerokgak Beach, Buleleng Regency, Bali

Ida Ayu Dian Kusuma Dewi — 2018-10-29

Bacterial infection in sea turtles has been rarely recorded as a primary disease in wild turtles. Non-specific clinical sign and presumably interrelation with parasitic disease as the primary cause of illness in wild sea turtle are more common particularly affecting the respiratory and integumentary system(George, 1996). Bacterial infection that reach the brain are usually preceded by heavy and chronic infestation of neuroparasitic and cardiovascular parasitic infection in green turtle (Raidal, Ohara, Hobbs, & Prince, 1998). Furthermore, report on acute bacterial meningoencephalitis which lead to sudden death has never been reported before. Interestingly, acute death in stranded sea turtle is usually attributed with bio toxin and human-related trauma(Orós, Torrent, Calabuig, & Déniz, 2005).

WAAC-4 Series of Medical Examination as an Initial Phase of Rehabilitation Program in Lutung Jawa Conservation

Nurina Titisari — 2018-10-29

Javan Langur Center (JLC) is a rehabilitation center that located in coban talun, Batu, East Java. It is a part of the Javan Primate Project. The main activity is treating, training behavioral and also habituation and forest classes (soft release) by placing the animal in habituation cage at certain period of time (1). The habituation cage consists of 3 cages namely treatment, quarantine and socialization. But before sending the animal to the cage, it must be free of disease before grouped with other Lutung Jawa. For this reason, a series of medical examination process is conducted. Healthy animals will be sent to habituation cages for intensive training and adaptation in the forest. While the sick animals will undergo the process of therapy and treatment at the treatment cage. This medical examination is an important initial step to determine the next rehabilitation action so it is necessary to perform the procedure appropriately.

The purpose of this study was understanding the series of medical examination activities conducted at the JLC rehabilitation center and also aware of the Lutung Jawa physiology status in the time medical examination was held.

WAAC-5 Flushing Aquaria with Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract on TNFα Expression in Fish Due To Mercury Intoxication

Olan Rahayu Puji Astuti Nussa — 2018-10-30

The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of TNFα in the gills and liver tissue and the fish acute intoxication due to mercury, post-treatment using Rosella extract and flushing aquaria. It was an experimental study with a posttest only control group design consisting of 30 adult male fishes. There are 5 groups treatment including: P0 (healthy); P1 (mercury without Rosella extract and flushing; P2 (given mercury and Rosella extract of 5 ppm and flushing); P3 (given mercury and Rosella extract of 10 ppm and flushing); P4 (given mercury and Rosella extract of 20 ppm and flushing). Each group performed necropsy and examination immunohistochemical in the fish’s gills and liver on the 7th day after induction with mercury and on the 15th day of post-therapy using Rosella extract with flushing Aquaria. The results showed TNFα expression in the gills was different significantly and the the number was increasing compared to TNFα in the liver. The decrease of TNFα expression in the gills and liver were significantly different in the P4 group when compared to the other groups. In conclusion, Flushing aquaria and Rosella extract can reduce the TNFα expression in the fish’s gills and liver which experiencing mercury intoxication. Flushing Aquaria technology is a very appropriate method used for therapeutic in aquatic animals.

KIVEQ-1 Kasus Torsio Usus dan Ruptur Akibat Enterolith

Budhy Jasa Widyananta — 2018-10-28

Kejadian enterolith pada kuda di Indonesia sangat sering dilaporkan, akan tetapi saat ini masih belum cukup literatur yang membahas tentang gejala klinis dan teknik diagnosanya.

Rose at al, 2003 mengatakan Enterolith merupakan konsentrasi mineral yang umumnya terbentuk pada usus besar walaupun terkadang dapat muncul sebagai sumbatan di usus halus.

Pakan dengan kandungan nitrogen, magnesium dan phospor yang tinggi diperkirakan menjadi salah satu penyebab terbentuknya entertolith. Alfalfa (lucerne) hay merupakan salah satu pakan yang mengandung nitrogen dan magnesium dalam jumlah tinggi (Rose et al, 2003)

KIVFA-1 Prevalensi Japanese Encephalitis pada Ternak Babi di Beberapa Lokasi Peternakan di Sulawesi Utara

Sri Adiani — 2018-10-28

Japanese encephalitis adalah penyakit viral zoonotik yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh arbovirus (arthropod borne virus) yaitu dari famili Flavivirus yang menyerang susunan sayaraf pusat (Central Nervus System). Di alam, virus ini dapat bertahan hidup dalam tubuh unggas liar (seperti pada bangsa burung bangau) dan juga hewan-hewan lainnya, terutama pada hewan babi. Infeksi pada manusia, virus tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit syaraf yang serius. Gejala umum penyakit tersebut antara lain seperti: sakit kepala, demam tinggi, leher terasa kaku (kaku kuduk), pergerakan yang tidak normal (tremor dan kejang-kejang pada anak-anak), mengganggu kesadaran dan koma. Tingkat keparahan (Case Fatality Rate) dari penyakit ini berkisar 20% - 40%. (Anonim, 2006).

Virus J. encephalitis adalah virus yang dikelompokkan ke dalam Arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Virus) tipe B, sehingga sering disebut sebagai penyakit Japanese B Encephalitis. Nama virus ini adalah Flavivirus encephalitis. Selain menyerang manusia, virus ini dapat menyerang pada kelompok ternak seperti: kuda, keledai dan babi. Pada kelompok hewan lainnya, virus inipun dapat menyerang, seperti: sapi, kambing, kucing dan anjing, namun dengan gejala penyakit yang tidak spesifik

Agen penyakit J. encephalitis dapat disebarkan melalui gigitan nyamuk yang terinfeksi sebagai vektor. Pada ternak babi yang terinfeksi, virus ini akan menyebar ke seluruh tubuh melalui peredaran darah (viremia) dalam kadar yang tinggi dan dalam waktu yang relatif lama. Oleh sebab itu, ternak babi merupakan hewan reservoir (Amplify Host) yang penting bagi penyebaran penyakit ini (Anonimous, 2011). Manusia merupakan dead-end bagi penularan virus J. encephalitis, karena viremia yang terjadi cepat dalam peredaran darah. Viremia pada penderita hanya beberapa jam saja sehingga sulit ditularkan ke orang lain. Siklus pemularan yang penting untuk suatu tingkat endemisitas suatu daerah adalah siklus penularan di hewan terutama pada babi yang didukung oleh populasi nyamuk sebagai vektor penyakit J. encephalitis. Beberapa penelitian berhasil menunjukkan bahwa babi dianggap sebagai reservoir utama penularan virus Japanese di Indonesia,

Tidak adanya gejala klinis yang khas dari penyakit J. encephalitis pada hewan. diagnosa sulit dilakukan, sehingga pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap penyakit J. encephalitis mutlak diperlukan (Sendow dkk., 2000). Pemeriksaan laboratorium yang dapat dilakukan meliputi pemeriksaan serologis, seperti uji inhibisi haemaglutinasi, netralisasi serum atau ELISA. Untuk mendeteksi adanya antibodi yang ditimbulkan oleh infeksi alami virus J. encephalitis, maka metode ELISA merupakan salah satu uji spesifik yang dapat dipakai sebagai diagnosa serologis terhadap adanya antibodi J. encephalitis (Hadi dkk, 2011).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebaran, prevalensi dan besarnya angka infeksi virus J. encephalitis pada ternak babi dengan mendeteksi adanya antibody J. encephalitis menggunakan uji Competitve Enzyme Lingked Immuno Assay (C-ELISA). Dengan diketahuinya penyebaran infeksi virus J. encephalitis pada babi di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, secara tidak langsung bisa dijadikan sebagai indikator kemungkinan adanya ancaman penularan virus J. encephalitis ke manusia, apalagi bila lokasi peternakan babi berdekatan dengan pemukiman penduduk.

Penelitian dilaksanakan pada 4 (empat) lokasi kandang di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, dengan mendeteksi adanya antibodi yang ditimbulkan oleh infeksi alami virus J. encephalitis.

KIVFA-2 Efek Imunomodulator terhadap Profil Leukosit Induk Sapi Friesian Holstein yang Diberi Antigen AI H5N1 Inaktif

Sri Murtini — 2018-10-28

Immunomodulator adalah zat yang memiliki kemampuan untuk meningkatkan atau menekan respon imun. Cox (1988) melaporkan bahwa pengaruhnya selain terhadap respon imun, imunomodulator juga dapat memodulasi haematopoiesis, termasuk peningkatan jumlah RBC dan WBC (leukosit), peningkatan PCV dan aktivasi makrofag. Sapi friesian holstein (FH) merupakan sapi perah yang dapat digunakan sebagai hewan donor penghasil immunoglobulin G anti AI H5N1 melalui produk kolostrumnya (Esfandiari et al, 2007). Guna meningkatkan titer immunoglobulin pada hewan donor hiperimun sera umumnya hewan diberi imunomdulator. Berbagai jenis bahan seperti glucan, lectin, dan berbagai jenis polisakarida dari tanaman maupun hewan (Alamgir dan Uddin 2010) serta polipeptide ribonukleotida dapat digunakan sebagai imunomodulator.(Hess dan Greenberg 2012) Penggunaan polipeptida ribonukleotida sebagai imunomodulator ada sapi saat ini belum banyak diteliti. Pemberian imunomodulator memberikan dampak perubahan gambaran leukosit secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Dampak pemberian imunomodulator jenis polipeptide ribonukleotida pada sapi FH bunting trimester terakhir untuk tujuan produksi hiperimunsera melalui produksi kolostrum belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian imunomodulator peptide ribonukleotida pada sapi FH yang disuntik antigen AI H5N1 inaktif.

KIVFA-3 Analisis dan Kajian Kadar Logam dalam Darah Sapi Potong

Erni Sulistiawati — 2018-10-28

Beberapa pemilik hewan ternak menggembalakan hewan ternaknya di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). Pemeliharaan seperti ini dilakukan karena keterbatasan ladang penggembalaan dan pertumbuhan rumput yang tidak sebanding dengan kebutuhan pakan sapi. Masuknya mineral logam berbahaya ini tidak hanya melalui proses memakan, melainkan dapat juga melalui air minum atau kebiasaan ternak yang suka menjilat segala benda yang terdapat di TPA. Pakan sapi yang tercemari oleh berbagai bahan cemaran seperti material logam akan menimbulkan kerugian yang memang tidak secara langsung membunuh ternak, namun meterial logam berbahaya tersebut dengan kadar tinggi khususnya timbal (Pb) dan kadmium (Cd) dapat membahayakan kesehatan sapi dan munusia yang mengkonsumsi daging sapi potong tersebut ⁽^3)(10)(11). Selain itu akumulasi logam lainnya yang berlebih pada daging sapi dapat juga sejumlah tanda klinis diare, kelemahan otot dan gangguan fungsi ginjal ⁽¹⁾ dan kanker.

Tujuan penulisan ilmiah ini adalah mendapatkan informasi analisis kandungan berbagai jenis material logam seperti timbal (Pb), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), cuprum (Cu), Zink (Zn) dan Magnesium (Mg) dalam darah sapi potong dan mengkaji dampak kandungannya pada tubuh sapi potong.

KIVFA-4 Studi Kasus Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mata pada Sapi Simmental Notel 1628

Bahagia Sari — 2018-10-28

Berdasarkan kasus penyakit pada tahun 2016 yang menyerang mata pada sapi Simmental dengan nomor telinga 1628, beberapa hal menjadikan kasus ini menarik perhatian medis, antara lain kejadian penyakit mata ini lebih sering menyerang pada sapi simmental dengan gejala klinis awal berupa bola mata yang mengalami konjunctivitis mata, rongga mata mengalami peradangan, semakin lama mata menjadi melepuh, terdapat sekresi terus menerus cairan nanah dan air mata, berbau busuk , terjadi ganrene bola dan rongga mata, dan sering terdapat myasis (luka berbelatung) pada rongga mata serta biasanya terdapat abses pada bagian pipi. Penyebab kerusakan bola mata pada sapi belum diketahui secara pasti. Beberapa dugaan penyebab kerusakan mata sapi yang pertama oleh infeksi kuman pathogen, yang kedua oleh non infeksius seperti terkena cairan kimiawi (ascarisida), terkena serbuk rumput, atau partikel-partikel debu (polutan), yang ketiga oleh carsinogen yang menyebabkan tumor atau kanker mata. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka perlu dilakukan studi kasus pada sapi Simmental dengan notel 1628.

KIVFA-5 Analisis Manfaat Biaya Pengendalian dan Pemberantasan Hog Cholera di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Ewaldus Wera — 2018-10-28

Hog cholera masih merupakan ancaman bagi kelangsungan produksi ternak babi di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Paling kurang 10,000 ekor ternak babi mati karena Hog Cholera pada tahun 2017. Wabah ini memberikan dampak ekonomi yang signifikan bagi peternak dan pemerintah daerah. Hal ini mendorong pemerintah menetapkan Penyakit hog cholera sebagai salah satu penyakit strategies yang mendapat prioritas dalam pemberantasanya (Peraturan Dirjen Peternakan No. 59/Kpts/PD610/05/2007). Pemerintah melalui Kementerian Pertanian telah mengambil langkah-langkah konkrit dalam mengendalikan dan memberantas penyakit hog cholera antara lain vaksinasi, stamping out policy, biosekuriti dan pengetatan lalu lintas ternak. Pemberantasan hog cholera pada ternak babi melalui vaksinasi massal telah dilakukan di seluruh daerah endemik hog cholera di Indoensia. Walaupun pemberian vaksin pada ternak telah terbukti mampu menurunkan kasus hog cholera pada ternak babi (Ahrens et al., 2000; Bouma et al, 2000; 1999; de Smit et al 2001) namun cakupan vaksinasi pada populasi ternak babi di Indonesia umumnya dan NTT khususnya masih sangat rendah. Salah satu faktor pemicu rendahnya cakupan vaksinasi adalah kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat terutama pemilik ternak terkait akan biaya dan manfaat program vaksinasi hog cholera. Oleh karena itu analisis manfaat biaya investasi pada program vaksinasi hog cholera perlu dilakukan sebagai acuan dalam menyusun rencana strategis pengendalian dan pemberantasan hog cholera dimasa yang akan datang.

KIVFA-6 Hasil Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba Listeria monocytogenes pada Susu Sapi di Wilayah Pulau Jawa Kegiatan Pengawasan dan Monitoring Produk Pangan Tahun 2016-2017

Ari Retnowati — 2018-10-28

Pangan asal hewan sangat dibutuhkan guna menunjang kehidupan dan kualitas hidup manusia. Susu merupakan salah satu produk pangan asal hewan yang bernilai gizi tinggi dan kaya nutrisi. Akan tetapi, susu juga merupakan salah satu bahan pangan yang bersifat perishable atau mudah rusak. Hal ini disebabkan karena susu merupakan media tumbuh yang baik untuk mikroba. Listeria monocytogenes merupakan salah satu mikroba yang dapat mencemari susu dan mengancam kesehatan manusia.

L. monocytogenes bersifat zoonosis, artinya dapat ditularkan dari hewan yang terinfeksi ke manusia. Kasus penularan ke manusia yang banyak ditemukan adalah melalui produk pangan yang terkontaminasi L. monocytogenes. Oleh karena itu, L. monocytogenes termasuk dalam foodborne pathogen yang dapat menyebabkan listeriosis terutama pada kelompok yang berisiko tinggi. seperti bayi, lanjut usia (umur ≥60 tahun), wanita hamil ⦋1⦌.

L. monocytogenes merupakan bakteri gram positif, berbentuk batang, bersifat patogen intraseluler, fakultatif ananerob hingga mikroaerofilik, dan dapat bertahan hidup dalam kondisi kadar oksigen rendah dalam jangka waktu yang lama⦋2⦌. Bakteri ini juga bersifat psikotrofik, mampu bertahan hidup pada suhu 0-45^oC, sehingga dapat berkembang pada proses pendinginan, pembekuan, dan pengeringan dalam rantai pengolahan pangan sedangkan kebanyakan bakteri lain tidak dapat berkembang pada suhu tersebut ⦋3.⦌ Oleh karena daya adaptasi L. monocytogenes yang tinggi, maka apabila susu yang tercemar L. monocytogenes tidak diproses dengan baik, susu dan produk olahannya tetap dapat mengandung bakteri ini.

Produk pangan asal hewan dituntut memiliki mutu tinggi, berdaya saing, dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka pengawasan dalam produk pangan asal hewan sangat penting terutama dalam kaitannya dengan perlindungan kesehatan dan keamanan konsumen. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah adalah dengan melakukan Pengawasan Monitoring dan Surveilans (PMSR) dari seluruh provinsi di Indonesia setiap tahunnya. PMSR merupakan salah satu tugas, pokok dan fungsi dari Balai Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Produk Hewan (BPMSPH) untuk memastikan bahwa produk hewan yang beredar di Indonesia Aman, Sehat, Utuh, dan Halal (ASUH). Adapun salah satu pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian terhadap cemaran mikroba L. monocytogenes yang terkandung pada produk pangan asal hewan. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menggambarkan tren hasil uji positif cemaran mikroba L. monocytogenes pada sampel susu sapi yang berasal dari wilayah di Pulau Jawa selama tahun 2016 sampai dengan tahun 2017.

KIVFA-7 Karakteristik Penyakit Pada Sapi Pesisir Sumatera Barat di BPTUHPT Padang Mengatas

Bahagia Sari — 2018-10-28

Sapi Pesisir merupakan plasma nutfah Sumatera Barat yang menjadi perhatian pemerintah Republik Indonesia khususnya Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia untuk dapat dilestarikan dan dikembangkan dimasyarakat. Berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 2908/Kpts/OT.140/6/2011 menyatakan bahwa sapi Pesisir memiliki karakteristik khusus dibandingkan sapi lokal lainnya antara lain bentuk kepala yang memanjang, bertanduk kecil, memiliki garis belut dibagian punggung, warnanya coklat sampai merah bata serta kuku hitam dengan sifat kuantitatif (dewasa) bahwa ukuran permukaan tubuh antara lain betina memiliki tinggi pundak 99,2 ± 3,3 cm, panjang badan 109,4 ± 6,7 cm, lingkar dada 125,5 ± 6,3 cm, bobot badan 149,1 ±18,2 cm, ukuran pada jantan tinggi 99,9 ± 4,9 cm, panjang 112,2 ± 9,8 cm, lingkar dada 124,2 ±6,9 cm, bobot badan 162,2 ±25,4. Persentase kesuburan induk sapi Pesisir 65-70% dengan angka kelahiran 70%, memiliki siklus berahi antara 18-24 hari dengan lama bunting selama 9 bulan, serta sifat produksi dengan daya adaptasi baik dan memiliki kemampuan hidup 85%.

Berdasarkan potensi yang dimiliki sapi Pesisir Sumatera Barat, maka pentingnya mengetahui penyakit-penyakit apa saja yang dapat menyerang sapi ini, hal ini untuk mengantisipasi menjaga kesehatan sapi lokal ini sehingga dapat mencegah penyakit yang berbahaya menjangkiti sapi tersebut. Berdasarkan Landasan hukum UU RI No.18 Tahun 2009 dan UU RI No.41 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan UU RI No.18 Tahun 2009 tentang Peternakan dan Keswan pasal 1 ayat 26 menyatakan bahwa veteriner adalah segala urusan yang berkaitan dengan hewan dan penyakit hewan dan pasal 1 ayat 34 menyatakan penyakit hewan adalah gangguan kesehatan pada hewan yang antara lain, disebabkan oleh cacat genetik, proses degeneratife, gangguan metabolisme, trauma, keracunan, infestasi parasit, dan infeksi mikroorganisme pathogen seperti virus, bakteri, cendawan, dan riketsia.

Karya tulis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis penyakit apa saja yang menyerang pada sapi Pesisir dan bermanfaat memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat tentang penyakit yang dapat menyerang pada sapi Pesisir.

KIVFA-8 Studi Kasus: Profil Mineral Makro Pada Sapi Perah Yang Mengalami Retensi Plasenta di Kunak Kabupaten Bogor

Retno Wulansari — 2018-10-28

Susu merupakan salah satu bahan pangan yang sangat penting bagi masyarakat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizinya. Peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya susu sebagai salah satu sumber gizi yang penting berefek terhadap kebutuhan susu nasional terus meningkat pula. Namun kebutuhan yang tinggi ini belum diimbangi dengan produksi susu nasional yang baru mencapai 3.29% per tahun, sehingga kekurangan akan kebutuhan susu ini masih harus diimport dari negara lain. Rata-rata produksi susu di Indonesia dari setiap sapi masih relatif rendah, sekitar 10-12 liter/ekor/hari (Deny 2014). Keterbatasan produksi susu dari dalam negeri ini disebabkan oleh masih belum maksimalnya produksi susu dari setiap sapi perah yang dimiliki oleh peternak di Indonesia.

Manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik dalam usaha peternakan sapi perah sangat diperlukan untuk dapat meningkatkan produksi susu, salah satunya antara lain manajemen pakan. Pakan harus memenuhi unsur-unsur penting diantaranya mineral makro dan mikro dalam jumlah yang secukupnya.

Masalah kesehatan yang sering ditemui pada sapi perah awal laktasi umumnya berupa gangguan metabolik, seperti milk fever dan ketosis (Divers & Peek 2008). Hipokalsemia adalah kelainan metabolik dimana mekanisme homeostasis gagal untuk mempertahankan konsentrasi Ca darah normal saat awal laktasi (Chamberlain et al. 2013). Kejadian ini sering didahului dengan kondisi hipokalsemia subklinis pada saat bunting dan kering kandang, tetapi tidak teramati oleh peternak (Goff 2008). Retensi Plasenta merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari gangguan metabolik akibat tidak cukupnya konsentrasi mineral pada hewan post partus. Sapi secara normal akan melepaskan plasenta dalam waktu 3 -6 jam post partus. Retensi atau tertahannya plasenta lebih dari 8 – 12 jam pada induk post partus dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu kondisi yang abnormal (Diver & Peek 2008. Salah satu predisposisi adalah tidak adanya program manajemen pakan atau pemberian suplemen mineral yang tidak tepat, sebagaimana disajikan pada studi kasus berikut.

KIVMP-1 Prediksi Epitop OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus Isolat Lokal terhadap Respon Imun Seluler

Wiwiek Tyaningsih — 2018-10-28

Brucellosis pada hewan disebut Bang’s Disease atau Penyakit Keluron Menular disebabkan oleh bakteri yang tergolong genus Brucella, bersifat fakultatif intraselular sehingga pengobatan pada hewan yang terserang Brucellosis tidak efektif (Quinn et al., 2002). Brucellosis bersifat zoonosis dan pada sapi disebabkan oleh Brucella abortus. Brucellosis merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada dunia peternakan, karena Brucellosis dapat mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar berupa abortus (keguguran) pada hewan yang sedang bunting (gravid), penurunan produksi susu, bahkan dapat mengakibatkan gangguan reproduksi baik yang besifat temporer maupun permanen (Noor, 2006). Menurut Hidayat (2010) Brucellosis menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi sebesar Rp. 385 miliar per tahun karena adanya keguguran, kematian pedet, sterilitas, infertilitas dan penurunan produksi susu.

Kejadian Brucellosis di Indonesia cenderung semakin meningkat baik dari segi jumlah (tingkat prevalensi) maupun dalam penyebarannya (distribusi). Hal ini terjadi karena adanya perpindahan ternak dari satu daerah ke daerah lainnya, sehingga pada akhirnya dapat menjadi ancaman yang merugikan bagi perkembangan dibidang peternakan khususnya sapi perah.

Penggunaan vaksin Brucella abortus S19 selama ini belum mencapai hasil yang optimal dalam upaya penanggulangan kasus Brucellosis pada sapi perah (Noor, 2006), diduga tingkat proteksi vaksin yang digunakan masih jauh dari harapan yaitu hanya sekitar 65 – 70%. Hal tersebut berdasarkan dari hasil evaluasi di lapangan, menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak ditemukan adanya kasus Brucellosis yang sangat tinggi pada peternakan sapi perah di Indonesia.

OMP merupakan antigen potensial yang secara langsung dapat menginduksi respon imun humoral sehingga lebih cepat dapat memacu terbentuknya antibodi (Forestier et. al. 2005). OMP Brucella abortus yang terdiri dari kompleks asam amino merupakan peptida yang dapat bersifat sebagai epitop atau antigenic determinant, sehingga dapat dikembangkan sebagai kandidat vaksin untuk pemberantasan penyakit Brucellosis (Macedo et. al., 2011).

