Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antibacterial Activities of Terminalia bellerica Seed Extracts in Various Solvent Polarities

Abstract

Terminalia bellerica is well-known for producing edible fruits with pharmacotherapeutic properties. Traditional healers use these species to treat and control diabetes mellitus, its side effects, and other illnesses. Involved in this disease's pathophysiological process, extensive research has been conducted to validate and comprehend these bioactive claims scientifically. This research aims to ascertain the bioactive metabolite contents of different solvent polarities, including ethyl acetate, hexane, distilled water, and methanol. The phenol concentration was determined using the Follin-Ciocalteu procedure to be between 23.45 and 160.41 mg GAE/g. The aluminum chloride colorimetric technique measured flavonoid concentration from 88.52 to 7.12 mg QE/g. The quantitative values of tannic acid, which spanned from 0.78 to 5.32 mg TAE/g, were determined by spectrophotometry UV-VIS. The extracts' capacity to reduce free radical damage ABTS (2, 2' azinobis (3-ethylbenzene-thiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was examined. The extract ethyl acetate exhibited the most significant level of antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values for DPPH and ABTS of 28.17 and 22.22 g/ml, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (23 mm) and  were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activity in a methanol extract (21 mm). In vitro, antidiabetic activities were assessed using α-glucoside and α-amylase inhibition. The ethyl acetate extract has α-glucoside inhibition IC₅₀ of 23.04 g/ml and α-amylase inhibition IC₅₀ of 25.35 g/ml. T. bellerica seed includes secondary metabolites that show promise as lead chemicals in creating potent medications.