Current Biomedicine

Front Matter Vol 2 No 2

Current Biomedicine — 2024-06-15

https://doi.org/10.29244/currbiomed.2.2.i–iv

In vitro and in vivo effects of curcumin on oral cancer: a systematic review

Fiki Muhammad Ridho — 2024-06-15

Background: Current therapy for oral cancer (OC) patients, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, still have many shortcomings. Therefore, the discovery of natural products to prevent and treat cancer is receiving increasing attention, one of which is curcumin. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a polyphenolic compound found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and has been widely used as a herbal medicine because of its effects on health, one of which is as an anticancer agent. Objective: This study aimed to systematically and comprehensively review and summarize the anticancer effects and mechanisms of action involved of curcumin on OC cells. Methods: A systematic review methodology was employed adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines to review and summarize previous studies published in databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The final results included 14 articles, both in vitro and in vivo studies. Results: Based on several preclinical studies regarding the effects of curcumin on OC cells, we highlight that curcumin has a strong potential in inhibiting OC cells through exerted effects such as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, through inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and angiogenesis, as well as through the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Conclusion: The systematic review presented in this paper concludes that curcumin possesses the potential to inhibit the development of OC cells through several mechanisms of action related to immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory effects, cell proliferation, invasion and migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Acute toxicity test of avocado (Persea americana) oil in mice

Aisya Salsa Bhila — 2024-06-15

Background: Avocado (Persea americana) fruit has a high oil content, so it is widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Objective: This study aims to determine the toxicity of avocado oil in mice using the lethal dose (LD₅₀) method so that it can be used as a reference for further testing. Methods: This study used a total of 20 DDY strain female mice, which were divided into 5 groups: one control group and four treatment groups that were fed with avocado oil with 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg BW doses orally. The mortalities of experimental mice were observed for 14 days after treatment. Other parameters observed in this study were physiological response, body weight, absolute organ weight, and relative organ weight. Results: There was a change in behavior, and the obtained LD₅₀ value was 25.4 g/kg BW. Observation of physiological responses, body weight, absolute organ weights, and relative organ weights showed no significant differences. Conclusion: It was concluded that avocado oil is considered relatively harmless and safe to use.

Optimization of DNA amplification temperature in quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Identification of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Dwi Veni Endarwati — 2024-06-15

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a serious threat to global health. The methods can be used to detect and identify the bacteria is quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In this method, denaturation and extension temperatures are determining factors of success that needs to be optimized. Objective: This study aims to optimize denaturation and extension temperatures in M. tuberculosis DNA amplification. Methods: The research used quasi-experimental design. The denaturation temperature optimized were 93, 94, 95, 96, and 97°C, and the extension temperature optimized were 58, 59, 60, 61, and 62°C. The test sample was a 1 ml sputum sample isolated from a patient with isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis. Optimization was performed using seven test primers, namely S315T, S315N, S315I, S315R, S315G, S315L, and R463B with the katG gene target and data analysis using Ms Excel. Data optimization results were processed with Excel by taking the lowest Ct value. Results: The results showed that the optimization temperatures for denaturation were different for each primer used. Primers S315T, S315R, and S315G, optimal with denaturation temperature of 96°C, primer S315N optimal with 94°C, primers S315I and R463B optimal with 93°C, and for primer S315L optimal with 95°C, with the most widely used temperature is 96°C. The optimal extension temperature was 58°C for primers S315T, S315N, S315I, and R463B, at 60°C for primers S315R and S315G, and at 61°C for primer S315L. Conclusion: The optimal denaturation temperature in this study was 96°C and the optimal extension temperature was 58°C.

The effect of reusing formaldehyde fixative solution on the quality of histopathological slides and the amount of waste produced

Zon Hardi — 2024-06-15

Background: Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) 10% fixative solution is widely used in histopathological slides. The fixation process generates liquid waste of NBF 10% and solid waste of tissue remnants. Objective: The research aimed to assess the reuse of NBF 10% fixative solution on the quality of histopathological slides and calculate the amount of waste produced. Methods: Treatments included single-use of fixative solution (control), reuse for 1, 2, and 3 times. Ten sample slides were prepared for each treatment, consisting of intestinal tissue, uterine fibroids, prostate, uterus, ovarian cyst, portio vaginalis cervicis, thyroid, rectum, breast fibroadenoma, and gallbladder tissues. Tissues were fixed with NBF 10% and processed histologically with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Liquid waste of NBF 10% and solid waste of tissue remnants were quantified. Histopathological slide quality was measured under a microscope for nuclear and cytoplasmic clarity, staining intensity, and color uniformity. Results: Control slides exhibited good quality with clearly blue-stained nuclei, pink cytoplasm, no color accumulation, and uniform staining across fields of view. Reused NBF 10% slides experienced a decrease in quality compared to the control but were still usable for diagnosis. Slides reused 2 and 3 times showed poor quality, making diagnosis difficult. Fixation resulted in 299.0 liters of liquid waste of NBF 10% and 64.9 kilograms of solid tissue remnants. Conclusion: Reusing NBF 10% decreases histological slide quality, though reuse once still allows for diagnosis. Reusing 10% NBF for tissue fixation can reduce the liquid waste of fixative solution and solid tissue waste.

Concentration and purity of DNA extraction with sonication and spin column methods from the sputum sample of tuberculosis patient

Fitrianingsih Saputra — 2024-06-15

Background: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method can identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a sputum sample of a patient with TB (TB). One crucial step to ensure accurate PCR results is the DNA extraction process. Objective: The research aims to compare the concentration and purity of DNA from the sputum of TB patients using ultrasound and spin column extraction techniques. Methods: The research uses descriptive study designs with post-only design strategies. The primary data was derived from 18 sputum specimens from TB patients. Concentration measurement and DNA purity testing using a nanodrop spectroscopic photometer. Results: DNA extraction by ultrasound method has an average concentration of 18.9 ± 8.5 ng/L, with a peak of 37.6 ng/ L. The spin column method produces an average of 55.5 ± 27.9 ng/μL; the peak is 105.0 ng/ μL. The purity value of the DNA extract is in the range of 1.8 ± 2.0 with the ultrasound method of 61% and the spin column of 78%. Conclusion: The sonication method has a lower average concentration and a higher percentage of purity than the spin column method, and there are differences in concentrations and purity values between the two methods.

Goblet cell hypertrophy in small intestines of free-range chicken in Jakarta traditional market infected with cestode worms

Monica Silva Jerica — 2024-06-15

Background: Free-range chickens are one of the animal protein needs people often look for. Maintaining free-range chickens with a free cage system predisposes them to infection with gastrointestinal parasites. Objectives: This study aims to determine epithelial cell changes and hypertrophy of digestive tract goblet cells in free-range chicken infected naturally with Raillietina spp. worms. Methods: This study used seven archival slides of small intestine histopathology of free-range chicken infected with cestode worms. Small intestines of free-range chicken samples were taken from two markets: Pluit market in North Jakarta and Kebayoran Lama market in South Jakarta. Results: Histopathological observations on intestinal slides found desquamation of villous epithelium and proliferation of crypt cells caused by cestode worm infection. The highest number of hypertrophied goblet cells was found in slide samples from the Kebayoran Lama market, South Jakarta. However, it did not have a significant different (p>0.05) in cestode infection. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the desquamation of villi and an increase goblet cell hypertrophy occur due to cestode worm infection in the small intestinal mucosa of free-range chicken.

Back Matter Vol 2 No 2

Current Biomedicine — 2024-06-15

https://doi.org/10.29244/currbiomed.2.2.v–ix