Cloeckaert et al.,(2002) dan Salehi et al., (2003) melaporkan bahwa gen yang menyandi OMP 36 sampai 38 kDa adalah Omp2.). OMP pada bakteri Gram negatif bersifat imunogenik karena mampu menginduksi respon imun sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai komponen pengembangan vaksin subunit (Shomshekhar et. al., 2014).Penggunaan bakteri Brucella abortus yang berasal dari isolat lokal baik untuk seed vaksin maupun bahan diagnostik saat ini sedang dikembangkan karena selain untuk mengurangi ketergantungan impor juga sama dengan penyebab penyakit di lapangan. OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus isolat lokal mempunyai sifat sebagai bahan yang imunogenik dan protektif seperti yang dilaporkan oleh Handijatno dan Tyasningsih (2014) bahwa OMP Brucella abortus isolat lokal yang mempunyai reaktivitas tinggi adalah OMP dengan berat molekul 36 kDa. Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas maka perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui prediksi epitop yang merupakan faktor virulensi pada OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus isolat lokal.

KIVMP-2 Analisis Patotipe Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.2.1c yang Bersirkulasi di Provinsi Lampung Tahun 2016-2017

Arif Setiani Wahyuning Tyas — 2018-10-28

Avian influenza (AI) merupakan penyakit infeksius disebabkan oleh virus influenza tipe A dari famili Orthomyxoviridae (Boyce et al., 2009) yang berpotensi menyebabkan kerugian bagi dunia perunggasan di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Virus AI memiliki 8 segmen gen yang berbeda yang mengkode 10 jenis protein virus yang berbeda. Struktur protein dalam virion dewasa dapat dibagi menjadi protein permukaan dan protein internal. Termasuk ke dalam protein permukaan adalah hemaglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), dan membran kanal ion (M2), sedangkan protein-protein internal meliputi nukleoprotein (NP), protein matriks (M1), dan kompleks polimerase yang tersusun dari polimerase basa 1 (PB1), polimerase basa 2 (PB2), dan polimerase asam (PA). Dua protein tambahan lainnya adalah protein nonstruktural 1 (NS1) dan nonstruktural 2 (NS2) (Lee dan Saif, 2009).

Virus influenza A dikelompokkan berdasarkan dua antigen permukaan virus, yaitu protein hemaglutinin (HA) dan protein neuraminidase (NA), yang sampai saat ini telah ditemukan 18 HA (H1-H18) dan 11 NA (N1-N11) (Tong et al., 2013; Heider, 2015). Hemaglutinin (HA) memiliki fungsi utama untuk menginisiasi infeksi, berinteraksi dengan reseptor asam sialat sel hospes (Edinger et al., 2014) serta menentukan patogenisitas virus AI H5N1 (Li et al., 2011).

Wabah highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtipe H5N1 pertama kali dilaporkan pada unggas di Indonesia pada tahun 2003. Kejadian wabah penyakit antara periode 2003-2004, virus-virus H5N1 di Indonesia masih merupakan clade 2.1. Dua tahun kemudian setelah kejadian wabah pertama, clade 2.1 berkembang menjadi tiga sublineage virus, yaitu clade 2.1.1, 2.1.2 dan 2.1.3 (Anonim, 2008). Sub-clade 2.1.2 terdiri dari virus-virus yang menginfeksi unggas dan manusia. Sub-clade 2.1.3 berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari kasus fatal pertama H5N1 di manusia di Indonesia pada tahun 2005 (Parry, 2005). Sejak tahun 2008, virus-virus clade 2.1.1 dan 2.1.2 tidak lagi dijumpai baik pada unggas dan manusia, sedangkan virus-virus dari clade 2.1.3 terus berkembang menjadi tiga kelompok virus baru, hasil evolusi dari sub-clade 2.1.3 membentuk sub-clade baru yang masih termasuk dalam sub clade 2.1.3 (Takano et al., 2009) yaitu sub-sub-clade 2.1.3.1, 2.1.3.2 dan 2.1.3.3 (Wibawa et al., 2014). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis clade dan patotipe pada virus AI clade 2.3.2.1c yang bersirkulasi di Lampung pada tahun 2016-2017.

KIVPU-1 Tren Hasil Pengujian Residu Antibiotik pada Daging Ayam di Indonesia Tahun 2015-2017

Monika Danaparamitha Andriani — 2018-10-28

Keamanan pangan merupakan salah satu isu yang sedang berkembang di Indonesia, terutama terkait pangan asal hewan. Hal ini dikarenakan banyaknya masyarakat yang mulai memahami pentingnya mengonsumsi bahan pangan yang berkualitas baik secara fisik maupun non fisik. Menurut Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan, keamanan pangan adalah kondisi dan upaya yang diperlukan untuk mencegah pangan dari kemungkinan cemaran biologis, kimia, dan benda lain yang dapat mengganggu, merugikan, dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia serta tidak bertentangan dengan agama, keyakinan, dan budaya masyarakat sehingga aman untuk dikonsumsi [1].

Balai Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Produk Hewan (BPMSPH) sebagai unit pelaksana teknis Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Kementerian Pertanian memiliki tugas dan fungsi untuk melaksanakan pemeriksaan, pengujian, dan sertifikasi keamanan, dan mutu produk hewan. Setiap tahunnya, BPMSPH melakukan monitoring dan surveilans terhadap produk hewan yang beredar di Indonesia melalui pemeriksaan dan pengujian pada sampel produk hewan untuk memastikan bahwa produk hewan yang beredar di Indonesia aman, sehat, utuh, dan halal (ASUH). Adapun salah satu pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian terhadap residu antibiotik yang terkandung pada produk pangan asal hewan. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menggambarkan tren hasil uji positif residu antibiotik pada sampel daging ayam yang beredar di wilayah Indonesia selama tahun 2015 sampai dengan tahun 2017.

KIVPU-2 Tren Hasil Pengujian Residu Antibiotik pada Telur Ayam di Indonesia Tahun 2015-2017

Ajeng Herpianti Utari — 2018-10-28

Telur ayam merupakan produk pangan asal hewan yang banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat di Indonesia, karena mudah diperoleh dan merupakan sumber protein tinggi dengan harga yang relatif terjangkau. Kesadaran masyarakat untuk mengonsumsi telur semakin meningkat. Konsumsi telur ayam ras per kapita tahun 2016 sebesar 99,796 butir, mengalami peningkatan sebesar 2,46 % dari konsumsi tahun 2015 sebesar 97,398 butir [1]. Kondisi ini mendorong peternak ayam petelur untuk menaikkan jumlah produksi dalam memenuhi permintaan telur yang semakin meningkat. Industri peternakan ayam di Indonesia tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan penggunaan antibiotik sebagai upaya kuratif dalam pengendalian penyakit yang dapat menjadi kendala produksi telur. Selain itu, pemberian antibiotik juga digunakan sebagai imbuhan pakan (feed additive) untuk memacu pertumbuhan (growth promotor), meningkatkan produksi, dan efisiensi penggunaan pakan [2].

Bahaya yang diakibatkan dari penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak sesuai aturan dapat meninggalkan residu pada jaringan dan organ, termasuk pada telur. Maka peternak perlu mengetahui aturan pemakaian antibiotika secara selektif dan terkontrol. Pemerintah melalui Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 2009 pasal 22 ayat 4 huruf c tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan sebagaimana telah direvisi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2014, melarang penggunaan pakan yang dicampur hormon tertentu dan/atau antibiotik imbuhan pakan. Hal ini, sejalan dengan kebijakan WHO untuk mengurangi penggunaan berlebih antibiotik pada peternakan dan perikanan [3].

Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, pengawasan residu pangan asal hewan sangat penting dalam rangka perlindungan kesehatan dan keamanan konsumen. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah adalah dengan melakukan Pengawasan Monitoring dan Surveilans Residu (PMSR) dari seluruh provinsi di Indonesia setiap tahunnya. PMSR merupakan salah satu tugas, pokok dan fungsi dari Balai Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Produk Hewan (BPMSPH).

Tujuan dari penulisan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui trend hasil uji positif residu 4 golongan antibiotik yang banyak di gunakan di dunia peternakan (Penisilin, Makrolida, Aminoglikosida dan Tetrasiklin) pada telur ayam di Indonesia selama tahun 2015 – 2017 dengan metode skrining dan meningkatkan kesadaran peternak serta konsumen akan bahaya dari residu antibiotik pada telur ayam.

KIVSA-1 Framework Evaluasi Titer Antibodi Rabies

Ewaldus Wera — 2018-10-29

Rabies atau lebih dikenal sebagai penyakit anjing gila masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan di Indonesia pada umumnya dan Pulau Flores khususnya. Menurut data kementerian kesehatan, di Flores, kasus rabies dilaporkan ada di 6 kabupaten dengan jumlah kasus gigitan anjing rabies sebanyak 2000 orang setiap tahun dan 10 orang diantara meninggal dunia. Langkah efektif mencegah rabies pada manusia adalah vaksinasi populasi anjing dengan cakupan 70% (WHO, 2013). Namun seringkali ditemukan dilapangan kasus rabies pada anjing yang sudah divaksinasi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh gagalnya sistem imun anjing membentuk kekebalan yang mampu melawan virus rabies (≥ 0.5 IU/ml) (WHO, 2012). Beberapa faktor potensial penentu dalam proses pembentukan kekebalan seperti ras, umur, jenis kelamin, status vaksinasi, waktu penggambilan darah setelah vaksinasi dan jenis vaksin yang digunakan (Mansfield, et. al., 2004). Kegagalan anjing membentuk kekebalan pasca vaksinasi akan sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia sebab 98% kasus rabies pada manusia ditularkan oleh anjing (WHO, 2013).

Penelitian-penelitian terdahulu terkait respon kekebalan anjing pasca vaksinasi masih sangat terbatas pada daerah perkotaan negara-negara maju (Mansfield, et. al., 2004; Kennedy et al., 2007; Minke et al., 2008; Jakel et al, 2008) yang mana sistem pemeliharaan anjing sangat berbeda dengan situasi di daerah pedesaan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Sebagai contoh, di negara maju anjing umumnya mendapat tempat yang layak dalam rumah sebagai bagian dari keluarga. Sebaliknya di negara yang sedang berkembang terutama di daerah pedesaan anjing dibiarkan berkeliaran baik siang maupun malam hari. Sebagai kosekuensi status gizi anjing dan status kekebalan anjing terhadap penyakit rabies juga akan berbeda dengan sistem pemeliharaan yang berbeda. Vaksinasi pada anjing merupakan langkah utama pencegahan penularan rabies kepada manusia, namun kajian terkait respon kekebalan anjing yang divaksinasi belum pernah dilakukan di Pulau Flores.

Untuk mendukung pengembangan strategi pemberantasan rabies yang efektif dan efisien dibutuhkan data lapangan yang akurat antara lain data titer kekebalan pasca vaksinasi. Pengukuran titer kekebalan harus dilakukan secara berseri/berulang, misalnya hari ke-0, 30, 90, 180, dan 360 paska vaksinasi. Hal ini dilakukan untuk melihat trend pembentukan kekebalan tubuh anjing paska vaksiansi. Data yang terkumpul akan di jadikan input terkait waktu yang tepat dalam melakukan vaksinasi ulang (booster).

KIVSA-2 Kajian Retrospektif Endemisitas dan Beberapa Faktor Penyebab Kasus Rabies Periode Tahun 2013 – 2018 di Kota Banjarbaru Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan

Rina Parlina — 2018-10-29

Rabies merupakan penyakit infeksi akut yang disebabkan oleh virus Rabies yang termasuk dalam famili rhabdovirus dan menyerang susunan syaraf pusat dan bersifat menular kepada manusia. Korbannya selalu berakhir dengan kematian jika tidak segera diberikan VAR (Vaksin Anti Rabies). Virus ini hidup pada beberapa jenis hewan yang berperan sebagai perantara penularan (Dharmojono, 2001)

Berdasarkan SK Menteri Pertanian No. 4026/ Kpts/ OT.140/ 4/ 2013 tentang 25 jenis Penyakit Hewan Menular Strategis (PHMS), Rabies merupakan salah satu PHMS prioritas.

Untuk mendukung pelaksanaan program pemberantasan penyakit Rabies, maka kami perlu menyampaikan tentang kejadian kasus Rabies di kota Banjarbaru mulai tahun 2013 sampai dengan 2018 (7 kasus positif dalam waktu 5 bulan terakhir di 6 kelurahan)

Untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari endemisitas Rabies di Kota Banjarbaru Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan berdasarkan uji laboratorium B Vet Banjarbaru dan data dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Banjarbaru.

Mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab penyebaran virus Rabies di Kota Banjarbaru.

Sebagai dasar untuk langkah-langkah berikutnya dalam pemberantasan Rabies di Kota Banjarbaru.

Sebagai bahan untuk menjalin kerjasama dengan Dinas Kesehatan, Rumah Sakit dan Puskesmas di setiap kecamatan dalam upaya penanggulangan kasus positif Rabies maupun kasus gigitan HPR terduga Rabies.

KIVSA-3 Studi Awal Perbandingan Nilai Hematologi Rutin Anjing Lokal Bali (Canis lupus) dengan Nilai Hematologi Rutin pada Literatur (Swenson, 1984)

I Wayan Yustisia Semarariana — 2018-10-29

Anjing lokal Bali atau sering disebut anjing kampung atau “kuluk kacang” merupakan anjing (Canis lupus) yang pertama ada di pulau Bali dan memiliki kekayaan genetik yang perlu diteliti (Sack, 2017). Dewasa ini anjing lokal Bali semakin diminati sebagai hewan kesayangan seiring dengan besarnya kepedulian masyarakat terhadap anjing jenis ini. Kedonganan Veterinary memiliki data pasien anjing lokal Bali yaitu 48,7 % dari total pasien anjing selama tahun 2015 sampai 2017 (Kedonganan Veterinary, 2017 ). Anjing lokal Bali memiliki sedikit profil mengenai kondisi kesehatannya yang benar – benar sesuai dengan kondisi khusus anjing lokal Bali, oleh karena itu, diperlukan adanya penelitian mengenai profil kesehatan tentang anjing jenis ini. Salah satu parameter kesehatan yang sering digunakan pada anjing adalah profil darah atau profil pemeriksaan hematologi rutin. Penelitian ini membandingkan profil hematologi rutin anjing lokal Bali yang dinyatakan sehat pada pemeriksaan fisik dengan profil hematologi rutin yang ada pada literatur (Swenson, 1984). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai dinamika yang ada antara kondisi nyata anjing lokal bali dengan referensi yang ada.

KIVSA-4 Identifikasi Klinis Kristaluria pada Kasus Feline Lower Urinary Track Disease (FLUTD) di Klinik Hewan Maximus Pet Care

Arief Purwo Mihardi — 2018-10-29

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) terjadi karena adanya disfungsi dari kantung kemih maupun uretra pada kucing. Salah satu simptom dari FLUTD yaitu polakiuria tanpa disertai poliuria, adanya stranguria dan hematuria (Gunn-Moore 2003; Westroop dan Buffington 2010). Menurut Hostutler et al. (2005), hampir kebanyakan kucing yang mengalami LUTD terjadi karena terjadinya feline idiopathic, interstitial cystitis, urolitiasis, infeksi bakterial pada saluran urinari, malformasi anatomi saluran urinari, neoplasia, behavioral disorder, dan gangguan syaraf seperti refleks dysnergia. Seperti yang dilaporkan Dorsch et al. (2014), dari 302 ekor kucing yang mengalami LUTD terdapat feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (55%), infeksi bakterial saluran urinari (18,9%), uretral plug (10,3%) dan urolithiasis (7%). Kojrys et al. (2017) juga melaporkan 385 kucing yang mengalami LUTD terdapat 60,7% mengalami FIC, 17,4% obstruksi uretra akibat plug, 7,8% infeksi bakterial saluran urinari, 13% mengalami urolitiasis, 1 % terjadinya hiperplasia.

Hampir sebagian besar kejadian LUTD diikuti dengan adanya obstruksi. Menurut laporan Kojrys et al. (2017), FLUTD diikuti terjadi obstruksi uretra pada 229 kucing. Umumnya obstruksi ini terjadi pada kucing jantan (204 ekor) dan hanya terdapat 25 ekor terjadi pada kucing betina. Obstruksi ini biasanya terjadi pada kasus FIC yakni 129 ekor dan 67 ekor mengalami urolitiasis. Menurut Osborne dan Lulich (2006), jenis kristal urin yang sering ditemukan pada kasus urolitiasis seperti struvit, kalsium oksalat, urat, sistin ataupun campuran. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik kristalurin yang terjadi pada 13 ekor kucing yang mengalami LUTD.

KIVSA-5 Pijat Uretra (Urethral Massage) Alternatif Penanganan Kasus Obstruksi Uretra akibat FLUTD pada Kucing Jantan

Intan Maria Paramita — 2018-10-29

Obstruksi uretra merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari kasus Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) yang sering muncul dan bila tidak mendapatkan perawatan yang baik akan menimbulkan kematian. Obstruksi uretra dapat terjadi akibat keberadaan kalkuli, serta urethral plug yang tersusun atas mukoprotein, blood clot, kristal, hingga kalkuli. Obstruksi urethra lebih sering terjadi pada kucing jantan dibandingkan kucing betina (Hostutler et. al. 2005). Hal ini terjadi akibat anatomi uretra kucing jantan lebih panjang dan berbentuk selongsong yang mempermudah kejadian pengendapan kristal dan mukoprotein membentuk plug yang menghambat aliran urin keluar melalui uretra.

Kucing yang mengalami obstruksi uretra dapat dikenali dari adanya perubahan frekuensi urinasi dan perubahan tingkah laku urinasi (Gunn-Moore 2002). Beberapa kucing menunjukkan gejala muntah, nyeri di abdomen, lemah, lesu, nafsu makan turun, ulcer di rongga mulut, hingga penurunan bobot badan yang signifikan (Berent 2011). Diagnosa obstruksi uretra dapat dilakukan dengan palpasi kondisi vesica urinaria (VU). Vesica urinaria kucing yang mengalami obstruksi uretra akan teraba besar, tegang, dan keras karena terisi penuh oleh urin.

Teknik yang disarankan untuk memperlancar aliran urin adalah dengan memberikan obat obatan yang bersifat antispasmodik seperti atropin untuk merelaksasikan lumen uretra, melakukan pijat uretra atau “milking technique” selama beberapa menit pada uretra yang sudah dilubrikasi, irigasi uretra menggunakan kateter, cystocentesis, hingga urethrostomy (Gaskell 1978).

Pemasangan kateter, cystocentesis, hingga urethrostomy merupakan tindakan invasi yang dilakukan apabila tindakan lain tidak berhasil dilakukan. Tindakan invasif memiliki resiko jika tidak dilakukan secara lege artis. Osborne et. al. (1996) menyatakan bahwa tindakan kateterisasi mampu menginduksi terjadinya trauma hingga penyempitan uretra akibat infeksi karena adanya benda asing yang dimasukkan dalam tubuh kucing tersebut.

Salah satu alternatif memperbaiki aliran urin adalah dengan melakukan tindakan pijat uretra. Osborne et. al. (1978) menyarankan melakukan tindakan ini sebelum melakukan tindakan invasi lainnya. Tindakan kateterisasi dilakukan apabila pijatan uretra tidak mampu melancarkan aliran urin. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas teknik pijat uretra dalam menangani kasus obstruksi uretra pada 10 ekor kucing jantan yang mengalami FLUTD.

KIVSA-6 Stomatitis Kompleks pada Seekor Anak Kucing

Monika Danaparamitha Andriani — 2018-10-30

ABSTRAK: Stomatitis kompleks merupakan suatu kondisi gangguan pada area rongga mulut yang mengalami stomatitis, glossitis, dan gingivitis disertai adanya ulcer. Seekor anak kucing ras campuran datang dengan keluhan tidak mau makan dan hipersalivasi selama 1 minggu. Penetapan diagnosa diperoleh dari hasil temuan klinis pada saat pemeriksaan fisik pasien. Peradangan yang terjadi pada hewan ini menyebabkan kesakitan pada area mulut, gusi, dan lidah. Kondisi tersebut mengakibatkan kesulitan makan dan diduga sudah berjalan kronis. Pengobatan yang dilakukan adalah terapi suportif melalui cairan infus dan antibiotik secara intravena. Prognosa dari hasil pemeriksaan tersebut adalah dubius infausta.

KIVSA-7 Persentase Kejadian Hiperbilirubinemia pada Kucing

Zulfitra Utami Putri — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN
Hiperbilirubinemia merupakan kondisi patologis akibat terjadinya peningkatan kadar bilirubin di dalam darah (1). Hiperbilirubinemia ditandai dengan temuan klinis berupa ikterus. Ikterus dapat dikategorikan menjadi tiga bentuk yaitu prehepatik, hepatik dan posthepatik.
Ikterus prehepatik dapat disebabkan oleh meningkatnya bilirubin indirek di dalam darah yang dapat terjadi akibat adanya destruksi sel darah merah secara berlebihan (hemolisis). Kondisi ini pada kucing dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai penyebab seperti immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), perubahan sekunder dari penyakit infeksius seperti feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), dan infeksi Mycoplasma haemofelis (5). Ikterus prehepatik tidak hanya terkait dengan adanya hemolisis namun juga dipengaruhi oleh kapasitas organ hati dalam mengkonjugasi bilirubin yang terkait dengan hypoxic liver damage yang umumnya terjadi bersamaan dengan anemia (8).
Ikterus hepatik merupakan adanya akumulasi bilirubin indirek atau direk akibat adanya kerusakan atau gangguan pada organ hati. Kondisi ini dapat disebabkan oleh hepatik lipidosis, kolangitis, toksik hepatopati dan hepatik neoplasia (5). Sedangkan, ikterus posthepatik yaitu adanya akumulasi bilirubin direk akibat gangguan traktus hepatobiliari atau obstruksi saluran empedu. Yangmana pada kucing umumnya terkait dengan feline triaditis syndrome dan liver fluke (2)(7).
Hiperbilirubinemia pada kucing kurang sensitif jika digunakan sebagai indikator gangguan pada hati karena kurang dari 50% kejadian kasus gangguan fungsi hati pada kucing menunjukkan adanya hiperbilirubinemia yang disertai dengan ikterus (6). Gangguan fungsi hati berkorelasi dengan adanya kondisi anemia. Anemia dapat terjadi selama adanya gangguan fungsi hati setelah terjadinya infeksi, perdarahan atau neoplasia (4).
Penulisan ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi kejadian hiperbilirubinemia pada kucing melalui penelusuran lebih lanjut terkait ada atau tidaknya anemia dan mengkaji berbagai kausa yang mempengaruhi.

KIVSL-1 Anestesi Kombinasi pada Badak Sumatra: Prosedur Awal Koleksi Sperma menggunakan Elektroejakulator

Avinta Nilam Wahyu Yudhichia — 2018-10-29

Badak Sumatra (Dicerorhinus sumatraensis) merupakan salah satu satwa liar yang populasinya didunia semakin menurun dengan status konservasinya Critically endangered atau sangat terancam punah. Populasi badak Sumatra saat ini adalah kurang dari 100 ekor (Miller PS et al. 2015). Penurunan populasi badak sumatra diakibatkan oleh beberapa hal yaitu perburuan liar, perdagangan ilegal, perusakan atau degradasi habitat, perambahan hutan dan sifat intrinsik Badak Sumatra (Alikodra 2002). Kondisi tersebut mendorong pakar satwa liar baik dalam negeri ataupun luar negeri untuk membuat suatu penangkaran (suaka/sanctuary) semi insitu di Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK). TNWK adalah salah satu habitat terbaik dari Badak Sumatra untuk tetap hidup dan berkembang biak.

Suaka Rhino Sumatra (SRS) penangkaran semi insitu yang terletak di zona khusus Taman Nasional Way Kambas, Lampung Timur. SRS beroperasi pada tahun 1998, bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dan meningkatkan populasi Badak Sumatra melalui program breeding secara intensif baik alami maupun menggunakan teknologi reproduksi. Saat ini SRS memiliki 7 ekor badak, 4 ekor betina dan 3 ekor jantan. Salah satu kegiatan rutin dalam hal teknologi reproduksi yang dilakukan adalah koleksi sperma pada badak jantan produktif di SRS. Sperma yang dikoleksi akan disimpan dalam nitrogen cair dan akan digunakan untuk inseminasi buatan pada badak betina yang sulit dilakukan breeding secara alami.

