Transmigration program has been done for many years. However, many transmigration sites are identified as underdeveloped, especially in upland farm transmigration site laboured with food crops. The main constraint for such development relates with the limit of upland resource in supporting plant growth. The upland resources is generally marginal in physical properties (undulating, wavy and hilly topography); the poor quality in land clearing which cause removal upper layer and loss of organic matter; relatively high rainfall intensity which causes the high erosivity. Such degradation has caused accumulation of problem for farmer. This research in erosion is done in order to know the strategy needed to be done. This research is done in Rantau Pandan SP 1 as case study. Several methods have been applied to determine 1) the amount of erosions 2) the permissible erosion, 3) the spatial pattern of erosion,and 4) the soil conservation action.
One of the important factors for the management activity at Salak Mountain is the presence of Salak Mountain’s vegetation classification, which until recently has never been done. The research objectives were to classify the variety of vegetation types at Salak Mountain. Vegetation sampling was made with systematic sampling with random start. Vegetation type at alliance level was determined with vegetation ordination. Three vegetation alliances can be extracted from the ordination. These alliances are Shcima walichii-Pandanus punctatus/ Cincora sinensis forest alliance; Glocidion apus-Mallotus blumeana/Chima sinensis forest alliance; and Pinus merkusii-Dysoxiylum arborescens/Dysoxiylum dichotoma forest alliance. Vegetation alliances are forming mainly because of their similarity in their structure, composition, and physiognomy of vegetation. The abiotic factors that consistently differentiate alliance 1 with the other alliances are N total, dust content of the soil, and slope. P soil’s content is the abiotic factor that consistently differentiates alliance 2 with the other alliances, while C organic soil’s content and cation exchange capacity of the soil are the abiotic factors that consistently differentiate alliance 3 with the other alliances. There are five vegetation association at allinace 1, six alliance 2 and seven at alliance 3. Each dominant spesies has uniquely preference to abiotic factor in their distribution at Gunung Salak. Stand structures of alliance 1 and 3 forming J reverse curve.
Palm oil contains carotenoid about 500-700 ppm. Epidemiology study showed that carotenoids are beneficial for health, but most of carotenoids are destructed and loss during purification of palm oil, so need to be modified to minimize the loss and destruction of carotenoids. One of the methods was to use NaOH to neutralize free fatty acid after degumming step. The aim of this research was to determine optimum condition of deacidification process of palm oil to minimize the destruction of carotenoids. This research used Central Composite Design (CCD). Response surface model was applied to see influence of treatment to rendemen, free fatty acid and carotenoids contents of neutralized palm oil (NPO) with three variables of temperature, time, and consentration of NaOH. This research showed the optimum condition of deacidification process of palm oil to minimize the destruction of carotenoids, i.e. temperature of 59oC, time 25 minutes, and NaOH 11.1% (16oBe). In this condition the content of NPO was 95%, with 0.16% of free fatty acid and total carotenoids of 390 ppm.
The purpose of this research is to built a water quality model which explains DO-BOD responsse as the effect of organic loading by hydrodynamic behavior, chemical and biological processes in the stream which are developed mathematically from reoxygenation rate (ka), deoxygenation rate (kd), photosynthesis and respiration, sediment oxygen demand (SOD) that are got from laboratory analysis and direct measuring in the field. The research was done in laboratory using standard method and also done in field when rainy and dry season. Parameters that were measured are water temperature, pH, BOD, DO, discharge, velocity, and water depth. Based on the research, DO-BOD responsse observation has a same tendency with the result of model.
Integrated crop-livestock systems program with special reference to rice field and beef cattle is a potential alternative to support the development of agriculture sector in Indonesia. The implementation on this integrated program was to enhance rice production and productivity through a system involving beef cattle with its goal on increasing farmers’ income. The impact of integrated crop- livestock systems program to household economy farmers was studied in order to identify factors influencing behavior of farmer’s decision-making along with its interrelation between factors. Impact of changes due to the external policy options was also assessed and farmer’s characteristics were described descriptively. Five districts in the province of DIY, Central Java and East Java with 274 farmers were purposively used in the study. Simultaneous equations model with two SLS method was used to estimate the parameter, followed by the non-linear simulation approach. The results show that most of the explanatory variables significantly affected to its endogenous variables. Rice production is responsive to harvested land area which influenced by its volume of input rice derived demand. The volume of its input derived demand also influences cattle and compost production. Family labor utilization for rice and cattle production and their time allocation on non-farm and off farm jobs are related to each other. Input price of rice and live cattle are affected to their derived demand function. Rice consumption is responsive to its price which the lower the price, the higher its consumption. Credit on crops farm that has to be paid by farmers is also responsive and positively related to its commercial credit rate. Effect of a 10 percent increase on output and input price of production rice, cattle and compost will increase their production; hence will also increase farmers’ income and the expenditures. This will apply to farmers that involved in a program of integrated crop-livestock systems. On the other hand, alternative policy of combination between a 10 percent increase of output price along with 5 percent increase on its input price yield in the increasing production for farmers that are not involved in the crop-livestock systems program, hence will also increase the income.
Key words: household economics, simulation analysis, crop-livestock systems
The research aims to find out the existence and the most dominant rotifera in coastal territorial waters and estuaries in North Sulawesi, and their relationship with temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients. The research was conducted in Manembo-nembo, Minanga, Wori, and Tumpaan. Identification of rotifera revealed three species of rotifera from all locations, i.e. Brachionus rotundiformis, Brachionus caudatus, and Brachionus quadridentatus, with abundance value of 1984.4 ind/m3; 26.1 ind/m3; and 212.9 ind/m3 respectively. Result of analysis indicates that abundance of those three rotifera are significantly different both between locations and sampling sites. The abundance of B. rotundiformis in Manembo-nembo and Minanga is higher compared to those in Wori and Tumpaan. The abundance of B. caudatus is higher in Manembo-nembo and Minanga compared to those in Wori and Tumpaan. The abundance of B. quadridentatus is also different from the other two species, the abundance is sifnificantly different in Minanga compared to those in Manembo-nembo and Tumpaan, but is not significantly different with those from Wori. The highest abundance of B. rotundiformis was found in brackishwater pond and the lowest was in coastal area.
Space truss is a three dimensional structure, which can draw forces work on its member either tension or compression without torsion. Space truss is favorable to build a large, light and stiff structure, which are made from relatively short bars. This research is a feasibility study of using bamboo as space truss members. This study focuses on designing bamboo connection, that strong enough for both tension and compression. According to the analysis done, bamboo culm with diameter 4 cm and 6 cm could be use to make space truss member for a simple 3m x 4 m canopy structure. The critical point of failure was on shear, because the shear strength of bamboo observed was only 3.9kg/cm2. Designing with uniform length members of one meter, it’s found that for bamboo of 4 cm and 6 cm in diameter, depth of shear area of 5 cm and 3 cm, respectively, are needed.