Salah satu prosedur penting dalam kegiatan koleksi sperma adalah prosedur anestesi yang tepat. Anestesi merupakan suatu keadaan hilangnya rasa dari suatu rangsangan, dengan demikian hewan menjadi lebih tenang, hilangnya reflex, relasasi otot dan kehilangan respon nyeri sehingga akan mempermudah tindakan diagnostik, terapeutik dan pembedahan. Anestesi yang ideal merupakan anestesi yang menghasilkan keadaan analgesia, sedasi, relaksasi, aman untuk kondisi fisiologis tubuh serta mudah dalam pengaplikasiannya (Fossum 1997 dalam Sudisma et al. 2012). Anestesi yang digunakan dalam prosedur koleksi sperma adalah anestesi kombinasi dari beberapa jenis sediaan anestesi yaitu butorphanol, medetomidine, dan ketamin.

KIVSL-2 Pengaruh Keberadaan Jaringan Fibroid pada Saluran Reproduksi Badak Sumatera Betina terhadap Potensi Kebuntingannya

Ni Made Ferawati — 2018-10-29

Badak Sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) merupakan salah satu dari 5 spesies badak di dunia yang hampir mengalami kepunahan. Saat ini, badak Sumatera hanya bisa ditemukan dikedalaman hutan hujan tropis pulau Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Pada Tahun 2015, berdasarkan hasil pertemuan PVA (Poppulation Viability Analysis) Badak Sumatera, diketahui bahwa jumlah individu badak Sumatera di dunia adalah kurang dari 100 individu. Beberapa penyebab penurunan populasi badak Sumatera di alam antara lain adalah perburuan, kehilangan habitat, bencana alam, tidak mampu berkembang biak (intrinsik), perubahan iklim, serta adanya spesies invasif (Hermes et al. 2014).

Suaka Rhino Sumatera (SRS) merupakan salah tempat penangkaran badak Sumatera di dunia yang dibangun sejak tahun 1996. Misi utama SRS adalah sebagai salah satu breeding centre badak sumatera dengan upaya pengembangbiakan yang intensif. Penangkaran ini terletak di dalam kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Way Kambas dengan luas sekitar 100 Ha. SRS memiliki habitat semi in situ dengan topografi, vegetasi, dan juga pakan alami yang dibuat sesuai dengan habitat badak Sumatera. Saat ini SRS memiliki 7 ekor badak dengan perbandingan 4 ekor jantan dan 3 ekor betina.

Kesehatan organ reproduksi badak jantan dan badak betina menjadi faktor penting dalam upaya pengembangbiakannya. Selain itu, waktu penggabungan badak yang tepat sesuai siklusnya akan menjadi faktor penting lainnya untuk mencapai keberhasilan program breeding ini. Rosa dan Andalas adalah salah satu pasangan badak Sumatera yang sudah mulai dikenalkan satu sama lain sejak tahun 2010. Rosa adalah badak Sumatera betina yang ditangkap dan dibawa ke SRS pada tahun 2005 dari Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan sedangkan Andalas adalah badak Sumatera jantan yang lahir di kebun binatang Cinncinati, Amerika Serikat dan mulai tinggal di SRS sejak 2007.

Andalas adalah salah satu badak jantan di SRS yang sudah terbukti memiliki keturunan sedangkan Rosa adalah badak betina yang belum pernah memiliki keturunan. Saat ini Andalas berumur 16 tahun sedangkan Rosa diperkirakan telah berumur 17 tahun (estimasi). Program breeding memiliki kesulitan selain karena penebalan selaput hymen dari Rosa, juga kerena adanya fibroid pada saluran reproduksinya.

Fibroid atau mioma uteri, merupakan neoplasia jinak pada bagian dinding uteri yang terbentuk dari jaringan otot polos uterus dan jaringan fibrosa (Miller et al, 2014). Fibroid ini muncul diduga karena tingginya paparan hormon estrogen selama usia reproduktif (Umamageswari et al. 2015). Fibroid telah dideteksi sejak tahun 2014 dan ukurannya semakin bertambah setiap tahun. Keberadaan jaringan ini diduga menjadi salah satu faktor sulitnya badak Rosa untuk bereproduksi. Tulisan ini dibuat bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh jaringan fibroid ini terhadap potensi kebuntingan badak Rosa selama masa reproduksi.

JSPS-1 Overview of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Thailand and Southeast Asia

Sith Premashthira — 2018-10-29

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many countries of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, and FMD-free countries face greater risk of incursions due to increased global movement and trade of livestock and animal [1]. In the Southeast Asia and China (SEACFMD) roadmap, the framework supports member countries to consider and improve their Progressive Control Pathway (PCP-FMD) stages (0-5) of FMD control and applies the FMD Official Control Programme recognized by OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health).

JSPS-2 Risk of FMD Importation Through Cattle Movement at the Thailand-Myanmar Border: A Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment Result

Anuwat Wiratsudakul — 2018-10-29

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important viral infection affecting productivity performance of many livestock species including cattle. Beef cattle are still traditionally raised in Thai households with small number of animals per family. However, a number of cattle are imported from neighboring countries, especially Myanmar. This importation is managed to supply the needs of domestic consumption and also to convey animals to the third countries.

Tak, a Thailand-Myanmar border province, is a major gateway importing cattle from Myanmar. The animals imported into the province are then widely distributed to different regions of Thailand [1]. Therefore, FMD virus may move across the border and further disseminate across the country.

The present study hence tried to comprehend the cattle importation process and employed risk assessment technique to quantify the risk of FMD importation via transboundary cattle movement.

JSPS-3 Detection of Pathogens Associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease: Clinical Cases in Thai Dairy Herds

Kittisak Ajariyakhajorn — 2018-10-29

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the major source of economic loss for the cattle industry. The major respiratory pathogens, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type1 (IBR), Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus impaired the animal’s respiratory defenses in which Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis caused the complex of respiratory disturbances. The investigation of clinical cases of BRD in dairy farms supports the information for control and treatment strategies. We aim to investigate pathogens that associated with clinical cases of bovine respiratory disease in Thai dairy herds.

JSPS-4 Preliminary Investigation of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Indonesia

S Setiyaningsih — 2018-10-29

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) has been recognized as a major cause of cattle morbidity and mortality throughout the world, which greatly affects beef and dairy cattle industries. It develops as a result of complex interactions between environment, cattle, and pathogens. Multiple viral or bacterial agents have been documented in BRDC cases. These include Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrheal Virus (BVDV), and Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 (BPIV-3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV); Bovine Coronavirus, Bovine influenza D Virus, Bovine Rhinitis A and B viruses, Bovine Adenovirus, Mannheimia haemolytica (MH), Pasteurella multocida (PM), Histophilus somni (HS), Klebsiella pnemoniae, Truperella pyogenes, Ureaplasma diversum, and Mycoplasma bovis (MB) (1). Indonesia imports considerable number of life beef and dairy cattle from Australia and New Zealand. Close proximity of cattle in a high-density during transportation and stress related to dramatic environmental changes often give rise to significant losses due to respiratory diseases. Accordingly, feedlot and dairy cattle in Indonesia are likely to have high risk of experiencing BRDC. This preliminary study was aimed to investigate the occurrence of BRDC and to identify its associated pathogens in beef and dairy cattle in limited area of western Java.

JSPS-5 Activity of Medicinal Herbs Extracts Against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Co-Infection with BRSV-Pasteurella multocida adherence on MDBK Cell

N Lanniari — 2018-10-29

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in calves are responsible of major economic losses in both beef and dairy production (1,2). BRDC was caused by interaction of viral and or bacterial pathogens which are mutually in major cases, this combination includes bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpes virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, and Histophilus somni (2). BRSV is a single negative stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family as a primary etiological agent of respiratory disease in calves of beef and dairy cattle (1,2,3). BRSV is capable of initial infection or facilitates secondary infection of the lower respiratory tract by bacteria (4,5). Recently, high density of the animals movement and extreme temperatures change causing stress and going to be respiratory problems. There is currently no specific treatment for BRDC and treatment is primarily of symptomatic. Specific treatment as an antivirals are urgently required. Herbs has known as a traditional medicinal plant used as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulant (6). Given the traditional usage of herbs, this study sought to determine whether the principal bioactive ingredient of herbs possessed detectable anti-BRSV activities. However, information about antiviral treatment in Indonesia is limited. The aim of this study to determine bioactive ingredient of herbs have an anti-BRSV activities.

JSPS-6 Influenza D virus and bovine coronavirus play important roles in bovine respiratory disease in Japan

Hirohisa Mekata — 2018-10-29

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of morbidity and mortality in the cattle industry. Co-infection with several viruses and bacteria causes BRD. Despite the use of antibiotics and several commercial vaccines against viruses, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1 and 2, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine adenovirus 7 and bovine parainfluenza virus 3, BRD remains the most common and costly problem in Japan. Therefore, we suspect that viruses not treated by the vaccines are a possible cause of BRD.

Metagenomic analysis has recently allowed comprehensive viral characterization of the bovine respiratory tract. Ng et al. reported that bovine adenovirus 3, bovine rhinitis A virus and influenza D (FluD) virus were significantly associated with BRD in the USA [1]. Mitra et al. reported that FluD virus was significantly associated with respiratory disease, and viruses that are commonly associated with BRD, such as BVDV, bovine herpesvirus 1, BRSV, and bovine parainfluenza virus were detected less frequently in Mexico and the USA [2]. Although the viral pathologies and clinical diseases in sole infection appear mild, these results suggest that they play an essential role as a trigger of BRD.

To identify which viruses were associated with BRD in Japan, we first performed a viral metagenomic analysis using nasal swab samples from respiratory-diseased cattle. The results suggested that bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and FluD virus played a significant role. Therefore, we conducted a molecular-epidemiological survey of nasal swab samples from respiratory-diseased and healthy cattle to assess the contribution of BCoV and FluD virus. Finally, we performed a phylogenetic analysis and assessed the antigenicity.

JSPS-7 Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Enhances Pasteurella multocida Adherence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells

P E Sudaryatma — 2018-10-29

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a single negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family and shows a close genetic relationship with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). BRSV is the primary etiological agent of respiratory disease in calves aged up to 12 months [1]; beef and dairy cattle worldwide [2, 3]. Initial infection by BRSV alter bovine immune system and facilitates secondary infection of the lower respiratory tract by bacteria [1, 4]. Therefore, BRSV is considered to be a causative agent of bovine respiratory disease complex, which results in economic losses to farmers because of the morbidity and mortality in cattle [2, 3]. According to our preliminary findings based on the gene detection from respiratory samples, paired virus and bacteria were detected; Pasteurella multocida (PM) was the most common bacterial agent (unpublished data). PM is common in the nasopharynx of cattle [5, 6], although PM appears to be part of the normal flora, it can contribute to pneumonia when cattle stressed and/or infected by a respiratory virus [7]. However, the interactions between multiple agents associated with BRDC are not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BRSV infection on PM adherence to respiratory epithelial cells.

JSPS-8 Evaluation of ultrasonic cleaner and water resonance system apparatus for decontamination of Campylobacter and Salmonella on broiler carcasses in Thailand

N Phetsri — 2018-10-29

Campylobacter and Salmonella are the leading causes of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Most diarrhea cases in Europe are caused by Campylobacter followed by Salmonella (1). Likewise, the majority of gastroenteritis cases in Japan are caused by Campylobacter (2). Since chicken meat consumption has been found to be associated with Campylobacter and/or Salmonella infection in humans, it is important to decontaminate these bacteria from chicken carcasses. Ultrasonic cleaner and water resonance system apparatus was developed to reduce Campylobacter and Salmonella residing in feather follicles of chicken carcass by using shock wave to remove microorganisms from follicles. It has been shown in Japan that this apparatus could be useful for decontamination of Campylobacter from chicken skin when it was used with chemical substances, such as sodium hypochlorite, cetylpi-ridinium chloride, etc. (3). However, it is unclear whether or not this apparatus can effectively reduce Campylobacter and Salmonella on chicken carcasses when it is used with potable water and/or other substances, such as organic acid. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of ultrasonic cleaner and water resonance system apparatus in decontamination of Campylobacter and Salmonella on broiler chicken carcasses in Thailand.

JSPS-9 Microbiologial Quality of Chicken Carcasses in Bogor Indonesia Based on Campylobater sp. and Salmonella sp. Counts

Herwin Pisestyani — 2018-10-29

Unhygienic handling chicken carcasses during slaughtering until selling to costumers can lead to contamination by pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter sp., and Salmonella sp. entering human’s body can cause foodborne disease

The aims of this study were to detect contamination and enumuration of Campylobacter sp, and Salmonella sp. in chicken carcasses from poultry slauhterhouses and markets in Bogor Indonesia.

JSPS-10 The Effect of Consumption of Raw Chicken Meat on Humoral Immunity against Campylobacter jejuni in veterinarians and workers in a chicken processing plant

Elisabet Tangkonda — 2018-10-29

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the leading cause of enteric infections in Japan and many other developed countries, and the public health burden of campylobacteriosis is increasing [1]. Although the epidemiological data in Japan is based on passive surveillance, approximately 2,000 to 3,000 cases per each year have been reported as a foodborne infection since 1982. Many risk factors for Campylobacter transmission have been identified. Handling and consumption of poultry meat are often causing of infection [2, 3]. Since Japanese have a food habitant to eat fresh raw "free-range" chicken meat and liver, the risk for infection with campylobacters may be high [4]. However, little is known about the relationship between consumption of raw chicken meat and humoral immunity against C. jejuni in humans. When people had been exposed to campylobacters contaminated in water or foods, it has been reported that their antibodies were rising [5]. This study was conducted by analyzing the antibody level against C. jejuni with questionnaires from 74 veterinarians who worked as a meat inspector and 181 workers from a chicken processing plant.

AQ-1 Mengenal Telur Spesific Pathogen Free (SPF) Sebagai Salah Satu Media Pembawa Hama Penyakit Hewan Karantina

Ambar Retnowati — 2018-10-28

Telur SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) sejauh ini diandalkan oleh industri produsen vaksin hewan untuk memproduksi vaksin unggas. Pasalnya, telur SPF merupakan media yang sangat baik untuk membiakkan virus calon vaksin vaksin ayam terutama untuk memproduksi vaksin aktif, karena telur SPF benar - benar bebas dari patogen yang bisa menginfeksi ayam. Telur ayam yang dihasilkan dari ayam SPF akan aman jika dipakai sebagai media produksi vaksin, sehingga vaksin yang dihasilkan bebas dari cemaran patogen yang tidak diharapkan (Gagnieur et.al., 2014)

Telur SPF akan menghasilkan titer yang lebih tinggi dari telur biasa. Selain itu, penggunaan telur SPF untuk produksi vaksin live merupakan kewajiban, sesuai standar OIE (Organisasi Kesehatan Hewan Dunia). ”Berdasarkan standar OIE, telur SPF yang digunakan untuk produksi vaksin harus bebas dari 18 patogen yang infectious terhadap ayam, dan untuk melakukan uji bebas patogen tersebut, dapat digunakan metode yang disarankan oleh OIE, antara lain uji AGPT , ELISA , HI test , SN test , dan lainnya ( OIE, 2000).

Indonesia merupakan konsumen yang cukup besar bagi produsen vaksin import, dimana untuk vaksin New Castle Disease saja membutuhkan 2 milliar dosis per tahun untuk peternakan broiler komersil bila divaksinasi 2 kali saja, sedangkan pabrik vaksin di Indonesia sangat sedikit jumlahnya, yang melayani pangsa pasar ternak ayam komersil. Pemerintah Indonesia bertanggung jawab terhadap program vaksinasi ND dan pengadaan vaksin membantu peternak kecil atau menengah ( Pastoret et.al., 1997)

AQ-2 Reformation in Public Information Announcement Technique of Agricultural Quarantine by Using Digital Applications

Adil Kari Salam Harahap — 2018-10-28

In the implementation of Public Service Information System, an agency needs to provide openly public service information that can be accessed easily, quickly, accurately, and accountably. The information system is a series of activities which include the storaging and managing information and also mechanism of delivering information from organizer to the public which are presented electronically (PermenpanRB No. 13 Tahun 2017).

Public information must be conveyed and announced periodicly, soonly, and available in everytime (UU No. 14 Years 2008). With the reformation of this public information announcement technique, it is believed that the objective of UU 14 Years 2008 about Public Information Openness can be achieved. The intended purposes are listed in Article 3:

1) to ensure the right of citizens to know public policy making plans, public policy programs, and public decision-making processes, and the reasons for public decision making;

2) to encourage public participation in the public policy-making process;

3) to enhance the community's active role in public policy making and good Public Agency management;

4) to realize good state administration, which is transparent, effective and efficient, accountable and accountable;

5) to know the reasons for public policy affecting the livelihood of the public;

6) to develop science and intellectual life of the nation; and / or improve the management and information services within the Public Agency to produce quality information services.

The First Class of Agricultural Quarantine Station in Tanjung Balai Asahan use social media as a system information. The informations provide in 2 (two) forms, its are photos and videos. Photos and videos are uploaded on Instagram account of the First Class Agricultural Quarantine Station in Tanjung Balai Asahan (@karantina_tbasahan).

AQ-3 Profile Cortisol, Neutrophyle/Lymphocyte Ratio and IL-6 on Bali Cattle Transported by Traditional Vessel during 120 Hours

Hindar Panguji — 2018-10-28

Transportation of livestock using wooden vessels is frequently used fulfilling the demand of another Province on Bali cattle. Cattle transportation arranged in the Office Internationale Epizooticae (OIE) and the Internatinal Air Transport Association (IATA) is highly susceptible to stress. This study aims to determine the profile of hormones cortisol, neutrophyle/lymphocyte ratio and IL-6 as stress indicator.

AQ-4 Desinfection of Conveyance Using Bacteria Model (Bacillus Subtillis & Bacillus Cereus)

Lylya Syamsi — 2018-10-28

Indonesia is an agricultural country consisting of 17,504 islands, each of which has different biodiversity potentials. Increase in trade traffic today supported by the modernization of a fast-paced and sophisticated transpotation tool enables the spread of quarantine animal diseases from abroad into Indonesia, or across Indonesia.

A conveyance means used to transport animals or livestock from one area to another. This conveyance means in direct contact with the animals brought. The conveyance has the potential to transmit the disease from one animal to another and from one area to another. Animal transport means can be sea ships, cars, box cars, trucks, baskets etc.

Reducing the potential of disease transmission carried by conveyance, quarantine action is required on the means of conveyance. One of the measures against conveyance is disinfection. Disinfection is a process of reducing the number of disease-causing or potentially pathogenic microorganisms by physical and chemical. Disinfection is done using a variety of disinfectants that are easy to find and easy to use. The types of disinfectants commonly used in disinfection are iodine, alcohol, ammonium quartener, formaldehyde, potassium permanganate, phenol.

With this test, it is expected to get the type and effective disinfectant concentration to kill pathogenic microorganisms so that animal diseases transmission from transportation can be minimized.

To determine the type and concentration of effective disinfectants to kill pathogenic microorganisms especially spores that can be transmitted through a variety of conveyances.

AQ-5 The Study of the Determination of Toxoplasmosis as One of Quarantine Pests and Diseases for Animals (HPHK)

R H Suharto — 2018-10-28

Toxoplasmosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases spread throughout the world with varying degrees. This disease is caused by protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, intracellular parasite that can attack humans and all warm-blooded animals. Humans or animals suffering from toxoplasmosis do not show any specific clinical signs and often without signs at all because the disease is latent. Toxoplasmosis can be fatal and life-threatening in individuals with a decrease in the immune system.

Cats and other felidae is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii, a place where these parasites develop and multiply sexually. Toxoplasma gondii may develop intraintestinally (inside the intestinal tissue) as well as extraintestinally (outside the intestinal tissue) in feline’s body. Intraintestinal development forms a life stage called oocysts. Oocysts are excreted along with the feces which then serves as a source of transmission for other hosts, such as rats, goats, sheep, and humans.

Cases of toxoplasmosis have been found in various regions or areas of Indonesia both in humans and animals since 1970. Researches on toxoplasmosis in pets such as cats, livestock such as cattle and buffalo, goats, and pig were conducted from year to year. It proved that toxoplasmosis pulled a great interest from academics and researchers, both in human medicine and veterinary medicine.

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 4026/Kpts/OT.140/4/2013 on the Stipulation of Strategic Transmissible Animal Diseases has established toxoplasmosis as one of strategic transmissible animal diseases (PHMS) that have been found in Indonesia. Based on the PHMS status and situation map of 2011-2014 published by the Directorate General of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, cases of toxoplasmosis were reported in several provinces in Indonesia.

In the perspective of Indonesian animal quarantine, toxoplasmosis is not designated as Quarantine Pests and Diseases for Animals (HPHK), i.e. all animal pests and diseases that are stipulated by the government to be prevented from being entering into, spreading within, and leaving from the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, Toxoplasma gondii-carrying media which transported were not treated as a subject for specific quarantine measures that aims to prevent the entry, spread, and exit of Toxoplasma gondii. This causes the efforts to prevent toxoplasmosis, whether carried out by the government, practitioners, academics, and the general public are not fully implemented.

AQ-6 Detection of Brucella abortus in Beef Cattle which Transported Via Kendari Agricultural Quarantine in 2017

N Rifqiyah — 2018-10-28

Brucellosis on cattle is mainly caused by Brucella abortus. Beside cattle, the bacteria is also able to infect other ruminants like buffalo, camel, swine, sheep, and goat. Brucella bacteria have nine biotypes causing similiar disease. The disease may lead to abortion which resulting in high economic losses. Brucellosis can be transmitted via oral and nasal. The source of infection are mainly plasenta and fetal fluid from infected cattle which contaminating feed and drinking water. A cattle farm may become infected from the introduction of new cattle from outside, whether it is male, female, calf, or adult cattle. In pregnant cow, Brucella abortus will develop rapidly because of the presence of erythritol, a type of carbohydrate which act as growth stimulant for Brucella abortus. It is commonly found in chorion, cotyledon, or fetal fluid. The Province of Southeast Sulawesi had a population of 331,958 cattle in 2016. The cattle is routinely transported to its neighbor province, South Sulawesi. In 2017, the cattle is transported 219 times with a total number of cattle of 3,038.

AQ-7 Analyses of Environment Factors Influencing Surra Outbreak in Sumba Timur Nusa Tenggara Timur - Indonesia

Rita Sari Dewi — 2018-10-28

Surra is a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi haemoparasit [1]. The parasite was first discovered by Griffith Evans, a British veterinarian, who described T. evansi on horse and camel blood in India in 1880. The disease is characterized by anemia, weight loss, intermittent fever, and death in various domestic animals, such as horses, cows, buffalo, and camels. Recently T. evansi has been successfully isolated from animals (carnivores) at zoos in Pakistan [2]. The disease can be transmitted vertically and horizontally. Transmission horizontally through the bite of a fly (Tabanidae and Stomoxis) acting as a mechanical vector [3].

Surra is present in North Africa, The midle east, Asia and South America. The disease is endemic in India, China, Shouteast Asia, Northen Africa, The Middle East, South America, Philippines, Bulgaria and Indonesia [4]. T. evansi have entered Southeast Asia through imported livestock from India [5], and began attacking the horse population on the Indonesian island of Java in 1987 [5]. Since it was first discovered, the disease continues spread to various regions and become endemic in some provinces in Indonesia.

Sumba Island East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the islands declared a free area of Surra until 2009, when Surra entered the island due to livestock traffic. Historically Sumba Island has a horse Sandelwood (germplasm) with high economic and social cultural value, and one of Indonesia's livestock producers with high livestock population.

Surra infected livestock of Sumba islands due to traffic of livestock from endemic area such as Bima, The outbreak in Sumba Barat Daya occurred in July 2010 and spread Sumba Timur on August 2010. The outbreak resulted in the death of 44 horses (2010), 381 horses and 20 water buffaloes (2011) and 328 horses and 129 water buffaloes 2012 (The Livestock Service of East Sumba Report).

Horses, water buffaloes and cows for Sumba society not only as a fulfillment of protein needs but also as social symbols and customary animals are very important for the life of the people of sumba. Surra poses a threat to people's lives both economically and socially. Surra influenced by several factors such as geographical condition, vector existence, rearing system and physiological condition of animal [6]. The aim of this study are to analyze correlation of environment factors with Surra outbreak.

AQ-8 Detection of the Foot and Mouth Disease in Buffalo Meat Originating From India with the Reverse-Transcription PCR Method

Hestu Prastanti — 2018-10-28

The foot and mouth disease (FMD) is still a major issue in the world of animal health. To date, not many countries are free from FMD; Indonesia is a country that has been FMD-free since 1986 and has been acknowledged by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) from 1990. This success was not easily obtained, as a huge amount of energy, funds, and thoughts were expended over a period of nearly one hundred years. The regional situation in Asia at present is still a huge threat to the potential of FMD entry. Malaysia, Thailand, and India are risks for the re-entry of the disease to Indonesia.

There are constant efforts to smuggle meat in from regional Asian countries. The eastern coast of Sumatra is still a favorite area for importing meat illegally from countries not yet FMD-free. Moreover, the import of frozen boneless meat from FMD-free zones in India is still a threat and could potentially spread FMD to our country. Therefore, there need to be anticipation efforts and an early detection ability to identify the FMD virus which might be carried by imported meat. The meat that enters illegally and comes from FMD-free zones in India has the potential for bringing and spreading FMD; The lack of a specific method to be used as a tool for detection of FMD through imported or illegal meat.

The purpose of this method development activity is to acquire a suitable, quick, and highly accurate method in detection of FMD which might be carried by imported or illegal meat; one of these methods is assessment using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). This method is expected to become a standard method in FMD testing in the Agricultural Quarantine Agency.

AQ-9 Identification of Sumateran Wild Boar Meat (Sus scrofa vittatus) by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis of Cytochrome b Gene

Melani Wahyu Adiningsih — 2018-10-28

Sumateran wild boars have been super abundant in Sumateran forest. In Indonesia, this wildlife condition has led to the exploitation for commercial purpose. The high number of Sumateran wild boars population increases wild boar hunting resulting in an abundant availability of wild boar meat in the food market with extremely cheap price. The macroscopic similarity of wild boar meat and beef has prompted the local people to abuse this situation by selling wild boar meat in traditional market as beef. Based on annual record from Cilegon Class II Quarantine Office in 2014, there were nine smuggling cases or a total of 21.556 kg of wild boar meat smuggling effort that were prevented by Cilegon Quarantine officers. The number of food safety concerns related to smuggling of wild boar or counterfeiting beef with wild boar is a very detrimental condition for consumers, especially consumers in traditional markets.

The checking of genuineness or validity of food products is an important effort to protect people from consuming unhealthy food and to indicate whether the food is halal or not. Studies of meat detection should be continuously developed as an effort to protect consumers. Genetic method is the most specific and sensitive method to check food ingredients authenticity by detecting the presence of genetic material or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It results from the specific character of the structure of DNA particles and the possibility of using the information included in them. The most frequent loci used for species identificationin phylogenetics and biodiversity studies are mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b).

Genetic method is the most specific and sensitive tool for analyzing the authenticity of food ingredients in a molecular level by means of detecting the presence of genetic material or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). One of the various methods could be used to detect genetic material is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specifically, one of such method frequently used in food industry to observe animal derived product fabrication is PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). PCR-RFLP is based on the comparison of the bands profile generated after certain enzymes digest the DNA target. PCR-RFLP is appropriate for meat testing due its ability in exploiting sequence variation in designated DNA region that allows species differentiation even from closely related species through DNA fragment restrictions selected by suitable restriction enzyme. PCR-RFLP is advantageous since it is simple, cheaper, and easier to be adjusted for routine big-scale studies such as surveillance program.

AQ-10 Potential Animal Carriers Rabies (HPR) Suspect Arriving from Java to Sumatera

Basid Sastradiawan — 2018-10-28

Rabies is zoonotic disease that is still haunting in severel in Indonesia. Management of rabies, both eradcation and vaccination continues. However, cultural constraints and lack of understanding and concern of all stakeholders are their own obstacles in handling and controlling this disease.

The number of 10²titers of antibodies obtained in the HPR that were transversed from Java to Sumatera became an early warning, that the rabies control and eradication program on the island of Sumatera will experience difficulties.

Support from all stakeholders to realize Sumatera free of rabies is no longer negotiable. The local government, police, Quarantine and community are the pioneers of success of the Sumatera-free rabies program. Without the synergy of the parties involved, the Sumatera-free Rabies program is just a dream.

AQ-11 Analysis Total Plate Count (TPC) Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. on Frozen Beef Imported through Tanjung Priok Port

G A Hanum — 2018-10-28

Beef is the third most consumed protein in Indonesia after chicken and fish. Beef is the most important source of protein used widely in a variety of traditional dishes, such as “bakso” (meatball) and “rendang” (meat dish cooked with coconut milk). Fresh meat products are been marketed either as freshly cooled or frozen.

Foodborne pathogens such as bacteria or toxins, viruses or parasites may lead to human disease when contaminated food is eaten. The source of contamination may vary but harmful bacteria are mostly responsible for causing gastrointestinal infections. The sources could be the animal, the environment or contamination during food processing [1].

This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological condition and status of frozen beef samples imported through Tanjung Priok port (Figure 1). The studied microbiological parameters were Total Plate Count (TPC), Escherichia coli, and Salmonella, to determine it’s risk for public health.

The amount of coliform bacteria in meat ex. E. coli is important. This microorganisms are very good indicators concerning whether the food has been processed in hygienic conditions. Salmonella bacteria is not exist in food. The Salmonella on meat can be emphasized to be spread by the animals whose intestine, skin are cut and because of the equipment used in cutting and the unhygienic and careless working [4].

AQ-12 Application of a Multiplex PCR Assay to Detect Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis from Imported Bovine Preputial Samples

Mazdani Daulay — 2018-10-28

Campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter spp., is of considerable economic importance to the cattle industry worldwide. Campylobacter spp. were recognized as etiological agents of abortion in sheep. Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) causes sporadic abortion in sheep, often late in gestation, while subspecies venerealis (Cfv) is a cause of sexually transmitted bovine infertility and sporadic abortion in cattle. Various investigations have been carried out in different countries to assess the prevalence and impact of this disease. Some published results surveys are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1. A summary of published data showing the prevalence of C. fetus in different countries

Study area	Sample type(s)	Sample size			Prevale nce of C. fetus (%)		Diagnostic method
Australia (1985-1986)	Bulls (preputi al suction)			1 008 animals 41 herds		87% herds positive	Serological (Fluorescent antibody test)
California (United States of America)	Cows			400		47	Serological (ELISA)
New Zealand	Cows (vaginal mucous) and bulls (preputial wash)		1 230 cows (125 herds) 54 bulls		70% herds positive Cfv : 0 Cff/others		Serological (ELISA) Bacteriological culture

Cff: Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, Cfv: C. fetus subsp. venerealis.

According to [1], Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis (BGC) disease was classified as 1^st Group of animal quarantine disease. It is an exotic disease that was not ever detected in Indonesia. However, large scale cattle importation to Indonesia from the countries which ever reported BGC prevalence in their territories, initiating and spreading BGC will be the major threat for feedlotter or dairy farm in Indonesia. Hence, we should apply diagnostic test to detect Cfv in order to prevent the introducing the BGC to Indonesia. The aim of this study was to verify that multiplex PCR assay applicative to detect Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis from field samples.

AQ-13 A Cross Sectional Survey Seroprevalensi of Antibody Present Against Salmonella Pullorum from Chicken in Banjarmasin Quarantine Services

Rima Hasmi Firdiati — 2018-10-29

Chicken is a poultry that is widely maintained in Indonesian society. From the village even up to a small portion of the city's population. Chicken Benefits derived from chicken and others for, household, and meat for other relief. Maintenance of many chickens by the customs and religious activities. Bringing the exploration done by the people here is something that can be done both between regions and between islands. It causes chicken or poultry traffic is very high in The Agricultural Quarantine Service (BKP) Class I of Banjarmasin. Before carrier, chicken or poultry must be healthy from various diseases. Pullorum is one of the most important diseases in chickens. Pullorum is a Quarantine Animal Disease Pest Group II (HPHK Gol. II) Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture [1] on Classification of Types of Quarantine Animal Diseases, Classification and Carrier Media Classification.

Pullorum is a disease in chickens caused by Salmonella pullorum bacteria. Form of S. pullorum bacteria in the form of short stems, gram negative, not spora and chicken as its specific host. Penile transmission can occur vertically through eggs and mothers to their children or horizontally by direct or indirect contact. It can be directly through drinking water, feed, cage equipment and indirectly through vectors or intermediary animals such as insects and rats [2]. Chicks, adult chickens, peacocks, canaries, turkeys and ostriches. Pullorum infection in mammals is very rare despite research reports or natural infection in rabbits, pigs, cats, cattle and mice [3].

Symptoms of pullorum disease include white defecation and in young chickens or poultry causing very high mortality, while in adult chickens act as a career [2]. The purpose of this paper to know the sero prevalences of the pullorum disease and factors associated with the incidence of S. pullorum in chickens carried in The Agricultural Quarantine Service (BKP) Class I of Banjarmasin.

AEVI-1 Investigasi Outbreak Penyakit Antraks di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar Tahun 2016

Isnaniah Beganda — 2018-10-29

Investigasi wabah terhadap dugaan penyakit hewan infeksius (antraks) dilaksanakan sebagai tindak lanjut adanya kematian mendadak pada sejumlah ternak sapi dan kambing di Kecamatan Campalagian dan Kecamatan Wonomulyo, Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Antraks merupakan salah satu penyakit hewan menular strategis yang bersifat zoonosis. Bacillus anthracis merupakan kelompok bakteri yang memiliki arti penting dalam aspek ekonomi, lingkungan, medis maupun kemanan biologis (Pilo dan Frey, 2011).

Tujuan penyidikan adalah untuk melakukan identifikasi agen penyebab dalam rangka peneguhan diagnosis; identifikasi faktor risiko dan sumber penularan; serta merumuskan rekomendasi dan melaksanakan tindakan pengendalian di wilayah wabah.

AEVI-2 Investigasi Outbreak Bovine Bruselosis di Pulau Bengkalis Tahun 2018

Nur Azzahrawani — 2018-10-29

Brucellosis adalah penyakit yang menular dari hewan ke manusia terutama melalui kontak langsung dari hewan terinfeksi, minum susu dari hewan terinfeksi dan menghirup udara yang tercemar oleh bakteri penyebab Brucellosis yaitu Brucella sp. Brucellosis memiliki dampak terhadap kesehatan masyarakat di hampir seluruh negara (Noor, 2006).

Indonesia memiliki 33 propinsi, namun hanya 10 propinsi yang dinyatakan bebas dari Brucellosis pada hewan, yaitu Riau, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Lampung, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur dan seluruh pulau Kalimantan.

Kerugian ekonomi yang diakibatkan oleh brucellosis sangat besar, walaupun mortalitasnya kecil. Pada ternak kerugian dapat berupa kluron, anak ternak yang dilahirkan lemah, kemudian mati, terjadi gangguan alat-alat reproduksi yang mengakibatkan kemajiran yang permanen. Penularan dapat terjadi melalui kontak langsung dengan hewan terinfeksi ataupun secara tidak langsung dengan lingkungan yang tercemar. Tingginya populasi serta sanitasi dan higiene kandang yang kurang memadai memudahkan penularan penyakit melalui kontak langsung Beberapa faktor- faktor yang berhubungan dengan infeksi brucellosis pada ternak yakni faktor populasi ternak, tipe managemen pemeliharaan, dan biologi dari penyakit brucellosis.

Tujuan kegiatan adalah a. Untuk mengetahui sumber penularan penyakit, b. Untuk mengetahui faktor - faktor resiko terjadinya penyakit, c. Untuk melakukan konfirmasi dan verifikasi diagnosa penyakit d. untuk melakukan pengendalian terhadap penyakit

AEVI-3 Investigasi Outbreak Rabies di Kabupaten Donggala Tahun 2018

. Alfinus — 2018-10-29

Rabies (penyakit anjing gila) adalah penyakit hewan yang dapat menular ke manusia (bersifat zoonosis). Rabies disebabkan oleh virus rabies dari genus Lyssavirus, famili Rhabdoviridae. Virus rabies dikeluarkan bersama air liur hewan terinfeksi dan ditularkan melalui luka gigitan atau jilatan. Rabies sangat penting artinya bagi kesehatan masyarakat, karena apabila penyakit tersebut menyerang manusia (zoonosis).

Bulan Februari 2018 Balai Besar Veteriner Maros menerima informasi dari Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah bahwa terdapat kasus gigitan manusia oleh Hewan Penular Rabies (anjing) di kabupaten Donggala sehingga Balai Besar Veteriner Maros menurunkan tim investigasi (tanggal 13-15 Februari 2018) yang terdiri dari Drh Alfinus dan Sukri dengan Nomor Surat Perintah Tugas No: 0578/TU.320/F5.G/02.18 untuk melakukan penyidikan penyebab anjing mengigit manusia.

Tujuan investigasi ini adalah untuk melakukan konfirmasi dan verifikasi kasus penyakit, mengidentifikasi sumber penularan kasus, mengetahui kronologis kejadian kasus dan factor resikonya serta memberikan saran dalam pengendalian

AEVI-4 Investigasi Outbreak Orf di Kabupaten Bulungan Tahun 2018

Arif Supriyadi — 2018-10-29

Beternak kambing banyak dilakukan oleh masyarakat pedesaan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan sumber bahan makanan protein hewani. Problem utama yang sering dialami oleh peternak adalah adanya wabah penyakit menular yang menimbulkan kerugian dan kepanikan. Salah satu penyakit viral yang biasa menginfeksi kambing adalah Orf.

Orf atau Ektima Kontagiosa adalah sejenis penyakit kulit sangat menular yang disebabkan oleh virus dari genus virus parapox dari keluarga virus Poxviridae (Fauquet dan Mayo, 1991) menginfeksi kambing dan domba. Gejala klinis orf adalah terjadi lesi - lesi pada kulit di sekitar bibir/mulut, terutama di sudut bibir. Penularan orf melaui kontak langsung antara hewan terinfeksi dengan hewan peka dan tidak langsung melalui bahan/alat atau lingkungan yang tercemar virus orf. Cara virus penyakit orf masuk ke dalam tubuh hewan yaitu melalui luka-luka kecil seperti goresan-goresan yang terjadi pada kulit akibat rumput yang tajam/duri atau luka karena proses mekanik lainnya (McKeever dkk ., 1988).

Tanggal 28 Mei 2018 dilaporkan adanya kematian 3 ekor kambing Bulungan Kalimantan Utara dengan gejala klinis erosi pada mulut meliputi bibir, gusi, pipi, rongga mulut dan kuku, Balai Veteriner melakukan investigasi kasus penyakit tersebut untuk adalah untuk mengetahui sumber atau penyebab penyakit, faktor resiko, gejala klinis dan saran pengendalian melalui pengumpulan data epidemiologis dan pengambilan sampel di lokasi kejadian.

AEVI-5 Investigasi Outbreak Kematian Babi Diduga CSF dari Laporan Prioritas ISIKHNAS ID Kasus 18369843 di Provinsi Jawa Tengah pada Bulan Mei 2018

Basuki R Suryanto — 2018-10-29

Agen penyebab hog cholera adalah virus single stranded Ribonucleic Acid (ss-RNA) dari genus Pestivirus termasuk famili Flaviviridae. Virus HC berada dalam genus yang sama dengan virus bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Virus berbentuk bulat helikal atau tidak teratur dan berukuran antara 40-50 nm dengan nukleokapsid berukuran 29 nm. Penyakit HC ini menyerang di segala umur, bersifat akut, sub akut, kronis ataupun subklinis. Kasus penyakit HC memiliki tingkat morbiditas dan mortaliltas yang tinggi. Masa inkubasinya berkisar antara 2-6 hari, dengan gejala klinis berupa demam tinggi 41-42^oC, hilangnya nafsu makan, radang selaput lendir mata, disertai leleran air mata dan leleran air hidung, diare berwarna kekuningan, timbul bercak-bercak keunguan di daerah abdomen dan telinga, dan kematian biasanya terjadi antara 10-20 hari, tetapi apabila hewan bertahan lebih dari 30 hari maka jalan penyakitnya akan menjadi kronik (Musser, 2006).

Tujuan penyidikan adalah untuk menentukan definisi kasus, mengumpulkan data dan informasi, melakukan pengambilan dan pengujian sampel,mengidentifikasi kemungkinan sumber/ rute infeksi, faktor risiko, analisis data serta pemberian saran tindakan pengendalian. Penyidikan dilakukan terhadap kasus kematian pada Babi di desa X, kecamatan Z, Kabupaten Pati Provinsi Jawa Tengah, berdasarkan laporan kasus Penyakit Prioritas ( P ) Isikhnas dengan id kasus 18369843.

AEVI-6 Investigasi Outbreak Bovine Bruselosis pada Peternakan PT. X di Kabupaten Kampar dan Kabupaten Siak Tahun 2018

Dewi Anggreini — 2018-10-29

Bruselosis adalah penyakit hewan menular yang secara primer menyerang sapi, kambing, babi dan sekunder menyerang berbagai jenis hewan lainnya serta manusia. Pada sapi penyakit ini dikenal pula sebagai penyakit keluron menular atau penyakit Bang (Bang disease) (Anonimus, 2014). Provinsi Riau dinyatakan bebas bruselosis berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor : 2541/Kpts/PD.610/6/2009 Tentang Pernyataan Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Riau, Jambi dan Kepulauan Riau Bebas dari Penyakit Hewan Keluron Menular (Brucellosis) pada Sapi dan Kerbau.

PT. X adalah sebuah perusahaan sawit yang berada di dua lokasi yaitu di Desa Bina Baru Kabupaten Kampar dan Desa Libo Jaya Kabupaten Siak. Di kedua lokasi perusahaan tersebut terdapat peternakan sapi yang dikelola oleh 1 orang manajer peternakan dan 1 orang petugas kesehatan hewan yang bertanggung jawab untuk kedua peternakan, dibantu oleh pekerja kendang pada setiap peternakan. Pada akhir Maret 2018 telah dilakukan uji RBT terhadap sampel dari peternakan PT. X Desa Bina Baru yang diperoleh hasil positif.

Tujuan kegiatan adalah melakukan (1) penelusuran terhadap hasil pengujian positif (+) RBT sampel yang diuji di laboratorium UPT Rumah Sakit Hewan Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Riau, (2) mencari sumber penularan dan faktor risiko masuknya bruselosis ke Kabupaten Kampar, (3) untuk mengidentifikasi pola penyebaran bruselosis di Kabupaten Kampar, (4) memberikan rekomendasi pengendalian outbreak.

AEVI-7 Investigasi Outbreak Csf Di Kabupaten Sleman Tahun 2018

Dwi Hari Susanta — 2018-10-29

Penyakit CSF atau Clasikal Swine Fever atau Hog Cholera pada babi merupakanl yang mepenyakit viral yang menular menyebabkan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi sehingga menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang sangat serius.Gejala klinik nafsu makan hilang, diikuti dengan demam tinggi sampai dengan 40° C, muntah, diare, dan timbul bercak – bercak merah diseluruh tubuh. Tingkat kematian babi karena penyakit ini bervariasi antara 0-100% tergantung pada kerentanan kawanan ternak, starin virus dan umur ternak. Kandang yang kotor, udara sekitar kandang lembap dan sistem pemeliharaan yang tidak hiegenis turut menjadi pemicu timbulya penyakit ini. Masa inkubasi penyakit ini 6-7 har. babi mati hari ke-7 – 10 pasca sakit. Mortalitas pada penyakit Hog Cholera pada babi bisa mencapai 100%. Penularan penyakit ini cara yaitu kontak langsung dan kontak tidak langsung, Penularan bisa secara horizontal ataupun vertikal, yakni dari induk kepada fetus yang dikandung (Subronto 2003).

Hasil Monitoring vaksinasi CSF tahun 2017 pada perternakan babi diwilayah kerja Balai Besar Veteriner Wates tidak ditemukan gejala klinis yang mengarah ke penyakit CSF

Investigasi kematian babi yang diduga disebabkan oleh virus Classical Swine Fever (CSF) oleh tim Balai Besar Veteriner Wates (BBVet Wates) di Dusun Gancahan 6, Desa Sidomulyo, Kecamatan Godean, Kabupaten Sleman, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. berdasarkan permohonan dari Dinas Pertanian Sleman No.520/2956 tanggal 9 Juli 2018 perihal survaillans penyakit pada ternak babi. Berdasarkan laporan tersebut Balai Beser Veteriner mengeluarkan surat PerintahTugas No.10001/TU.040/F5.D/07/2018 tanggal 10-11 Juli 2018 untuk melaksanakan tugas investigasi kasus penyakit pada babi diwilayah kerja puskeswan Godean Kabupaten Sleman Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Tujuan Kegiatan Investigasi kejadian kematian babi di Dusun Gancahan 6, Desa Sidomulyo Kecamatan Godean, Kabupaten Sleman, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, adalah mengetahui kasus penyebab penyakit pada babi.

AEVI-8 Investigasi Outbreak Avian Influenza di Kabupaten Barito Kuala Tahun 2017

Adi Santosa — 2018-10-29

Desa Suryakanta Kecamatan Wanaraya merupakan daerah yang terisolir ditengah tengah Perkebunan sawit. Selain bertani dan berkebun penduduk desa mempunyai usaha sambilan berupa ternak sapi dan unggas,. Belum pernah ada laporan Penyakit Avian influenza ( AI) pada unggas di desa Suryakanta.

Telah dilaporkan adanya kematian unggas di desa ini pada akhir bulan Februari dengan gejala, kematian yang mendadak, Kepala dan kaki kebiruan. Unggas yang mati adalah ayam kampung, ayam ras pedaging, ayam bangkok dan itik

Avian influenza disebabkan oleh infeksi dari virus yang tergolong familii Orthomyxoviridae genus Influenzavirus A. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikan menjadi subtype berdasarkan antigen haemaglutinin (H) dan neuroaminidase (N). Saat ini OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Terrestrial Code) mendefinisikan infeksi avian influenza pada unggas disebabkan oleh virus Influenza A dengan high pathogenicity (HPAI), dan infeksi subtype H5 dan H7 merupakan low pathogenicity (LPAI) (OIE Terrestrial Manual, 2015).

Bergantung pada spesies, umur dan jenis unggas atau burung, karakter spesifik dari strain virus yang terlibat, faktor lingkungan, tingkat patogenesitas penyakit pada burung atau unggas yang mungkin terinfeksi sangat bervariasi. Gejala yang ditunjukannya, dapat menunjukkan kematian mendadak dengan tidak ada gejala yang terlihat sampai menunjukan karakteristik penyakit yang sangat bervariasi termasuk gejala pernafasan seperti leleran dari mata dan nasal, batuk, sesak nafas, pembengkakkan pada sinus atau kepala, konsumsi pakan dan air, sianosis pada kulit yang tidak berbulu, pial dan jengger, inkoordinasi dan gejala syaraf serta diare (OIE Terrestrial manual, 2015).

Tujuan kegiatan adalah mengetahui penyebab wabah kematian unggas pada peternakan rakyat di Desa Suryakanta, Kecamatan Wanaraya, Kabupaten Barito Kuala.

AEVI-9 Investigasi Outbreak Avian Influenza Kecamatan Mungka Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Tahun 2018

Eka Oktarianti — 2018-10-29

Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota merupakan daerah sentral perunggasan di Sumatera Barat.. Populasi unggas di Sumatera Barat adalah 33.636.500 ekor, 32% dari populasi tersebut terdapat di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota (BPS. 2018).

Avian Influenza merupakan penyakit infeksi akut yang disebabkan oleh virus influenza tipe A, dapat menyerang beberapa jenis unggas dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Strain virus AI dibedakan menjadi low pathogenic (LPAI) dengan tanda klinis ringan dan high pathigenic (HPAI) dengan beberapa tanda klinis parah dan mortalitas yang tinggi (OIE).

Tujuan penyidikan kematian ayam petelur di Kecamatan Mungka Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota adalah untuk menyelidiki kasus kematian unggas yang terjadi di Kecamatan Mungka, mengidentifikasi faktor risiko, sumber penularan dan merumuskan rekomendasi langkah-langkah pengendalian.

AEVI-10 Investigasi Outbreak MCF di Kabupaten Musi Rawas Tahun 2016

Eko Agus Srihanto — 2018-10-29

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) merupakan penyakit viral yang menyerang sapi, rusa, bison, kerbau dan ruminansia lainnya. Sapi muda biasanya lebih rentan terutama yang dipelihara bersama domba (Damayanti, 2005). Penyakit ini kebanyakan berakibat dengan kematian (Teankam et al., 2000; Schultheiss, et al., 2000; Barker et al., 1993). MCF disebabkan oleh alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) dan ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) (Fenner et al., 2011). Penyakit bersifat sporadik dengan tingkat kematian dapat mencapai 100% (Hamilton, 1990), meskipun ada hewan yang sembuh setelah terserang MCF (Penny, 1998). Penyakit MCF di Indonesia dilaporkan pertama kali oleh Paszotta pada tahun 1894 di Kediri, Jawa Timur (Mansjoer, (1954) dalam Khatimah, dkk. 2014). Penyakit MCF telah tersebar hampir di seluruh Indonesia. Namun di beberapa daerah banyak kejadian MCF tidak terdiagnosis atau tidak dilaporkan. Kerugian yang ditimbulkan akibat penyakit MCF cukup besar terutama jika kasus penyakit ini terjadi pada hewan bibit. Kejadian penyakit MCF pada sapi bali di lapangan sering dikaitkan dengan adanya ternak domba (Partadiredja et al., 1988). Lesi sapi penderita MCF dapat dilihat dari gambaran patologi anatomi dan histopatologi yang patognomonik yaitu vaskulitis berupa infiltrasi limfosit, makrofag, neutrofil dan sel plasma pada beberapa organ seperti otak, paru-paru, hati, jantung dan usus (Liggit dan De Martini, 1980). Kegiatan penyidikan kematian sapi bali yang diduga disebabkan oleh Malignant Catarrhal Fever virus oleh tim Balai Veteriner Lampung di Kabupaten Musi Rawas dilaksanakan berdasarkan permohonan investigasi oleh Dinas Peternakan Kabupaten Musi Rawas mengenai adanya laporan kasus kematian sapi bali dengan gejala klinis mengarah pada penyakit MCF di desa L Sidoharjo Kecamatan Tugu mulyo. Berdasarkan laporan tersebut maka Balai Veteriner mengeluarkan Surat Perintah Tugas No. 16001/TU.040/F5.C/09.2016 untuk melakukan penyidikan bersama dinas Peternakan Kabupaten Musi Rawas.

Tujuan kegiatan adalah melakukan penyidikan kejadian kematian sapi bali di Kabupaten Musi Rawas, melakukan pengumpulan data epidemiologis, pengambilan spesimen di lapangan untuk mengetahui penyebab kematian sapi bali di Kabupaten Musi Rawas.

AEVI-11 Investigasi Outbreak Pneumonia pada Peternakan X di Kabupaten Banyumas Tahun 2018

Basuki R Suryanto — 2018-10-29

Semua rumpun kambing pada dasarnya dapat diperah dengan jumlah produksi susu yang beragam. Beberapa jenis kambing yang dianggap benar-benar sebagai kambing perah diantaranya adalah Saanen, Jamnapari, Toggenberg, Anglo, Nubian, British Alpin dan Etawah. (Sutama, 2007). Penyakit yang sering terjadi pada ternak kambing perah adalah diare. Penyebab penyakit utama yang diidentifikasi adalah coccidiosis, disertai oleh pneumonia, yang menyebabkan kematian yang sangat tinggi di antara anak-anak kambing. Masalah penyakit ini sebagian besar terkait dengan manajemen, dan diperburuk oleh kepadatan yang berlebihan dan akibatnya kebersihan yang buruk; tetapi kehadiran rotavirus mungkin juga signifikan. Peternakan kambing seperti semua usaha peternakan lainnya, sangat dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor utama, yaitu Breeding, Feeding dan Management.

AEVI-12 Investigasi Kematian Sapi Potong di Desa Banjararum Kalibawang Kulonprogo Tahun 2017

Estu Widodo — 2018-10-29

Sapi potong merupakan ternak ruminansia besar yang berperan penting sebagai penghasil daging peringkat tertinggi nasional (Puslitbangnak, 2000). Kabupaten Kulon Progo merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang ikut berperan dalam pencapaian target swasembada daging. Terdapat beberapa penyakit yang menyerang ternak di kabupaten Kulon progo dan berpotensi besar terhadap kegagalan pencapaian program peternakan. Salah satu penyakit hewan yang muncul di tahun 2017 adalah penyakit antraks (Purbadi,2017). Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk menyelidiki kasus kematian sapi yang terjadi di Dusun Klepu Banjararum Kalibawang Kulon Progo, dan mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab, sumber penularan serta merumuskan rekomendasi langkah-langkah pengendalian.

AEVI-13 Investigasi Outbreak Bovine Brucellosis di Desa Hargobinangun Kecamatan Pakem Kabupaten Sleman Tahun 2017

Felisitasn Kristiyanti — 2018-10-29

Brucellosis merupakan salah satu PHMS yang mendapat prioritas nasional dalam pengendalian dan penanggulangannya oleh Pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah sesuai dengan SK Mentan Nomor 4026/Kpts/OT.140/4/2013. Brucellosis adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri genus Brucella. Brucellosis pada ternak betina menyebabkan abortus pada umur kebuntingan trisemester terakhir tetapi setelah 1-2 kali abortus, kelahiran dan produksi susu kembali normal. Beberapa kasus menjadi karier atau mandul. Brucellosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis dan juga merupakan food borne disease yang dapat ditularkan melalui air susu yang tidak dimasak dengan baik. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta merupakan salah satu provinsi tertular brucellosis dengan prevalensi <2% (Kementan, 2012).

Tujuan dari investigasi ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab kejadian abortus pada ternak sapi, mengumpulkan data epidemiologis. melakukan pengambilan dan pengujian sampel, mengetahui sumber penularan penyakit dan melakukan pengendalian penyakit.

AEVI-14 Investigasi Outbreak Penyakit Jembrana Di Desa Hang Tuah, Kecamatan Perhentian Raja, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau Tahun 2017

. Guswadi — 2018-10-29

Penyakit Jembrana di Provinsi Riau pertama kali terdeteksi pada tahun 2013 dan sampai akhir tahun 2016 penyakit ini telah menyebar di seluruh kabupaten yang ada di Provinsi Riau. Penyakit Jembrana merupakan penyakit viral yang bersifat menular pada sapi Bali, ditandai dengan demam tinggi , peradangan selaput lendir mulut (stomatitis), pembesaran kelenjar limfe preskapularis, prefemoralis dan parotid, terkadang disertai keringat darah (blood sweating),mencret sering disertai darah dalam tinja terjadi pada beberapa hari setelah hewan demam dan atau menjelang kematian.,. Kerugian ekonomi yang diakibatkan penyakit Jembrana cukup bisa mencapai 100% dan dapat mempengaruhi lalu lintas ternak antar pulau.

Penyakit Jembrana disebabkan oleh Retrovirus anggota group Lentivirus yang unik dan disebut Jembrana Disease Virus (JDV). Penyakit Jembrana menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh. Penularan secara mekanis dapat terjadi melalui insekta penghisap darah, seperti lalat Tabanus rubidus. Secara eksperimental, penyakit Jembrana dapat ditularkan melalui oral, lubang hidung, konjungtiva mata dan semen. Diagnosa banding untuk penyakit ini adalah Diare Ganas pada sapi (Bovine Viral Diarhea/BVD), penyakit Ngorok (Septicemia epizooticae/SE) dan enyakit Ingus (Malignant Catarrhal Fever/MCF). Pemeriksaan laboratoris, sangat diperlukan untuk membedakan penyakit-penyakit tersebut.

Kegiatan penyidikan penyakit yang diduga terinfeksi penyakit jembrana di Desa Hang Tuah, Kecamatan Perhentian Raja, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau ini dilakukan dalam rangka investigasi lapangan berdasarkan laporan Peternak (Bapak Sarniman)

Tujuan kegiatan adalah melakukan penyidikan kejadian kematian sapi, pengumpulan data epidemiologis dan mengetahui sebab, faktor resiko dan pola penyebaran penyakit dan memberikan saran tindakan pencegahan serta pengendalian penyakit yang menyebabkan kematian sapi yang diduga disebabkan oleh penyakit Jembrana di Desa Hang Tuah, Kecamatan Perhentian Raja, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi Riau pada bulan Desember 2017.

AEVI-15 Investigasi Outbreak Avian Influenza (AI) pada Peternakan Puyuh di Kecamatan Tenayan Raya Kota Pekanbaru Tahun 2018

. Hamria — 2018-10-29

Kejadian AI di Indonesia telah terjadi di beberapa Provinsi. Provinsi Riau khususnya Kota Pekanbaru adalah daerah endemis AI, dan dilaporkan sejak tahun 2008. Pada Tahun 2014, kejadian penyakit Avian Influenza di Kota Pekanbaru tidak lagi terjadi wabah melainkan hanya bersifat sporadis. Tercatat beberapa kasus laporan kematian burung puyuh dari masyarakat maupun peternak sejak tahun 2014, dan hasilnya adalah negatif Avian Influenza.

Tujuan kegiatan adalah menyelidiki kejadian kematian burung puyuh di Kelurahan Tuah Negeri Kecamatan Tenayan Raya dan melakukan pengumpulan data epidemiologis sehingga diketahui penyebab/sumber penularan kematian burung puyuh di kelurahan tersebut, mengidentifikasi faktor resiko dan menentukan langkah-langkah pengendalian.

AEVI-16 Investigasi Wabah Anthraks di Kabupaten Pinrang Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2016

I G A Priyamanaya — 2018-10-29

Anthraks adalah penyakit menular yang biasanya bersifat akut atau perakut pada berbagai jenis ternak (pemamah biak, kuda, babi dan sebagainya), yang disertai dengan demam tinggi dan disebabkan oleh Bacillus anthracis. Biasanya ditandai dengan perubahan-perubahan jaringan bersifat septisemia, timbulnya infiltrasi serohemoragi pada jaringan subkutan dan subserosa, disertai dengan pembengkakan akut limpa (Tarumingkeng 2014).

Insidensi kasus di provinsi Sulawesi Selatan sebelum tahun 2015 hanya ada 5 Kabupaten/kota yang endemis Anthrax diantaranya Kota Makassar,Kabupaten Maros,Gowa,Takalar dan Bone, dengan hewan rentan yang tertular : sapi,kerbau,kuda dan babi dan kesemuanya menimbulkan kematian pada ternak dan penularan ke manusia dalam bentuk anthrax kulit. Kabupaten Sidrap menjadi tujuan berikutnya setelah anthrax mewabah di Kabupaten Bone tahun 2014 dengan adanya kasus di awal tahun 2015 dan akhirnya dengan lalu lintas ternak yang tidak terkontrol kabupaten Pinrang berpeluang menjadi destinasi berikutnya wabah antraks.

Tujuan kegiatan adalah melakukan penyidikan kejadian kematian sapi di Desa Malimpung Kecamatan Patampanua Kabupaten Pinrang, melakukan pengumpulan data epidemiologis,penanganan ternak sakit, pengambilan spesimen di lapangan, dan untuk mengetahui penyebab kematian Sapi di Kabupaten Pinrang

AEVI-17 Investigasi Outbreak Anthrax di Kabupaten Kulon Progo Tahun 2017

Indarto Sudarsono — 2018-10-29

Pada tanggal 10 Januari 2017 Balai Besar Veteriner Wates mendapatkan laporan dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kulon Progo tentang adanya kasus beberapa orang sakit kulit dengan gejala luka dengan bagian tengah berwarna kehitaman, dan ada bagian yang melepuh, dugaan sementara gigitan serangga tomcat. Dengan informasi tersebut BBVet Wates langsung membentuk tim untuk kunjungan ke lapangan. Tujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab dari penyakit tersebut. Metode melakukan kunjungan langsung ke lokasi kasus, pengambilan sampel dan pengujian laboratorium. Hasil dan pembahasan bahwa orang yang pernah terkena kasus penyakit kulit tersebut sejumlah 14 orang di 3 dusun yakni, Dusun Ngaglik, Penggung dan Ngroto, dusun yang sempat dikunjungi adalah dusun Ngaglik, semua penderita di desa Ngaglik telah sembuh walaupun meninggalkan bekas luka. Hasil wawancara dengan Kepala Dukuh Ngaglik dan beberapa orang penderita diperoleh data kematian ternak sejak bulan Nopember 2016 hingga tanggal 10 Januari 2017 sejumlah 1 ekor sapi dan 13 ekor kambing. Gejala kambing sebelum mati beberapa tidak diketahui, beberapa menunjukkan gejala kejang. Hasil kultur anthrax dari sampel tanah di 2 tempat pemotongan paksa dan sampel sisa daging kambing dari refrigerator dengan nomor epid 0032/01/2017, hasil uji tanah dengan kultur dan PCR menunjukkan hasil positif Bacillus anthracis, sedangkan hasil uji drift daging menunjukkan kultur negatif Bacillus anthracis, akan tetapi dengan uji PCR positif anthrax patogen.

AEVI-18 Investigasi Outbreak Penyakit Jembrana di Kecamatan Bayung Lincir, Kabupaten Musi Banyu Asin

Joko Siswanto — 2018-10-29

Penyakit Jembrana pada sapi Bali disebabkan oleh virus penyakit Jembrana yang termasuk dalam kelompok retrovirus berdasarkan pada aktivitas reverse transcriptase. Virus Jembrana merupakan virus RNA dengan utas tunggal, berbentuk icosahe-dral dengan panjang basa 7732 pasang basa (pb) dan bersifat patogen hanya pada sapi Bali. Gejala umum ternak yang terserang penyakit Jembrana adalah demam tinggi, lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, keringat darah dan mucus yang berlebihan pada mulut dan hidung. Kematian ternak akibat JDV terjadi pada 1 atau 2 minggu setelah infeksi (Indriawati dan Ridwan, 2013).

Pada tanggal 22-25 Mei 2017, telah dilakukan kegiatan investigasi kematian sapi bali suspect Jembrana di Kecamatan Bayung lencir Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Kegiatan dilakukan di desa Pale Gading, Simpang Mendis,Kali Weru,Sindang Marga ,Desa Banjar Jaya dan Desa Sidomulyo. Kegiatan ini dilakukan atas permohonan investigasi oleh Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan kabupaten Musi Banyuasin yang kemudian ditindaklanjuti oleh Balai veteriner Lampung dengan mengeluarkan surat tugas Kepala Balai Veteriner Lampung No. 19009/TU.040/F5.C/05.2017 tanggal 19 Mei 2017, dalam rangka pelaksanaan kegiatan Investigasi Penyakit Hewan Menular Sapi di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin. Investigasi ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan data epidemiologi dan pengambilan spesimen dalam peneguhan diagnosa di desa Pale Gading, Simpang Mendis, Kali Weru,Sindang Marga, Desa Banjar Jaya dan Desa Sidomulyo Kecamatan Bayung Lencir Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Propinsi Sumatera Selatan

Tujuan kegiatan ini melakukan penelusuran kasus kematian, mengetahui faktor penyebab, upaya komunikasi resiko dan rekomendasi langkah pengendalian

AEVI-19 Investigasi Outbreak Koliseptisemia Pedet Pada Peternakan” X” di Kota Metro, Lampung Tahun 2018

Joko Susilo — 2018-10-29

Kolibasillosis merupakan infeksi oleh Escherichia coli penyebab utama kematian pada pedet (Sharma et. al., 2006). Escherichia coli strain patogen merupakan penyebab diare parah, dehidrasi, demam, lemah, nyeri dan depresi yang menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi pada pedet sapi perah dan sapi potong (Quinn et. al., 2011). Kasus kematian pedet sering diikuti bakterimia atau koliseptikemia, Escherichia coli masuk ke peredaran darah menuju ke seluruh organ tubuh (Hirsh et. al., 2004).

Tujuan dari investigasi outbreak ini adalah mengidentifikasi agen infeksius penyebab, faktor faktor yang memicu outbreak kejadian diare pada pedet di peternakan tersebut serta penanganan outbreak.

AEVI-20 Investigasi Outbreak Jembrana Disease pada Sapi Bali di Jorong Loban Bungkuk Nagari Tanjung Bonai Aur Kec. Sumpur Kudus Kab. Sijunjung Provinsi Sumatera Barat Tahun 2016

. Katamtama — 2018-10-29

Penyakit jembrana (JD) adalah penyakit menular akut pada sapi Bali yang disebabkan oleh Retrovirus, keluarga lentivirinae yang termasuk dalam famili retroviridae. Sejauh ini penyakit Jembrana (JD) hanya terkenal di Indonesia dan hanya menyerang sapi bali. Wabah pertama terjadi tahun 1964 – 1967 dikabupaten Jembrana, Gianyar, Klungkung, Badung, Tabanan, dan Buleleng adalah wabah terbesar. Daerah yang pernah melaporkan adanya wabah akan menjadi daerah enzootic yang mengalami kasus sporadik sepanjang tahun. Sapi yang terserang berumur lebih dari 1 tahun dan yang terbanyak 4 – 6 tahun dan jenis kelamin tidak memengaruhi kejadian penyakit ini. (Direktorat kesehatan Hewan, 2015)

Sampai saat ini belum diketahui dengan pasti sumber infeksi dari penyakit jembrana ini. Peranan vector : lewat penyakit insect born, Ex : Culicoides sp dan nyamuk.

Tujuan penyidikan adalah untuk meneguhkan diagnosa kasus dengan mengumpulkan data dan informasi, pemeriksaan ternak, melakukan pengambilan dan pengujian sampel. Kemudian mengidentifikasi kemungkinan sumber rute infeksi, faktor resiko, serta pemberian saran tindakan pengendalian.

AEVI-21 Investigasi Outbreak Anthrax di Kecamatan Girimulyo Kabupaten Kulon Progo pada Tahun 2017

Purbadi Drajat — 2018-10-29

Anthrax merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Bacillus anthracis. Penyakit anthrax merupakan peyakit Zoonosis. Kuman Anthrax yang jatuh di tanah, pada kondisi lingkungan yang kurang baik akan membentuk spora. Spora anthrax ini tahan hidup 15 sampai 20 tahun bahkan di laboratorium bisa tahan hidup 50 tahun (Akoso, 2009), sehingga menjadi sumber penularan bagi manusia atau hewan.

Penyakit anthrax secara geografis telah menyebar di seluruh dunia dari benua Afrika, Asia, Eropa, Amerika dan Australia. Kejadian penyakit anthrax di Indonesia sudah sejak jaman penjajahan Belanda, tepatnya pada tahun 1884 di daerah Teluk Betung Lampung. Penyakit ini kemudian menyebar hampir ke seluruh wilayah Indonesia, sampai bulan Oktober 2016 kejadian anthrax di Indonesia telah terjadi pada 22 provinsi sedangkan provinsi yang bebas anthrax sejumlah 7 provinsi (Kementerian Pertanian, 2016).

AEVI-22 Investigasi Outbreak Penyakit Jembrana di Kabupaten Padang Lawas, Provinsi Sumatera Utara Tahun 2017

Sangkot Sayitu Nasution — 2018-10-29

Penyakit Jembrana (Jembrana Disease/JD) merupakan salah satu penyakit akut dan fatal pada sapi Bali. Sejauh ini Penyakit Jembrana (JD) hanya terkenal di Indonesia dan hanya menyerang sapi Bali. Informasi terakhir dilaporkan adanya kasus penyakit Jembrana di Provinsi yang berbatasan langsung dengan Sumatera Utara yaitu di Provinsi Riau dan Sumatera Barat. Situasi ini meningkatkan risiko penularan penyakit Jembrana Ke Sumatera Utara terutama pada Kabupaten yang memiliki populasi sapi Bali dan berbatasan langsung dengan kedua provinsi tersebut.

Kasus dugaan penyakit Jembrana Tahun 2017 pertama kali dilaporkan dari Kabupaten Padang Lawas pada tanggal 12 Januari 2017. Dalam laporan tersebut disampaikan meluasnya kasus penyakit pada sapi Bali dan telah menyebabkan kematian pada 18 ekor sapi Bali khususnya di kecamatan Huta Raja Tinggi. Kasus tersebut kemudian ditindaklanjuti dengan pelaksanan investigasi lapangan dan pengujian laboratorium oleh Balai Veteriner Medan. Investigasi yang dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejarah kejadian penyakit, mengetahui penyebab dan atau faktor risiko kasus penyakit tersebut, sehingga dapat diberikan rekomendasi yang sesuai.

AEVI-23 Investigasi Outbreak Csf Di Desa Sidomulyo Godean Sleman Tahun 2018

Sugih Winarsih — 2018-10-29

Investigasi Outbreak Csf Di Desa Sidomulyo Godean Sleman Tahun 2018

Winarsih S^1*, Hariyah², Anggreni N¹, Susanto D³

¹Dinas Pertanian Pangan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Sleman

²Dinas Pertanian DIY

³Balai Besar Veteriner Wates Yogyakarta

*Corresponding author’s email:

Kata kunci: babi, CSF, sidomulyo.

PENDAHULUAN

Ternak babi merupakan salah satu sumber protein hewani yang sangat efisien dan mempunyai arti ekonomi sebagai ternak potong karena persentase karkas babi cukup tinggi, dapat mencapai 65-80%, sedangkan karkas sapi hanya 50–60 % (Berata et al., 2009). Meskipun demikian, konsumen daging babi di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) hanya terbatas pada kelompok tertentu sehingga banyak ternak babi yang dikirim ke luar DIY dalam kondisi hidup. Peternakan babi di wilayah DIY sebagian besar sebagian besar masih dikelola secara tradisional. Salah satu penyakit yang menyerang babi adalah Classical Swine Fever atau Hog Chollera, disebabkan oleh virus, sangat menular serta mempunyai arti ekonomi yang penting karena angka kesakitan maupun angka kematian berkisar 95-100% (Kementan, 2012).

Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk menyelidiki kasus kematian babi yang terjadi di Desa Sidomulyo Godean Sleman Yogyakarta, dengan melakukan pengumpulan data epidemiologis, untuk mengetahui penyebab kematian babi yang terjadi di Desa Sidomulyo Godean Sleman.

AEVI-24 Investigasi Outbreak Penyakit Jembrana di Kecamatan Pangkalan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Tahun 2016

Eka Oktarianti — 2018-10-29

Penyakit Jembrana merupakan penyakit yang sering menyerang sapi Bali dengan tingkat morbiditas mencapai 60% dengan mortalitas 10%. Sejak pertama kali outbreak di Sumatera Barat tahun 1992 Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi telah melakukan monitoring penyakit Jembrana dan belum pernah ditemukan kasus di Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. Pada bulan Oktober tahun 2016, Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Kab. Lima Puluh Kota bersama Balai Veteriner Bukittinggi melakukan penyidikan terhadap kasus kematian mendadak pada sapi bali di Jorong Panang Nagari Tanjuang Balik Kecamatan Pangkalan Kab. Lima Puluh Kota dengan gejala diduga terinfeksi Jembrana.

Tujuan penyidikan adalah untuk menyelidikasi kasus kematian sapi bali yang terjadi di Kecamatan Pangkalan Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, mengidentifikasi faktor risiko, sumber penularan dan merumuskan rekomendasi langkah-langkah pengendalian.

AEVI-25 Investigasi Penyakit Jembrana Di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan, Bengkulu

Tri Guntoro — 2018-10-29

Penyakit Jembrana pada sapi Bali disebabkan oleh virus penyakit Jembrana yang termasuk dalam kelompok retrovirus berdasarkan pada aktivitas reverse transcriptase. Virus Jembrana merupakan virus RNA dengan utas tunggal, berbentuk icosahe-dral dengan panjang basa 7732 pasang basa (pb) dan bersifat patogen hanya pada sapi Bali. Gejala umum ternak yang terserang penyakit Jembrana adalah demam tinggi, lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, keringat darah dan mucus yang berlebihan pada mulut dan hidung. Kematian ternak akibat JDV terjadi pada 1 atau 2 minggu setelah infeksi (Indriawati dan Ridwan, 2013). Telah dilaporkan dari petugas dinas pada tanggal 10 April 2017 adanya kematian sapi di kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan.

Tujuan kegiatan ini melakukan penelusuran kasus kematian, mengetahui faktor penyebab, upaya komunikasi resiko dan rekomendasi langkah pengendalian

AEVI-26 Investigasi Outbreak Suspek Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) pada Sapi Perah di Peternakan X Di Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2018

Tri Juwianto — 2018-10-29

Bovine Tubercullosis (bTB) adalah penyakit infeksius yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium bovis yang ditandai dengan terlihatnya lesi granulomatous (tuberkel) pada paru-paru dan limponodus (Berg et al, 2009). Penyakit ini menyebabkan penurunan produksi dan kerugian ekonomi secara signifikan. Selain itu infeksi penyakit ini juga dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia melalui konsumsi susu atau daging yang terkontaminasi bakteri M. Bovis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Halderman (2001) menunjukkan kasus infeksi Tuberculosis (TB) pada manusia di Afrika sebesar 10% disebabkan oleh M. Bovis. Sedangkan di Amerika Latin sebesar 2,5% (Ameni et al, 2007).

Bogor adalah salah satu kabupaten yang ada di Jawa Barat. Kabupaten ini memiliki tipe morofologi wilayah yang bervariasi, dari dataran yang relatif rendah di bagian utara hingga dataran tinggi di bagian selatan. Suhu udara di Kabupaten Bogor rata-rata berkisar antara 22,7^O-31,6^O C dengan curah hujan yang tinggi. Kondisi geografis dengan suhu yang dingin (agroklimat) sangat sesuai untuk habitat sapi perah. Kabupaten Bogor berkontribusi dalam memenuhi kebutuhan susu nasional melalui pengembangan usaha peternakan sapi perah, diantaranya adalah Kecamatan Cisarua dan Megamendung yang memiliki suhu berkisar 17,85^O-23,91^OC (rata-rata 20^O C). Usaha peternakan sapi perah di daerah tersebut memliki peluang pasar yang cukup besar dan pada saat ini populasi sapi perah di Kabupaten Bogor diperkirakan mencapai kurang lebih 7.000 ekor .

Selama ini prevalensi kasus bTB pada sapi perah di Kabupaten Bogor belum pernah diketahui dan juga belum pernah dideteksi, sedangkan laporan kematian sapi perah dengan pemeriksaan menunjukkan perubahan anatomi yang mengarah ke bTB sudah beberapa kali ditemukan. Dikhawatirkan penyakit akan menular dan menyebar ke sapi lain dan juga ke manusia (Radostitset all, 2002). Tuberkulosis zoonotik dapat menjadi ancaman utama bagi kesehatan masyarakat, tetapi belum ada informasi mengenai kejadian penyakit TB zoonotik dan faktor risikonya pada hewan di Indonesia (Daulay, 2015).

Investigasi ini dilakukan dalam rangka untuk mengetahui dan mendeteksi kasus suspek bTB pada sapi perah disuatu peternakan di Kabupaten Bogor. Sebanyak 7 kali investigasi dilakukan pada kasus kematian 10 ekor sapi perah dari peternakan X dengan populasi 200 ekor dalam waktu yang berbeda selama periode Pebruari-Agustus 2018.

AEVI-27 Investigasi Outbreak Rabies di Kecamatan Pinggir Tahun 2018

Puja Cikal Bangsa — 2018-10-29

Rabies atau penyakit anjing gila adalah penyakit zoonotik bersifat akut dan menyerang sistim syaraf pusat yang disebabkan oleh virus kelompok negatif sense single-stranded RNA, golongan Mononegavirales, Family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus (Priangle,1991). Penyakit rabies menyebabkan kematian pada manusia dengan Case Fatality Rate 100%. Virus rabies dikeluarkan bersama air liur hewan yang terifeksi dan disebarkan melalui luka gigitan atau jilatan (Ludra I N, 2010).

Tingginya tingkat kasus gigitan dan lalu lintas hewan terutama HPR Anjing di kelurahan Titian Antui menjadi suatu hal yang akan terus jadi perhatian utama petugas kesehatan hewan di Kabupaten Bengkalis. Petugas kesehatan hewan dari dinas pertanian juga sudah bekerjasama dengan Petugas Keshatan Masyarakat melalui sinergi One Health. Setiap tahun Petugas Kesehatan Hewan Rutin melakukan vaksin dan sosialisasi tentang rabies kepada masyarakat, mulai dari penyuluhan ke warga sekitar hingga ke sekolah-sekolah.

Masa Inkubasi rabies pada anjing adalah 10 – 15 hari, dan pada hewan lain 3 – 6 minggu kadang-kadang berlangsung sangat panjang 1 – 2 tahun. Masa inkubasi pada manusia yang khas adalah 1 – 2 bulan tetapi bisa 1 minggu atau selama beberapa tahun (6 tahun atau lebih). Masa inkubasi bisa tergantung pada umur pasien, latar belakang genetik, status imun, strain virus yang terlibat, dan jarak yang harus ditempuh virus dari titik pintu masuknya kesusunan syaraf pusat. Masa inkubasi tergantung dari lamanya pergerakan virus dari luka sampai ke otak pada gigitan dikaki masa inkubasi kira-kira 60 hari, pada gigitan di tangan masa inkubasi 40 hari, pada gigitan dikepala asa inkubasi kira-kira 30 hari (Gallaran, L.A. 2015).

Tujuan kegiatan adalah (1) untuk Melakukan konfirmasi dan verifikasi diagnosa penyakit, (2) mengidentifikasi sumber penularan outbreak dan populasi beresiko, (3) menggambarkan karakteristik epidemiologi, (4) mengidentifikasikan faktor-faktor resiko yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit, (5) merekomendasikan langkah langkah pengendalian penyakit.

AEVI-28 Investigasi Outbreak Keguguran di Desa Lamtamot Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah Kabupaten Aceh Besar Tahun 2018

. Sahidi — 2018-10-29

Keguguran atau Abortus adalah pengeluaran fetus sebelum akhir masa kebuntingan dengan fetus yang belum sanggup hidup. Sedangkan kelahiran prematur adalah pengeluaran fetus sebelum masa akhir kebuntingan dengan fetus yang sanggup hidup sendiri diluar tubuh induk (Toelihere,1985).

Abortus dapat terjadi pada berbagai umur kebuntingan dari 42 hari sampai saat akhir kebuntingan. Abortus dapat terjadi bila kematian fetus di dalam uterus disertai dengan adanya kontraksi dinding uterus sebagai akibat kerja secara bersama-sama dari hormone estrogen, oksitosin dan prostaglandin F2α pada waktu terjadinya kematian fetus itu. Oleh karena itu fetus yang mati terdorong keluar dari saluran alat kelamin (hardjopranjoto, 1995)

Terjadinya keguguran setelah kebuntingan 5 bulan merupakan petunjuk untuk menentukan penyakit. Seekor sapi betina setelah keguguran itu masih bisa bunting lagi tetapi tingkat kelahiran akan rendah dan tidak teratur (Blakely & Bade, 1991). Sedangkan menurut Akoso (1990) terjadinya keguguran karena penyakit ini biasanya pada usia kebuntingan 7 bulan.

Tujuan dari investigasi ini adalah untuk mengetahui kejadian keguguran pada ternak sapi, mengumpulkan data epidemiologis. melakukan analisis data, mengetahui sumber penularan penyakit dan melakukan tindakan pengendalian penyakit.

OH-1 Tatalaksana Kasus Gigitan Terpadu: Implementasi Pendekatan One Health dalam Tatalaksana Kasus Gigitan yang Cost Effective

I Wayan Pujana — 2018-10-29

PENDAHULUAN

Rabies atau penyakit anjing gila merupakan penyakit infeksi akut yang bersifat zoonosis menyerang susunan saraf pusat yang disebabkan oleh virus dan ditularkan melalui gigitan hewan penular rabies terutama anjing. Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) memperkirakan sekitar 59.000 orang meninggal setiap tahunnya akibat Penyakit ini. Sebagaian besar kasus terjadi di Asia dan Afrika dimana hampir 40% diantaranya menimpa anak-anak usia <15 tahun (WHO, 2018)

Kementerian Kesehatan RI mencatat sampai saat ini sudah 25 Provinsi yang dinyatakan sebagai wilayah tertular rabies dan hanya 9 provinsi yang statusnya bebas rabies (baik secara historis maupun dibebaskan) (Kemenes, 2013). Provinsi Bali yang sebelumnya dinyatakan bebas rabies, sejak bulan Nopember 2008 dinyatakan sebagai Provinsi ke 24 yang tertular rabies dengan ditemukannya kasus kematian rabies di wilayah Desa Ungasan Kabupaten Badung. Sejak saat itu rabies secara perlahan menyebar ke seluruh kabupaten Kota di Bali dengan puncaknya terjadi pada tahun 2010 dengan total kematian sebanyak 82 kasus. Sejak Tahun 20018 sampai Bulan September tahun 2018 sudah 173 orang dilaporkan meninggal akibat rabies.

Dengan populasi anjing yang mencapai 400.000 sampai 500.000 ekor, menyebabkan Bali sebagai medan paling berat dalam pengendalian rabies dengan konsekwensi tingginya kasus gigitan dan pemakaian vaksin anti rabies (VAR) serta tingginya risiko kematian akibat rabies pada manusia. Berdasarkan laporan Dinas kesehatan Provinsi Bali kasus gigitan HPR sejak tahun 2009 sampai 2015 sudah mencapai 331.857 kasus dimana sebanyak 285.499 kasus diantaranya diberikan VAR (86%). Dengan persentase pemberian VAR yang hampir mencapai 90% dari kasus gigitan yang ada maka biaya yang dialokasikan untuk pengadaan VAR dan SAR sangat besar. Berdasarkan rekapitulasi anggaran dari tahun 2008 sampai tahun 2016 total dana yang sudah dikeluarkan untuk pembiayaan logistik saja (VAR dan SAR) sudah mencapai lebih dari 100 Milyar Rupiah. Total dana tersebut hanya untuk pembiayaan pembelian VAR dan SAR saja, belum biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk peningkatan kapasitas petugas baik di sektor kesehatan maupun sektor kesehatan Hewan, belum termasuk juga total dana yang pembelian vaksin rabies untuk vaksinasi HPR di seluruh kabupaten/kota.

Pada Tahun 2016 Badan Pangan PBB (FAO) melalui Kementerian Pertanian bekerjasama dengan Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan serta Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali melakukan revitalisasi kegiatan Integrated Bite Case Management yang pernah dilaksanakan pada tahun 2012, dengan melaksanakan pelatihan terhadap petugas Pusat Kesehatan Hewan dan tenaga pengelola rabies di Puskesmas (rabies centre) melalui Pelatihan Tatalaksana Kasus Gigitan Terpadu (TAKGIT)

Program ini diawali dengan melatih Master Trainer dari 9 kabupaten/kota dan provinsi dengan peserta 20 orang masing-masing 2 orang dari kabupaten/kota dan provinsi dengan rincian 1 orang petugas kesehatan masyarakat dan 1 orang dari kesehatan hewan. Pada tahap selanjutnya dilaksanakan pelatihan petugas Puskeswan dan tenaga pengelola rabies di Puskesmas (rabies centre) melalui Pelatihan Tatalaksana Kasus Gigitan Terpadu (TAKGIT) dengan melatih 20 sampai dengan 23 orang petugas di masing-masing kabupaten/kota sesuai dengan jumlah puskesmas/puskeswan di kabupaten/kota.

OH-6 Sistem Informasi Pelaporan Kesehatan Satwa Liar (SEHATSATLI) dalam Rangka Integrasi Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Zoonosis Bersumber Satwa Liar Melalui Pendekatan One Health

Eka Nurmala Sari — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

“Integrasi Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Zoonosis Bersumber Satwa Liar Melalui Pendekatan One Health” merupakan program kegiatan pada subdit keamanan hayati yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja Ditjen KSDAE – KLHK dalam upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit zoonosis bersumber satwa liar baik di habitat alaminya (in-situ) maupun di luar habitat alaminya (ex-situ) dengan menerapkan konsep One Health. Adapun bentuk upaya kegiatan tersebut meliputi pengembangan kesatuan kebijakan, strategi dan program kegiatan untuk menangani penyakit zoonosis pada hewan, satwa liar, kesehatan masyarakat dan kesehatan lingkungan. Bentuk implementasi kegiatan pengembangan kesatuan kebijakan yang saat ini telah dilaksanakan yaitu penyusunan Permen LHK tentang pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit pada satwa liar, dan saat ini masih dalam proses penyusunan. Sedangan bentuk implementasi kegiatan strategi dan program untuk menangani penyakit zoonosis pada hewan, satwa liar, kesehatan masyarakat dan kesehatan lingkungan yaitu meliputi :

Peningkatan kapasitas petugas lapangan (PEH, POLHUT dan Penyuluh) dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit pada satwa liar dengan pendekatan one health
Pebentukan tim One Health Lintas Sektor dalam penanganan penyakit zoonosis bersumber pada satwa liar
Pembangunan dan pengembangan sistem informasi pelaporan kesehatan pada satwa liar (SEHATSATLI).

OH-7 Optimalisasi Penerapan Pendekatan One Health dalam Kasus Gigitan Hewan Penular Rabies (GHPR) di Kabupaten Ketapang

Ahmad Mike Ariyanto — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

Rabies atau penyakit anjing gila merupakan suatu penyakit virus yang bersifat akut serta sangat berbahaya dan mengakibatkan kematian pada manusia (zoonosis) karena mampu menginfeksi sistem saraf pusat yakni otak dan sumsum tulang belakang. Penyakit rabies disebabkan oleh genus Lyssavirus dari famili Rhabdoviridae. Penularan rabies terjadi karena adanya gigitan hewan pembawa rabies (HPR) yang terinfeksi kepada hewan sehat ataupun manusia (Dodet et al., 2008).

Di Kabupaten Ketapang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, kejadian rabies diawali tahun 2004 di Kecamatan Kendawangan (berbatasan langsung dengan Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah) dan mengakibatkan 1 orang korban meninggal. Berbagai upaya pengendalian dilakukan untuk mengendalikan penyakit Rabies di Kabupaten Ketapang dan membutuhkan waktu ± 9 tahun untuk membebaskan khususnya Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dari penyakit Rabies. Rabies kembali mewabah di Kabupaten Ketapang pada tahun 2014 dan kembali terjadi Kecamatan Kendawangan. Berdasarkan data Dinas Pangan Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat tahun 2014 terjadi kasus Gigitan Hewan Penular Rabies (GHPR) berjumlah 96 kasus, 7 orang korban meninggal dan 3 sampel positif uji Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT). Sampai saat ini kasus GHPR masih terjadi Kabupaten Ketapang dan sudah meluas ke beberapa Kecamatan.

Berbagai upaya dilakukan dan salah satu upaya yang dilakukan dalam pengendalian penyakit rabies yaitu menggunakan pendekatan one health. Pendekatan one health merupakan upaya kolaboratif dari berbagai profesi ilmu kesehatan, bersama dengan disiplin ilmu dan institusi yang berhubungan-bekerja di tingkat lokal, nasional, dan global untuk mencapai kesehatan yang optimal bagi manusia, hewan peliharaan, marga satwa, tumbuhan dan lingkungan kita (One Health Comission). Kabupaten Ketapang bersama dengan 3 Kabupaten lainnya (Boyolali, Bengkalis dan Minahasa) merupakan daerah percontohan yang terpilih oleh Kementerian Pertanian yang bekerja sama dengan FAO ECTAD Indonesia dalam penerapan pendekatan one health untuk pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit zoonosis dan penyakit infeksius baru/berulang (PIB). Pendekatan one health dalam kaitannya ini adalah peningkatan kapasitas dalam mengkolaborasikan, mengkomunikasikan dan koordinasi dengan lintas sektor lainnya dalam pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit Rabies.

Sehingga berdasarkan hal tersebut penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan penerapan one health dalam pengendalian kasus GHPR di Kabupaten Ketapang.

OH-8 Penanggulangan Kasus Leptospirosis pada Ternak dengan Pendekatan One Health di Kabupaten Boyolali

Rifdania Afiany — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

Kabupaten Boyolali merupakan daerah sentra ternak dan sebagian besar masyarakat mata pencahariannya beternak sehingga diperlukan pelayanan dan pengawasan kesehatan hewan yang lebih intensif. Keadaan ini dapat memacu pada potensi pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup besar, namun perlu diperhatikan pula dampak negatif dengan adanya lalu lintas hewan/ternak yang keluar masuk Kabupaten Boyolali.

Adanya kemungkinan kejadian penyebaran penyakit hewan menular baik antar hewan sendiri maupun dari hewan ke manusia (zoonosis) bisa terjadi karena adanya hewan dari daerah yang tertular suatu penyakit masuk ke Kabupaten Boyolali ataupun penyebaran di dalam Kabupaten Boyolali itu sendiri.

Kabupaten Boyolali merupakan salah satu dari 4 kabupaten di seluruh Indonesia yang menjadi pilot project program One Health dan merupakan suatu kegiatan yang meliputi komunikasi, kolaborasi dan koordinasi 3 sektor yaitu sektor kesehatan masyarakat, sektor kesehatan hewan dan sektor kesehatan satwa liar dalam hal penanganan kasus zoonosis dan PIB (Penyakit Infeksius Baru/Berulang) yang terjadi di Kabupaten Boyolali, dimana Leptospirosis merupakan salah satu penyakit yang termasuk dalam penyakit hewan menular strategis yang bersifat zoonosis.

Leptospirosis disebabkan oleh bakteri Leptospira yang berbentuk spiral, tipis, lentur dan dengan panjan 10-20 mm dan tebal 0,1 mm serta memiliki dua lapis membran. Kedua ujungnya mempunyai kait berupa flagellum periplasmik. Bergerak aktif maju mundur dengan gerakan memutar sepanjang sumbunya. Leptospira peka terhadap asam dan dapat hidup di dalam air tawar selama kurang lebih satu bulan, tetapi di dalam air laut, air selokan dan air kemih yang tidak diencerkan akan cepat mati (Faine, 1982).

Bakteri ini termasuk dalam ordo Spirochaetales, famili Leptospiraceae, genus Leptospira. Leptospira dapat tumbuh di dalam media dasar yang diperkaya dengan vitamin, asam lemak rantai panjang sebagai sumber karbon dan garam amonium; tumbuh optimal pada suhu 28-30°C dalam kondisi obligat aerob (Adler, et al.,1986; Faine, 1982).

Di daerah tropis, wabah leptospirosis sering terjadi setelah banjir, bagai atau bencana lainnya. Angka insidensi leptospirosis di Negara beriklim tropis lebih tinggi daripada di Negara beriklim subtropis dan daerah beriklim dingin (Rocha, 2004). Menurut Fraga (2010) angka mortalitas leptospirosis di dunia melebihi 10% per tahun. Di Indonesia, wabah leptospirosis tahun 2002-2012 dilaporkan di beberapa provinsi di Indonesia yaitu Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Selatan, DI. Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Bengkulu dan Kepulauan Riau (Widarso, dkk, 2002)

Kasus Leptospirosis di awal tahun 2018 terjadi secara signifikan di Kabupaten Boyolali. Sejak awal tahun tercatat sebanyak 15 kasus terjadi dan 3 orang meninggal (20%).

OH-9 Master Trainer One Health: Jejaring Dan Peran Dalam Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Zoonosis Dan Penyakit Infeski Baru/Berulang Secara Berkelanjutan

Yunita Widayati — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

Indonesia merupakan salah satu hot spot didunia untuk kasus penyakit infeksi baru/berulang (PIB)-Emerging Infectious Disease (EID). Adanya ancaman yang nyata dari PIB dan Zoonosis tertarget membutuhkan pendekatan One Health (OH). Penanggulangan dan pengendalian penyakit zoonosis dan PIB secara global bergerak ke arah OH. Konsep One Health dikembangkan dengan maksud untuk menjawab tantangan ini. Konsep ini menitikberatkan pada pendekatan multi sektoral serta kerjasama dan kolaborasi lintas sektor .

Untuk melaksanakan kegiatan tersebut diperlukan peningkatan kapasitas bagi petugas lapangan. Petugas lapangan merupakan petugas terdepan dalam melakukan pencegahan dan pengendalian zoonosis dan PIB. Peran petugas lapangan menjadi sangat krusial terutama dalam upaya mencegah penakit atau wabah menyebar lebih besar dan pencegahan awal.

Peningkatan kapasitas petugas lapangan merupakan upaya yang terus berlanjut. Peningkatan kompetensi petugas lapangan merupakan investasi jangka panjang. Untuk itu dalam memastikan upaya keberlanjutan diperlukan suatu program peningkatan kapasitas yang disalurkan melalui Master Trainer. Master trainer dianggap suatu pendekatan efisien dan berkelanjutan selain juga merupakan bentuk knowledge transfer dari suatu program.

Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah:

Membentuk MT OH lintas sector yang handal dan menjadi fasilitator dalam membentuk kompentesi para petugas lapangan
Membentuk kerangka kerja pembentukan MT OH lintas setor yang dapat diadopsi oleh Pemerintah RI
Membentuk MT untuk keberlanjutan kegiatan peningkatan kapasitas One Health lintas sector

OH-2 Whatsapp Messanger As a Communication, Coordination And Evaluation Media In Rabies Control Program In Bengkalis District

Hani M Mardan — 2018-10-30

INTRODUCTION

Zoonotic control program can not only be done by one sector only, but must involve related sectors so that handling can be done comprehensively. Since 2016 Bengkalis Disctrict has been chosen as one of project area of One Health on prevention and control of targeted emerging infectious diseases and targeted zoonotic, especially rabies. 3 steps of training have been conducted for public health officers, animal health officer and wildlife health officer who served in Bengkalis District.

The absence of an information system on rabies-transmitted animal bites cases that can be accesed by officers from these three sectors has hampered the communication process which is the first step in implementing rabies prevention and control activities. Therefore we need a media that can bridge officers from the animal health, public health and wildlife health sector in communicating related cases of rabies-transmitted animal bites. As one of the output of One Health project, a whatsapp messanger grup, named “One Health Riau” have been created for all the field officers from the three sector to help them to communicate.

This study aims to provide an overview of the use of whatsapp messenger to communicate, coordinate and also to evaluate field officers in the handling of rabies-transmitted animal bite cases in Bengkalis District during March to May 2018.

OH-3 One health, Tantangan dan Peluang dalam Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Rabies pada Konservasi Gajah Sumatera di Taman Nasional Way Kambas Lampung

Dedi Candra — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK) yang terletak di provinsi Lampung adalah habitat hutan yang sangat penting untuk konservasi mamalia besar di Indonesia. Daerah ini adalah habitat alami bagi spesies satwa langka dan terancam punah di dunia termasuk gajah Sumatera (Elephas maximus sumatranus). Berdasarkan IUCN (2013) gajah Sumatra adalah spesies yang terancam punah dan berisiko menjadi punah (CITES APPENDIX I) dan dilindungi.

Pusat Latihan Gajah (PLG) dengan luas sekitar 2.000 ha di TNWK adalah salah satu fasilitas penting untuk konservasi gajah Sumatera yang meripakan bagian penting dari konservasi alam Indonesia. PLG didirikan pada tanggal 27 Agustus 1985 memelihara gajah konflik yang bersasal dari Sumatera Selatan dan Lampung. PLG juga sebagai pusat konservasi gajah sumatera dan tempat tujuan wisata unggulan yang mendukung perekonomian masyarakat sekitar. Deforestasi, kerusakan habitat dan perburuan liar telah mengakibatkan penurunan populasi gajah Sumatra secara signifikan. Faktor lain yang penting adalah penyakit termasuk penyakit infeksi baru dan zoonosis.

Tantangan Pencegahan dan pengendalian zoonosis dengan pendekatan one health dengah keterbatasan sumber daya manusia khususnya tenaga medis dan petugas lapangan di Pusat Latihan Gajah (PLG) Taman Nasional Way Kambas (TNWK). Kerjasama lintas sektor antara kesehatan manusia

(Kementerian Kesehatan - Kemenkes), kesehatan hewan (Kementerian Pertanian - Kementan), kesehatan satwaliar (kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan - KLHK) dan Kementerian Koordinator bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan (Kemenko PMK) sangat diperlukan.

Jumlah penyakit menular yang baru muncul (emerging infectious diseases) khususnya yang bersumber dari satwa liar mengalami peningkatan dalam beberapa dekade terakhir (Jones et al,. 2008). Perubahan iklim, introduksi spesies invasif, urbanisasi, kegiatan pertanian dan hilangnya biodiversitas termasuk deforestasi yang berimplikasi terhadap peningkatan penyebaran patogen menular. Deforestasi dianggap sebagai faktor yang paling berpengaruh secara langsung terhadap kemunculan penyakit baru terutama yang bersumber dari satwa liar (Sehgal. 2010).

Zoonosis yang ‘reservoir’nya satwa liar menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di hampir semua benua yang mana penularan berbagai patogen nya dipengaruhi oleh banyak factor (Kruse et al,. 2004).

Rabies penyakit hewan menular yang disebabkan oleh virus dari genus Lyssavirus(dari bahasa Yunani Lyssayang berarti mengamuk atau kemarahan), bersifat akut serta menyerang susunan saraf pusat, hewan berdarah panas dan manusia.

Tantangan terbesar saat ini adalah bagaimana sedapat mungkin memperkecil kesenjangan disiplin ilmu antara ahli penyakit menular, ahli satwa liar, ahli ekologi dan ahli sosial dalam meneliti dan memahami semua aspek yang terkait dengan penyakit baru muncul yang inang antaranya adalah satwa liar (Wilcox and Ellis B. 2006), hal ini juga terjadi pada petugas lapangan sektor kesehatan satwa liar. Upaya untuk mengatasi penyakit infeksi baru dan zoonosis pada satwa liar bergantung kepada jejaring lintas sektor dan lintas disiplin ilmu yang efisien di tingkat nasional, regional dan internasional, sehingga dapat dilakukan saling tukar menukar informasi untuk kewaspadaan dini serta respon tepat waktu dan efektif terhadap kemungkinan kemunculan wabah penyakit dapat dilakukan (Kruse et al,. 2004).

”One Health” adalah suatu konsep satu kesehatan yang mencakup kesehatan manusia, hewan, dan lingkungannya yang saling berkaitan satu dengan lainnya (Katz et al,. 2010) yang merupakan peluang yang harus dimanfaatkan untuk pencegahan dan pengendalina Rabies untuk konservasi gajah.

OH-5 Tata Laksana Kasus Gigitan Terpadu (TAKGIT) Sebagai Model Implementasi One Health dalam Optimalisasi Pengendalian Rabies di Bali

. Nurhayati — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara endemis rabies. Salah satu provinsi dengan jumlah kasus rabies yang tinggi adalah Provinsi Bali. Sejak November 2008 Provinsi Bali dinyatakan tertular rabies dengan jumlah manusia meninggal karena rabies dari tahun 2008 - 2017 mencapai 170 orang, sedangkan Kasus positif rabies HPR berjumlah 1.716 kasus.

Beberapa upaya pengendalian telah dilakukan untuk menekan kejadian kasus rabies. Salah satu program yang cukup efektif adalah program pengendalian yang dilaksanakan secara terpadu dan lintas sektor yang sering disebut Tata laksana Kasus Gigitan Terpadu (TAKGIT). TAKGIT merupakan salah satu implementasi pendekatan “ONE Health” dan merupakan panduan bagi petugas lapangan dalam merespon dan menindaklanjuti kejadian kasus gigitan hewan diduga rabies yang dikoordinasikan lintas sektor (kesehatan manusia dan kesehatan hewan). Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk menggambarkan peran TAKGIT dalam merespon kasus gigitan diduga hewan pembawa rabies (HPR) dan kontribusinya menurunkan kasus pada manusia.

OH-4 Upaya Keberlanjutan Program Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Zoonosis Tertarget dan PIB dengan Pendekatan One Health Melalui Pemanfaatan Dana Desa

Chornelly Kusuma Yohana — 2018-10-30

PENDAHULUAN

Munculnya kembali Penyakit Infeksi Baru/Berulang (PIB-Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)) semakin cepat terjadi. Diperkirakan lima PIB muncul setiap tahun, tiga diantaranya bersifat zoonosis. Pendekatan One Health dianggap sebagai solusi dari permasalahan yang timbul akibat wabah zoonosis dan PIB. Pendekatan One Health menekankan kerja sama antar disiplin, berbagi informasi dan kolaborasi di semua tingkat dari pengambil kebijakan hingga petugas lapangan, terutama dalam surveilans. Keterbatasan SDM di tingkat lapangan dengan cakupan area yang sangat luas dianggap dapat diatasi dengan pelibatan peran aktif masyarakat dalam meningkatkan upaya deteksi dini dan pelaporan awal zoonosis dan PIB. Namun demikian program tersebut memiliki tantangan signifikan terkait dana operasional kader yang merupakan bagian dari masyarakat.

OH-10 Study of Inappropriate Antibiotic Usage in Poultry in East Nusa Tenggara

Diana A Wuri — 2018-10-30

INTRODUCTION

Misuse of antibiotics for livestock affects the health of livestock itself, such as resistance, treatment failure and also affect the food of animal origin (Yuningsih, 2005). Based on research on some traditional and modern markets in Kupang City showed that the presence of tetracycline residues in 2 chicken samples (Ngangguk et al., 2015). The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of antibiotic use of poultry without prescription from veterinarians and the type of antibiotics often used in poultry in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara.

PF-1 Endometritis in Mix Breed Dog

IWY Semarariana — 2018-10-28

Endometritis is an inflamation that happen in the endometrial tissue in the uterus that caused by pathogen bacterial infection [1]. Inflamation in the uterus also can caused by hormonal problem, post partus secondary infection, and distocia [2]. Endometritis without any proper medication can developt into pyometra.

PF-2 Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Disease Surveillance in the Area that Adjacents to the Ujung Kulon National Park as the Habitat for the Javan Rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

. Zulfiqri — 2018-10-28

Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) is one of the conservation area in Indonesia that has an original ecosystem that includes the flora and the fauna. Within the national park, lies the elusive wildlife that protected by the government, Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus). Javan rhinoceros is one of the rarest mammals with the estimated 67 individuals remained [1]. Geographically, UKNP is surrounded by 19 buffer villages. The buffer villages’ location is directly adjacent to the UKNP and the community’s livelihood pattern depended on the UKNP as it has become the free-range location of their water buffalo. Thus, it adds up the occurrence of the cross infection risk factor between the water buffalo and other ungulate sympatric animals in the UKNP (Javan rhinoceros and banteng). Surveillance study in 2014 with the collaboration of WWF Ujung Kulon, Livestock Agency of Pandeglang Sub District, and Cornell University to the community’s livestock in the buffer area of Rancapinang Village showed a significant prevalence of trypanosomiasis by 92% [2].

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the Javan rhinoceros as the critically endangered (CE) or vulnerable to the extinction threats. One of the extinction threats is the disease outbreak, since until now the occurrence of the disease is assumed to be the causative factors of several Javan rhino’s death incidence.

In 1982, 5 individuals of Javan rhino has been documented died suddenly and assumed to be caused by the infectious diseases (Hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax) [3] and 14 Javan rhino’s deaths in UKNP from 2000-2018, mostly the cause of the death is unknown.

PF-3 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Jembrana Disease, Bengkalis District Riau Province

Hani Muhamad Mardani — 2018-10-28

Jembrana disease (JD) is contagious viral disesase in Bali cattle, caused by Retrovirus from member of Lentivirus group called by Jembrana disease virus (JDV). Jembrana disease outbreak in Bengkalis district first occured 2013 and until now is endemic. This purpose of study is to determine the prevalence of JD and to identify a risk factor associated with JD in Bengkalis district.

PF-4 Immune Response of Dry Holstein Vaccinated by Killed Avian Influenza H5N1 Vaccine

Anita Esfandiari — 2018-10-29

The establishment and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype in birds and coincident infections in humans since 2003 have raised concerns that we may be facing an influenza pandemic caused by an H5N1 influenza virus [4]. Globally, from January 2003 to 2 March 2017, there were 860 cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus reported from 16 countries worldwide. Of these 860 cases, 454 were fatal (CFR of 53%). The last case was reported from Indonesia on 26 September 2017 [7]. Although the human cases of H5N1 in Indonesia has decreased significantly since 2010, according to WHO until 2017 there have been reported 200 cases H5N1 in human with 168 cases of deaths. The last case was reported from Indonesia on 26 September 2017. This is indicate Indonesia as the highest fatal case of H5N1 globally. With continued incidence of avian influenza due to existing AI H5N1 viruses in poultry, the avian influenza H5N1 has been believed remain to threaten Indonesia [6].

Passive immunization using specific antibody against AI H5N1 from bovine colostrum is one of an alternative to control H5N1 virus infection due to lack of H5N1 vaccine production for human. Bovine colostrums consider an ideal alternative antibody source, as the antibody in the bovine’s blood is transported to mammary gland easily and accumulates in the colostrum in large quantities. As a “biological factory” and the source of natural antibody, bovine colostrum could be designed to produce the specific antibody against certain disease for animal and human by immunizing the dry cow (with the antigen of interest).

Vaccine is an antigenic material used to produce active immunity against diseases. Vaccination is the administration of vaccine to the individual to generate immunity against a disease [2]. According to [1], the exposure of a dry cow against antigen (vaccine) will produce specific antibody in their blood circulation. Therefore, evaluation on the status of antibody against AI H5N1 following the vaccination of dry Holstein cows with killed AI H5N1 vaccine is needed.

PF-5 Case Study: The FLUTD (Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases) Incidence on Cats in Qithmir Pet Care Jombang Year 2013-2017

Nur Fitriah — 2018-10-29

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases (FLUTD) is a disorder or disease of the lower urinary tract in cats known daily as the Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) on the lower or upper part of the tract. In daily practice at Qithmir Pet Care, patients are often present with complaints (signalment) from the owner of dysuria(urinating difficulty), stranguria (pain in urinating process), polakiuria (frequent urination in small amounts), haematuria (bloody urine), periuria (urinate carelessly) and frequent licking of the genitals with decreased appetite, lethargy and vomiting, even in some cases patients come with a critical condition, where various complaints lead to the diagnosis of FLUTD. The purpose of this study are recording, write, and storage data to determine the number of case and the pattern or period of the disease. As an effort to fulfill and supply diagnostic tools, medical equipments, medicines and operator or medical capability in handling the FLUTD case.

Case Study: The FLUTD (Feline Lower Urinary Tract Diseases) Incidence on Cats inQithmir Pet Care Jombang Year 2013-2017

PF-6 Risk Factors Investigation of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in the District of Sikka, Flores Island Indonesia

Petrus Malo Bulu — 2018-10-30

The existence of CSF in an area and the potential for introducing the disease into a new area can be associated with the presence of certain risk factors. Identification of these risk factors is important in understanding the transmission of disease and for the development of effective prevention, control and eradication programs. An epidemiological investigation will be carried out on small-holder farmers in the District of Sikka Flores Island, Indonesia. The study is designed to identify factors associated with seropositivity to Classical swine fever (CSF). Classical Swine Fever is a serious and highly infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar (1). It remains one of the most important transboundary viral diseases of swine worldwide (2).

PF-7 Pre Slaughter Stunning of Ruminant Slaughter Based on MUI HAS 23103 2012, MS 1500 2009 and SNI 99003 2018

. Supratikno — 2018-10-29

The debate about the use of pre slaughter stunning (PSS) in halal slaughter is still an interesting topic to discuss due to the difficulties to determine the stunned animal are unconscious or dead. Indonesia and Malaysia as a country with majority Muslim population have recognized non-penetrative PSS (NPPSS) as a method in halal slaughter. Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) issued the Halal Assurance System (HAS 23103 2012)[1] as guidelines for animal slaughter process, while Department of Standard Malaysia issued Malaysian Standard (MS) 1500 2009[2], which regulate Halal Food-Production, preparation Handling and Storage-General Guidelines. Recently, the Indonesian National Standardization Body issued Indonesia's National Standard for ruminant halal slaughter (SNI 99003 2018) [3]. This article will discuss mechanical NPPSS based on these three guidelines in animal welfare and halal perspective

PF-8 Evaluation Performance Broiler in Brooding Period at Closed House and Open House

Henny Endah Anggraeni — 2018-10-29

Broiler maintenance period can be divided into two periods of starter and finisher (Muwarni 2010). Phase starter occurs in the first two weeks which is a critical period of broiler, the brooding period, the most decisive period, to the growth of the next period (Zumrotun 2012). House is an important part of broiler maintenance. There are two types of enclosure is closed house and open house. Closed house suitable for use in areas with temperatures above 35 ◦C (Trisanto 2015).

The purpose of this writing is compare the performance of broiler in brooding between closed house and open house.

PF-9 Seroprevalence of H5N1 Avian Influenza Subtype in Backyard Duck at Kampung Unggas Teruwai on Central Lombok District

Yumi Sartika — 2018-10-29

Avian influenza is one of the zoonotic diseases. Since 2003, H5N1 Avian Influenza subtype was circulated in Indonesia, affecting both intensively farmed birds as well as backyard chickens [1]. Duck is the reservoir of avian influenza viruses. Backyard duck may play a role in the maintenance of H5N1 avian influenza subtype.

Kampung Unggas that located in Teruwai Village on Central Lombok District is one of the economic centers of a farmer on Lombok Islands and The Avian Influenza Virus is still the major problems in this village. H5 Avian Influenza was detected in quail at Central Lombok district in 2014 [2]. In 2017, Sentinel chicken were positive antibodies for H5 AIV with Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) = 2^4,29at Kampus Unggas Teruwai [3].

To know seroprevalence of H5N1 Avian Influenza subtype in duck as a reservoir and to understand the current situation of H5N1 Avian Influenza virus circulation in Kampung unggas, we conducted serosurvey study from Mei to April 2018 of backyard duck that lives together with chickens in Kampung Unggas.

PF-10 Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Layer Chicken on Poultry Village in North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Alfiana Laili Dwi Agustin — 2018-10-29

Egg of Layer chicken is one of the main income and protein sources at Kampung Unggas in North Lombok. Kampung Unggas is Village which produce and supply egg for Three Gili as tourist destination in Lombok Island. They are Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno, and Gili Air. Farmers in Kampung Unggas are used several antibiotics for treating infections in poultry. The use of antimicrobials in chicken farm in Lombok Island can facilitate the antimicrobial resistant. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not a recent phenomenon, but it is rising concern for both public and animal health [1].

Chicken farmers in the study region are mostly family run and they don’t have good bio security and sanitation procedure. Knowledge of farmer on antimicrobials resistance are very low and they are often kept free ranged among other animals and people. This means that the risk of contamination to food and water from bacteria and other pathogen infected poultry is high. Many farmers in Kampung unggas have other poultry, mostly ducks, in the same enclosure as their Chickens. The closeness between many different animals and humans as well as the short distance to temperate water, without cleaning or buffering stages, is a concern both in disease transmission and antibiotic resistance development [2].

In Indonesia, study on 35 sampels of broiler meat and chicken meat from 9 distric in Bogor showed that prevalence E. coli 97.4% from broiler meat and 71.1% chicken meat resistance with Ampisilin, Enrofloksasin, Teterasiklin, Eritromisin, Streptomisin, Gentamisin, Kloramfenikol, Sefatotin, Trimetoprim-Sulfametoksasol, Nalidixid Acid [3]. According by [4] from 66 layer chicken 44% and from 35 broiler chicken 97.1% E. coli resistance with Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride, Chloramphenicol, Dihydrosreptomycin, Sulfadimethoxine Kanamycine and Aminobenzyl-penicillin.

Based on thus facts, it is very important to know prevalence and antimicrobial resistance on bacterial strains isolated from Layer chicken and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among farmers on Poultry Village in North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia for effective medical treatment of humans and poultry. Further, knowing the reasons for chicken farmers to treat their animals and which types of antibiotics chosen can facilitate prevention of antimicrobial resistance development.

PF-11 Isolation and Identification of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens of Bat Guano from Liang Bukal and Liang Petang Cave on Sumbawa Island

Fauzi Saputra — 2018-10-29

Bats are important reservoirs of many bacteria. The occurrence of infectious diseases that caused by Gram-negative bacteria has increased the interest in bats as potential reservoir hosts of many bacteria. Several bacteria, including Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, and Bartonella spp were isolated from wild bats in various country [1]. Despite the fact that little is known about the bats as a reservoir of gram-negative bacterial pathogens in Sumbawa, Indonesia.

Gram-negative bacteria can cause human disease was isolated from fresh bat guano of Rousettus leschenaultii at the Robber’s Cave, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, India, including Escherichia coli, Yersinia, Enterobacter and Proteus [2]. In Pakistan, Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella and Pseudomonas, Bartonella, and Klebsiella was isolated from guano of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) [3].

Bat guano was used as fertilizer with a farmer in Sumbawa Island. So, Close contact between human and bat guano, it is possible the gram-negative bacteria from guano can infect the human. The present study reported that close contact with both domestic animals and humans, contaminating houses with guano and urine, additionally, humans occasionally encroach into bat habitats [4].

Sumbawa Island has many caves for breeding place of bats. Identification of gram-negative bacterial pathogens from bat caves which are a risk to human, animal and environment health on Sumbawa Island is needed as early detection of the presence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens from bat guano.

PF-12 Colectomy by Rectal- Pull Through Technique for Colonic Tumor in Eight Years Old Dog

Siti Zaenab — 2018-10-29

Dogs are one of those independent carnivores. However, dogs are also susceptible to digestion disease. In addition to diarrhea, obstruction or constipation, diseases that can also interfere with the digestive system are tumors of the digestive tract. Guyton, 2005).

Tumor or neoplasm disease is one of the most important medical problems for immediate treatment. The cause of tumor is very varied and very complex (Tjarta, 2002). Percentage incidence of tumor disease in animals, especially dogs is quite high. Until now, the prevention of tumor disease is generally done by surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

PF-13 Fracture Fixation between Os Lumbalis II and III on a Three Month Old Kitten Using Parallel Technique

Siti Zaenab — 2018-10-29

Spinal fractures, luxations, and fracture- luxations in dogs and cats are common and are often the result of vehicular injury. Other frequent causes of injury include animal attacks or falling from a height. Reports that describe the distribution of spinal column injuries indicate that they affect the lumbar vertebrae most frequently, followed by sacrococcygeal, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae^2,3.

PF-14 Gastric Leiomyoma in a Twelve Year Old Pulli dog – A Case Report

Osye Syahnita — 2018-10-29

Leiomyoma is a benign tumor arising from smooth muscle of hollow organs viz. uterus, vagina, intestines, stomach, urinary bladder and esophagus and is common in cow, dogs and fowl. Leiomyoma have slow-growing behaviour, localli invasive, malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin that typically is slow to metastasize⁴.

PF-15 Surgical Management for Medial Patellar Luxation with Trochlear Block Recession and Lateral Imbrication Methods in Labrador Retriever Dog

Siti Zaenab — 2018-10-29

Medial patellar luxation is a displacement of the patella from the trochlear sulcus^[1]. Medial patellar luxation is one of the common cause of lameness in small-breed dogs, but it also occurs in large-breed dogs^[1]. This case report will reveal how to diagnose and treat medial patellar luxation

PF-16 Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Approach for Canine Inflammation Bowel Disease Therapy

Zulfa Ichsanniyati — 2018-10-29

IBD is thought to originate as a consequence of a deregulation of mucosal immunity in predisposed animals³. The loss of tolerance to antigens (food, intestinal bacteria, etc.) is one of the most studied mechanisms that could justify the development of chronic intestinal inflammation^1,4,6. The main difficulties in treating dogs with IBD originate from an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological basis of these diseases. Mostly therapi will fall between steroid and other immunosupresive drug, metronidazole antibiotic and novel food. However this case usually recurrence without unidentifying aethiology.

Chronic indigestion or secondary to the inflammation in chronnic recurence IBD mostly cause by the Damp that accumulate in the spleen and intestine². Damp interferes Spleen to transforming and transporting food which leads to lose stool. Damp that to long accumulate in the Spleen will damage Spleen Yang and Qi. The Spleen will lose one of it main function to controlling the Blood which is keeps the blood circulating within vessels, prevent extravassasion leading to bloody diarrhea and anemia⁷.

PF-17 The Development of Crude Testicular Cells in In Vitro Culture

Wahono Esthi Prasetyaningtyas — 2018-10-29

Spermatogenesis is a continuous process in which spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) develop into specific germ cells before terminally differentiating to form spermatozoa. The process is supported by Sertoli cells, which are in close contact with germ cells in the seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide essential hormonal signals, nutrients, and physical support to germ cells for successful spermatogenesis.

The crude testicular cells (CTC) contains many cell types, like Sertoli cell, Leydig cell, spermatogonial stem cell (SSC), spermatocyte and other testicular somatic cells (Shah et all. 2016). Testicular cells are believed to secrete various growth factors that induced the spermatogenesis process. The spermatogonial stem cells are unique population of cells in the male testis, which dual function. First self-renewing their population to maintain the number of stem cells, secondary function is differentiating into spermatids in testis (Wang et al. 2015).

Spermatogenic cells differentiation needed the similar microenvironment in vivo spermatogenesis. The essential nutrients was collected from healty culture and the culture contained mixed population of cells both the somatic cells and spermatogenic cells. To identification the spermatogenic cells using Periodic Acid Schifft (PAS) staining (Chang et al. 2011). The present study examined the development of crude testicular cells using PAS staining.

PF-18 Photomicrograph of Nanogel Andrographolide-Beta Cyclodextrine Inclusion Complex As Anti-Burns

Bayu Febram Prasetyo — 2018-10-29

Inclusion complex is a complex formed between drug molecules which act as guest or located inside the cavity of host molecule. Host molecules are commonly originated from the derivative group of cyclodextrin. Among cyclodextrin groups, beta cyclodextrin (BCD) is mostly used in formula development and drug delivery system [1].

Andrographolide (AG) is a pure isolate chemically syntesized from sambiloto herbs (Andrographis paniculata Nees), in the form of needle cystal-like which is colorless and extremely bitter. AG has variety of medical properties, particularly as anti-inflamation to treat skin burns [2]. However AG has poor solubility in water. This will result in low abillity to solute, penetrate membrane, and distribute the drug when applied transdermally in burn skin. In burn skin, there is tendency to skin damage, especially in stratum corneum which acts as semipermeable barrier. The ability of drugs that applied transdermally tends to be high.

Formation of inclusion complex using AG and BCD to increase the ability of AG in penetrating membrane should be done. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is a fast technique to confirm the formation of drug or inclusion complex by comparing the shape and particle size [3]. Study on percutaneous penetration of AG-BCD inclusion complex is produced through solvent evaporation method at mole ration 1:2 in viscolam gel preparation.

PF-19 Professional Wellness for Veterinarians

Nienke Endenburg — 2018-10-29

Personal and professional wellness of veterinarians and veterinary staff are receiving increased attention in veterinary publications and conferences, social media and the non-veterinary press. Recent suicides of high-profile, socially-harassed or victimized veterinarians have caused consternation within the profession. There is an increased recognition that stress and compassion fatigue coupled with a demanding workplace environment are adversely affecting the mental well-being and physical health of veterinarians.

PF-20 Successful Surgical Restoration with Enterorrhaphy after Rectal Prolapse in Experimental Animals

Hidetoshi Ishibashi — 2018-10-29

Complete rectal prolapse is the protrusion of the entire thickness of the rectal wall through the anal sphincter complex. Women aged 50 and older are 6 times as likely as men to present rectal prolapse. Two thirds of women patients are multiparous and 15 to 30% report associated urinary dysfunction and vaginal prolapse.

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been used increasingly in recent years for studies in bio-medical fields. The primate institute in National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Japan was founded in 2005. Since then the number of marmoset gradually increased and 320 to 350 marmosets were housed in 2012. Averaged number of housed marmosets throughout the period is about 300. In the history of the institute, two cases of traumatic rectal prolapse, which had not been reported in marmosets, were found. This paper reports the etiology and the possible surgical treatment of marmoset rectal prolapse.

PF-21 Burkholderia cepacia Infection in Python reticulatus

Steven Dwi Purbantoro — 2018-10-29

Boids kept as exotic pets nowadays has increased in recent decades [1]. Its popularity has increased in Indonesia. Without proper husbandry, snakes have higher risk for infection, such as respiratory infection. Respiratory infections are common in captive snakes that could cause severe illness leading to death [2]. Many etiologies say respiratory infection in snakes, are mainly caused by bacteria. Microbiology test is one of the diagnostic method which could be performed to diagnose for a better treatment to identification the cause of the infection. API 20NE kit is a choice. Burkholderia cepacia is a bacterial infection which could occur in pythons. This case reports Burkholderia cepacia finding in a Python reticulatus that had respiratory infection.

Burkholderia cepacia Infection in Python reticulatus

PF-22 Reproductive Disorder in Cows: Data Analisys of UPSUS SIWAB in Lima Puluh Kota District, 2017

Eka Oktarianti — 2018-10-29

The Ministry of Agriculture has declared Upaya Khusus Sapi Indukan Wajib Bunting (Upsus Siwab) to optimizing the potential of breeding cows and increase population (Ministry of Agriculture 2016). The success of Upsus Siwab program depends on a number of areas, namely land availability, decreased reproductive disorder, availability of frozen semen, availability of liquid N2, competent inseminator, and rescue of productive females (Ministry of Agriculture 2016). Animal health plays an important role in supporting the success of population increase [1], so that reproduction disorder activities are among the activities that contribute to the success of the Upsus Siwab program.

The implementation of reproductive disorder in Upsus Siwab is reported through the Integrated National Animal Health Information System (ISIKHNAS). The data can be a source of information to assess the performance results of animal health officers and to know the proportion of cured and pregnant cows after reproductive disorders are handled.

This paper aims to study the incidence of reproductive disorders on cows in Lima Puluh Kota District in 2017. The results of these studies are expected to serve as a basis for policy making for subsequent activities.

PF-23 Canine Pancytopenia with Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia: Case Reports in Three Dogs [2016-2017]

L Maylina — 2018-10-29

Canine pancytopenia is a disease that occurs in dogs caused by a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes/platelets in the blood. Canine pancytopenia often attacks dogs that live in the tropic climates. The diseases can be caused by an agent infection, excessive cell proliferation and through an immune intermediary. A decreasing in the number of erythrocytes followed by a decreasing of hemoglobin and hematocrit causes anemic condition. Non-regenerative anemia that often occurs when pancytopenia is normocytic-normochromic anemia [1].

PF-24 Ringworm on Sapi Bali at Baumata Timur Village

Yohanes TRMR Simarmata — 2018-10-29

Skin is the largest organ in the body, represent 12-14% of the body. Viruses, fungi, algae and parasites are the common cause of skin disorders. The conditions that affect skin are characterized by alopecia, pruritic, dermatitis, and the presence of nodules, crusty lesions or scabs. The main cause of dermatosis or inflammation of the skin in human and many of animal species is dermatophytes, and the infection is called dermatophytosis. The distribution of ringworm is worldwide but the incidence reported frequently in tropical and subtropical countries (Pal, 2017). Ringworm is a keratinophylic fungal disease, highly contagious to humans and caused significant economic consequence to the farmers (Karabulut and Canpolat, 2016). Generally speaking, there are three groups of dermatophytes based on their habitat and host preferences (Akbarmehr, 2011).

PF-25 Cub Scout Leader Gathering for Zoonoses Awareness: A model for Community Participatory Program for Zoonotic Diseases Control in Indonesia

Fadjar Satrija — 2018-10-29

Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and rabies during the last decade have caused fatalities and fear among people in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia, the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as well as other international and domestic NGOs have been working together to control those diseases and prevent human pandemic. However, the zoonotic disease control programs will not succeed without active participation of local communities including young people.

Indonesia Scout Movement (Gerakan Pramuka) is a non-formal educational organization having more than 20 million members that serve educational process outside the school and outside the family using basic principles and methods of scouting (GOI 2010). Members of Gerakan Pramuka consist young people of different age categories namely Cub Scouts/Siaga (ages 7 to 10 y.o), Scouts/ Penggalang (ages 11 to 15 y.o), Rover Scouts/ Penegak (ages 16 to 20 y.o), Pandega (ages 21 to 25 y.o), and Adult members/Pembina (ages > 25 y.o, or married person).

Nowadays, Gerakan Pramuka has more than 20 millions members distributed in all districts in Indonesia, and thus may become a potential media to enhance young people awareness on zoonotic diseases control programs. Dissemination of information on the diseases and its prevention can be done through scout regular events such as Pesta Siaga (Cub Scout Gathering), Jamboree (Scout Gathering), Raimuna (Rover Scout Gathering), and Karang Pamitran (Adult Scout member Gathering).

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB, in collaboration with IPB Student Scouting Activity Unit, has developed a model for the community participatory program for zoonotic diseases control in Indonesia through scouting activities. Cub Scout Leader Gathering for Avian Influenza Awareness is a scout event that designed as a method for dissemination of information regarding prevention of avian influenza transmission to school age children and their relatives.

PF-26 The Use of Endemic Sulawesi Medaka Fish (Oryzias celebensis) as an animal model candidate

Dwi Kesuma Sari — 2018-10-29

Medaka fish (Oryzias sp) or also known as "rice fish" are non-consumption fish or ornamental fish that are in great demand by humans. Medaka fish is an animal model that is very well known and has been widely used by researchers in the world for studies in various fields of science, especially biology and medicine, as well as Zebras which have been developed as model animals. Medaka fish also used as animal models for testing Parkinson's disease caused by environmental pollution and genetic factors. Several types of mutant medaka fish have also been made for screening diabetes, cancer and other degenerative diseases.

 From the exploration results, the researchers showed that Sulawesi has a high endemism especially for the family Adrianichthyidae. The high endemism is not only supported by zoogeographic boundaries as islands located on the Weber line and Wellacea lines, but also because of this fish that are traded so that the chance of migrating this fish is small. These facts underlie the statements of several researchers that fish medaka can reveal the mystery of the evolution of aquatic fauna in Sulawesi.

 As an effort to develop Sulawesi Medaka fish (Oryzias celebensis) as a model animal, studies have been conducted with various histology studies with various staining methods in Sulawesi medaka fish so that Hasanuddin University is expected to be a gateway for researchers to obtain information about Medaka fish in the Sulawesi islands and as a center for learning fish medaka.

PF-27 Incidence of Feline Dermatophytosis at Dramaga, Bogor in 2013-2018

Agustin Indrawati — 2018-10-29

Indonesia has a tropical climate and high humidity that give a high prevalence for fungal infections in cat skin such as Feline dermatophytosis (ringworm). Dermatophytosis is the most common fungal infection of cats and one of the most important infectious skin diseases in this species. It may be transmitted to other animal species and also contangious nature, zoonotic potential (Moriello, 2014). Feline dermatophytosis cases are caused by genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. All of these agents produce proteolytic and keratolytic enzymes that enable them to utilize keratin as the sole source of nutrition after colonization of the dead, keratinized portion of epidermal tissue (mostly stratum corneum and hairs, sometimes nails) (Mattei et al., 2014). The aim of this study are to identified and evaluate the kind of fungal that can cause feline dermatofitosis in Dramaga in 2013 until 2018.

PF-28 Worms Infestation on Stray Cats in Central Bogor

Tetty Barunawati Siagian — 2018-10-29

Stray cats are cats that roam freely in the environment around human beings. Central Bogor is one of the administrative region that is located right at the downtown of Bogor. This region consists of diversity of places such as markets, terminals, campus, schools, housing areas, and many more. The human population in Central Bogor are much more compared to other regions. The diversity of places and dense residential population are one of the factors that increases the cat population in Central Bogor due to the characteristics of the cats that breed and adapt to the environment easily. Stray cats are usually close to human beings, without realizing that their presence has the potential to cause health problems to the society. The outspread of zoonotic parasitic worms is one of the problem caused by stray cats. Research about infestion of zoonotic parasitic worms in Indonesia is still rare compared to pet cats [1,2,3]. Specific research about worm infestation had been done in Central Bogor on pet cats [4] but has never done any on stray cats. The objective of this research is to determine the presence of worm infestations on stray cats in the Central Bogor region.

PF-29 Worms Infestation in Stray Cats at North Bogor

Risa Tiuria — 2018-10-29

Stray cats population are high in Indonesia, including in North Bogor area which is a part of Bogor City. North Bogor is the fourth largest area of 6 districts in the city of Bogor. North Bogor are an area of industrial with a lot of factories and housing. This vast area of North Bogor is a suitable place to live for stray cats. Stray cats can easy to breed and adapt in any environment. This is some of the factors in the increasing population of stray cats in North Bogor. Stray cats have a high interaction human life. The existence of this stray cats has the potential to cause zoonotic disease for humans. One of the problems caused by stray cats is the presence of zoonotic parasitic worms. Stray cats have the potential for occurrence of worm infections [1]. Research on zoonotic worm infections in stray cats is still rarely performed in Indonesia when compared to domesticated cats [2,3,4]. Specific worm infection studies such as Toxocara cati have been done in pet cats in Bogor city [5] and in Denpasar City, Bali [2,3] but have not been done to stray cats in the City of Bogor. For that it requires more studies on infection of worms in stray cats in the city of Bogor. This study aims to identify worms in stray cats in the area of North Bogor.

PF-30 Anatomical Characteristic of Hindlimb Skeleton of Sumatran Rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)

. Nurhidayat — 2018-10-31

Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is an endangered animal in Indonesia. Currently, Sumatran rhino only found on Sumatera and Kalimantan in very small populations. These herbivorous animals are classified into the order of Perissodactyla (odd-toed animals) and family Rhinocerotidae [1]. Sumatran rhino is one of the largest living land mammals, reaching 1000 kg [1], although this species has the smallest body weight among all extant rhinos. This animal has a round and long body shape, relatively short legs with three digits on each leg. These body structures correspond to their habitat in the highlands, so the Sumatran rhino has an excellent ability to pass steep terrain [2]. For this reason, a strong hind limb structure is needed to push the body when walking, running and climbing the steep slopes. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to analyze the correlation between the Sumatran rhino’s hind limb skeleton and its functional roles.

PF-31 Pregnancy Examination and Fetal Development of Indonesian Domestic Rabbits by Ultrasonography

Charisha Florence Fraser — 2018-10-29

Ultrasonography has added benefits such as fetal sexing, early embryonic detection and is less invasive than rectal palpation. Besides, it also has the ability to visually characterize the uterus, fetus, ovary, corpus luteum, and follicles. In order to study the influence of fetal growth on further development in animal models like the rabbit, methods of measurement of fetal and placental size must be measured and viability must be established and validated (Chavatte-Palmer et al. 2008). This research is carried out to detect the earliest day of conception in Indonesian domestic rabbits by means of ultrasonography as well as to study the fetal development by analyzing the images produced during the pregnancy check on embryonic vesicle, body diameter and head diameter.

PF-32 Radiography Assessment of Femoral Muscle and Bone Density in Rats as Response to Biodegradable Iron (Fe) Porous Implants

Arlita Sariningrum — 2018-10-29

Iron (Fe) is considered as one group of metals that can be used as degradable metal implants (Schinhammer et al. 2010). Previous implantation studies have used porous Fe which purposes to increase the rate of degradation (Daud and Hermawan 2013). Changes in the condition of metal implants due to degradation and peri-implant muscle tissue reactions in the body can be observed using radiographic modality (Noviana et al. 2013). The aim of this study was to assess the radiographic density of implants, peri-implants and peri-implants-muscle as a response to Fe porous implants on the femur of the rats.

PF-33 Effects of GnRH Vaccine, Improvac®, on Oestrus, Ovarian Activity and Growth in Japanese Black Fattening Beef Heifers

Leni Sri Lestari — 2018-10-30

Introduction

Oestrus and mounting behaviors in female beef herds often lead to damage of carcass and reduction of feed intake. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine suppresses gonadal functions in cattle, neutralize biological activity of endogenous GnRH by raising GnRH antibody. This method has been used as chemical castrations of young bulls and cows in several overseas countries. However, there have been no reports regarding effects of GnRH vaccine on gonadal functions of Japanese black fattening beef heifers. The present study was conducted to examine effects of Improvac^®, a GnRH vaccine, on oestrus behavior, ovarian activity and growth in Japanese black fattening beef heifers.

PF-34 A Review of Animal Welfare Protocol on Dog Shelter in Java Area Indonesia

Mariana Kresty Ferdinandez — 2018-10-31

The number of pet owning in Indonesia, especially in big cities around Java island are highly growing in the past few years.

This growing number of pet owning, especially in dogs, unfortunately, has became affected with growing numbers of dog abandonment and mistreated due to irresponsible pet owners issues and lack of law enforcement of animal welfare and animal cruelty law. This affected to growing number of dog shelters around Java island.

Although there is still limited resources on the total population of abandoned dogs and dogs shelters in Java, many shelters reported that the numbers of intake and reports to their shelters are increasing.

Therefore, it is important the assets animal welfare in a dog shelter environment, to meet the standards of care in a dog shelter.

A shelter assessment protocols have been developed to measure the welfare aspects of the shelter by Barnard et al. [1]. In brief, the animal welfare assessment consists of three levels; shelter, pen, and individual level.

Shelter level

Consist of management based information such as general information, type of housing, feeding, exercise routine, mortality rate. Animal based assessment which is emotional state of the animals were also recorded using Visual Analogue Scale method.

Pen level

Consist of resource based assessment including space allowance, bedding, evident of sharp edges, and access to water. The animals were also assessed whether there are evident of diarrhea,

Individual level

Consist of reactions towards humans, body condition score, hygiene, skin condition, lameness, and respiratory problems.

PF-35 Spider Silk (Nephilia sp.) as Suture Material on Blood Vessel Surgery

S W Cheng — 2018-11-02

Surgical suture is a medical device used to hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery. Application generally involves using a needle with an attached length of thread. Surgical sutures are normally classified into two types, absorbable and non-absorbable. They can also be classified based on their construction, either mono-filament or multi-filament and also whether they are made from natural or synthetic materials. Sutures can also be classified according to their usage e.g. cardiovascular sutures, ophthalmic sutures, general sutures, orthopaedic sutures etc. Common problems associated with the choice of suture material include increased risk of infection, foreign body reactions, and inappropriate mechanical responses, particularly decreases in mechanical properties over time. Improved suture materials are therefore needed. As a high- performance material with excellent tensile strength, spider silk fibres are an extremely promising candidate for use in surgical sutures. However, the biochemical behaviour of individual silk fibres braided together has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we characterise the inflammatory response produced from silk sutures and absorbance time.

KIVP-1 Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri pada Susu Mastitis Subklinis di Balai Besar Pelatihan Peternakan Batu

Reni Indrawati — 2018-10-29

Mastitis subklinis merupakan penyakit yang berpengaruh besar dalam peternakan sapi perah, diantaranya adalah terjadinya penurunan produksi dan kualitas susu. Ada dua jenis mastitis yaitu, mastitis kontagiosa dan mastitis karena faktor lingkungan. Mastitis kontagiosa terjadi karena penularan dari sapi ke sapi. Penyakit ini sering berbentuk mastitis subklinis, sebagian besar bakteri peyebab mastitis kontagiosa adalah Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus agalactiae [3]. Sedangkan mastitis karena faktor lingkungan terjadi karena penularan dari lingkungan ke sapi. Angka kejadian mastitis meningkat seiring dengan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk. Sebagian besar bakteri penyebab mastitis jenis ini adalah bakteri coliform, Streptococcal sp. dan Psedomonas sp. [3]. Pada mastitis subklinis sering tidak terdeteksi oleh peternak karena tidak terlihat perubahan pada susu maupun ambing. Untuk mendeteksi penyakit mastitis subklinis ini dapat menggunakan California Mastitis Test (CMT). Deteksi dini terhadap mastitis subklinis dan bakteri penyebabnya akan mempermudah dalam penanganan penyakit ini.

KIVP-2 Profile Fosfor Dan Kalsium Darah Pada Kasus Kepincangan Sapi Peranakan Frisien Holstein (PFH) di Balai Besar Pelatihan Peternakan (BBPP) Batu

Widya Ayu Prasdini — 2018-10-29

Masalah kepincangan pada sapi perah merupakan masalah kesejahteraan ternak dan produktivitas. Kepincangan dapat menurunkan produksi susu, menurunkan kesuburan dan pemusnahan ternak (1). Salah satu faktor penyebab kepincangan pada sapi ialah kekurangan unsur mineral kalsium dan fosfor. Kalsium dan fosfor penting sebagi bahan pembentuk tulang, gigi dan penyeimbang asam dan basa dalam tubuh. Kalsium membantu proses keratinisasi dan kornifikasi serta aktivasi epidermal transglutaminasae (TG) yang aktif dalam hubungan silang dari serat keratin amplop sel dan terlibat dalam diferensiasi terminal sel epidermis. Ketidakcukupan kalsium dapat menyebabkan lapisan epidermis kuku menjadi lunak dan terjadi peradangan (2). Peradangan pada bagian kuku sapi memiliki korelasi dengan kejadian kepincangan pada sapi (3). Untuk kecukupan mineral kalsium dan fosfor dalam darah didapat dari pemberian ransum pakan yang seimbang. (4).

KIVP-3 Pengamatan Performa Pada Sapi FH Jantan yang Diberi Suplementasi Mineral Zinc

Sus Derthi Widhyai — 2018-10-29

Permintaan dunia terhadap protein hewani sangat besar dan terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Kebutuhan yang meningkat tidak dibarengi dengan kemampuan penyediaan protein hewani yang cukup sehingga sebagian besar dipenuhi melalui import. Pemenuhan protein dalam negeri diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas maupun kuantitas daging melalui perbaikan mutu nutrisi sehingga mampu bersaing dengan pihak luar. Salah satu sumber protein hewani selain dari ternak potong, adalah memanfaatkan sapi jantan dari sapi perah FH. Oleh karena itu ternak jantan dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani dalam upaya untuk penyediaan pangan asal ternak. Pembangunan peternakan diarahkan agar produk ternak dalam negeri mampu bersaing dengan produk ternak impor dalam rangka memantapkan ketahanan pangan nasional. Mineral Zn dilaporkan mampu memperbaiki skor marbling karkas [1]. Hal ini penting untuk memperbaiki kualitas karkas daging sebagai sumber protein hewani. Belum banyak informasi tentang efek suplementasi Zn terhadap pertambahan bobot badan terutama pada sapi FH jantan. Oleh karena itu pengamatan tentang suplementasi Zn terhadap performa (bobot badan) pada sapi FH jantan perlu dilakukan.

KIVP-4 Studi Kasus: Babesiosis pada Anjing Doberman (Borna)

Agus Wijaya — 2018-10-29

Kejadian babesiosis pada anjing umumnya disebabkan oleh Babesia canis dan Babesia gibsoni. Babesia canis memiliki ukuran yg lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Babesia gibsoni. Babesia canis memiliki ukuran 4 – 5 um, sedangkan Babesia gibsoni memiliki ukuran 1 – 3 um (Zajac & Conboy, 2011). Babesia sp menginfeksi anjing dalam bentuk sporozoid yang terdapat dalam saliva caplak ketika caplak menggigit inang. Sporozoid akan berpenetrasi dalam RBC dan akan mengalami fase parasitic dalam RBC. Sporozoid yg telah masuk dalam RBC disebut tropozoid. Tropozoid dalam RBC akan mengalami pembelahan biner menjadi merozoid. Bersamaan dengan lisis eritrosit, merozoit akan menginfeksi eritrosit yg lainnya (Chauvin et al. 2009).

Gejala klinis yg muncul akibat infeksi Babesia sp antara lain: lemas, tidak nafsu makan, demam, anemia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, ikhterus, diare, muntah, melena, dan gagal ginjal (Barr & Bowman 2006).

Pengobatan Babesiosis pada anjing (B. gibsoni) dg menggunakan Clindamycin 25 mg/kg BB, per oral 2x per hari selama 14 hari dapat secara bertahap menurunkan tingkat parasitemia dan menyebabkan perubahan morfologi yg diindikasikan adanya degenerasi parasit misalnya, segmentasi, penurunan ukuran, kerusakan inti / nucleus sel, penurunan atau tidak terlihatnya sitoplasma (Wulansari R. dkk, 2003).

KIVP-5 Studi Kasus Dugaan Kejadian Ikterus pada Kuda G3

Kaela Natalia — 2018-10-29

Ikterus (jaundice) seringkali didefinisikan sebagai hiperbilirubinemia dan deposisi pigmen empedu pada kulit, membran mukosa, dan sclera. Kuda memiliki warna rambut yang beragam dan pigmen kulit, sehingga ikterus tidak selalu terlihat pada kulit, kecuali pada kasus hiperbilirubinemia parah pada individu yang kekurangan pigmen kulit atau memiliki leukoderma pada sekitar vulva dan muzzle. Differensial diagnosa dari ikterus menjadi rumit karena kuda merupakan salah satu hewan unik diantara spesies umum lainnya yang mengakibatkan ikterus pada kondisi anoreksia. Ikterus yang ditemukan pada kasus anoreksia bersifat sementara dan ringan dan kembali normal dengan cepat ketika kuda kembali memiliki nafsu makan yang normal. Kondisi ikterus ringan yang mengiringi kondisi anoreksia secara biokimia disertai pula dengan adanya bilirubin yang tidak terkonjugasi. Ikterus yang tampak akan relevan secara patologis terhadap kasus hepatopathy dan penyakit hemolitik (Robinson 2009).

Ikterus dapat terlihat secara klinis jika total bilirubin melebihi batas tertentu. Menurut Meyer (1992), kadar bilirubin normal adalah antara 0.19 mg/dL hingga 2mg/dL dengan catatan bahwa ikterus dan kolestasis tidak sama. Ikterus hanya berarti terdapat bilirubin yang cukup tinggi untuk dapat tampak pada membran mukosa dan dapat menyebabkan kolestasis atau sebab lain dari hiperbilirubinemia. Pada anemia hemolitik tentu saja hiperbilirubinemia dapat terjadi tanpa ada ikterus yang tampak. Pada kuda, ikterus bisa juga tampak sebagai hasil dari digesti normal pigmen karoten pada rumput dan hay, kondisi puasa, dan anoreksia baik partial maupun keseluruhan, gangguan hati, atau hemolisis (Eades 2009).

KIVP-6 Case Report: Seroprevalensi Tuberkulosis Menggunakan Uji Tuberkulin Kulit Mammalian Old Tuberculine (MOT) pada Macaca fascicularis Hasil Penyitaan Topeng Monyet

Mariana Kresty Ferdinandez — 2018-10-31

Di Indonesia, salah satu atraksi populer di masyarakat yang menggunakan monyet ekor panjang adalah atraksi Topeng Monyet. Di Pulau Jawa, topeng monyet juga disebut ledhek kethek. Menurut Cohen (2006) pada era tahun 1980an topeng monyet digunakan mengamen di pasar, perkotaan dan perdesaan diiringi musik tradisional. Kesenian ini melibatkan pawang untuk melatih monyet meniru perilaku manusia, seperti berpakaian, menari dan berdandan. Penonton topeng monyet umumnya adalah anak-anak (Aiai 2015).

Monyet yang digunakan untuk atraksi topeng monyet berpotensi untuk menularkan penyakit zoonosis pada manusia. Penelitian Schillaci et al (2002) menyatakan bahwa monyet yang digunakan untuk atraksi topeng monyet merupakan hewan reservoir untuk virus enzootic simian yang dapat menginfeksi manusia.

Salah satu penyakit lainnya yang bersifat zoonosis dan memiliki resiko ditularkan dari monyet topeng monyet adalah penyakit tuberkulosis. Tuberkulosis (TBC) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri tahan asam yaitu Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Untuk mengetahui status infeksi tuberkulosis dari individu primata, salah satu metode pemeriksaan yang disetujui oleh Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) dan Center for Disease Control (CDC) adalah metode pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan uji tuberculin kulit pada hewan dalam tahapan karantina. Uji tuberculin kulit yang dapat digunakan yaitu mamalian old tuberculin (mot), bovine purified protein derivates (bovine ppd) dan avian purified protein derivates ( avian ppd) (Lecu et al 2013).

KIVP-7 Perangkat Mikrofluidik dari Katun untuk Analisa Semi-kuantitatif dalam Menunjang Diagnosa Cepat di Dunia Kedokteran Hewan

Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum — 2018-11-02

Diagnosa cepat merupakan hal yang menjadi tuntutan dalam dunia medis saat ini. Perangkat diagnostik cepat dikembangkan guna membantu proses diagnosa segera diperoleh agar tindakan yang cepat dan tepat pada pasien dapat segera dilakukan (Castellote et al. 2003). Perangkat diagnostik cepat juga dikembangkan untuk tujuan penapisan dalam suatu populasi hewan untuk memantau kejadian suatu penyakit (Yetisen et al. 2013). Perangkat diagnosa cepat umumnya sangat sederhana, mudah digunakan tidak memerlukan peralatan khusus, harga relatif terjangkau, proses perolehan hasil langsung terbaca dalam hitungan menit (Bissonnette & Bergeron 2010). Teknologi diagnostik cepat sangat membantu tenaga medis untuk mendapatkan hasil sebelum uji lanjut melalui uji laboratorium. Uji laboratorium standar umumnya berlangsung dalam waktu yang relatif lama sehingga proses penyakit tidak dapat segera terdiagnosa dengan cepat. Proses penegakan diagnosa dalam dunia kedokteran hewan dengan jumlah spesies yang lebih banyak dari dunia medis kedokteran manusia memiliki tantangan yang lebih besar dengan keunikan tersendiri (Lewis & Klausner 2003). Tren perkembangan saat ini, perangkat diagnostik dikembangkan dengan tujuan pemantauan mandiri bagi klien dari rumah sebelum pasien dibawa ke klinik atau rumah sakit untuk ditangani oleh dokter hewan (Yager et al. 2008). Tulisan ini membahas sekilas tentang perangkat diagnostika cepat berbasis mikrofluida (mikrofluidik) yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam dunia kedokteran hewan guna menunjang percepatan proses penegakan diagnosa.