Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia (JIPI) or Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the open access journal and accredited by KEMENDIKBUDRISTEK Nomor 158/E/KPT/2021, 27th Dec 2021 as Sinta 2 of Indonesian journal accreditation level (until volume 31 issue 1 2026). The journal publishes four times a year in Januari, April, July, and October. The publisher is Directorate of Research and Innovation (DRI), IPB University, Indonesia. Articles of the journal cover research results in agricultural practices and sciences such as agronomy, soil sciences, pest and disease of zoological and medicinal veterinary, agricultural engineering, industrial technology, food technology, the science of nutrition, family and consumers, biometry, biology, climatology, livestock, fisheries and marine science, health care and the environment, forestry, and socioeconomic agriculture. Information on equipment, observation, and techniques the experiment will be accepted as articles notes.
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Application of Maggot-based Chitosan for Edible Coating on Cut Papaya (Carica papaya L.)
Minimally processed papaya fruits are susceptible to postharvest losses due to Colletotrichum sp. infection during storage, necessitating additional postharvest treatments such as putting an edible coating to the surface to minimize microbial growth and weight loss. Exuviae from Hermetia illucens maggots, which are rarely utilized, contain chitin, which can be converted into chitosan. It also possesses antibacterial properties, making it a viable candidate for edible coatings on papaya fruits. There are various approaches for using edible coating processes. Two of these are spray and immersion methods. In this study, the antifungal activity of synthesized chitosan was tested against Colletotrichum sp. and applied as an edible coating to sliced papaya fruit via spray and immersion ways. The effectiveness of the two strategies was compared. The findings revealed that black soldier fly-derived chitosan at varied concentrations (25 to 100 ppm) had antifungal action against the tested fungus. and can be used as an edible coating on sliced papaya fruit. When applied by spray and stored at 10°C, chitosan coating at a concentration of 100 ppm is highly effective in inhibiting Colletotrichum sp. growth and fruit weight loss, extending its shelf life by more than 20 days. Keywords: chitosan, Colletotrichum sp., cut papaya, edible coating
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimized Microwave-Assisted Blanching of Fresh Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Research was conducted to discover the ideal microwave blanching parameters for producing high-quality tomatoes. The experiment employed response surface methodology (RSM) with Box Behnken Design (BBD) and consisted of 17 treatments; each treatment combination was tested in duplicate. The independent variables were power (W) (X1), time (sec) (X2), and blanching water (mL) (X3). The experimental results were analyzed using ANOVA, and the optimization process was carried out and verified. The best treatment outcomes were obtained using a combination of 200 W power, 120 sec duration, and 450 mL of blanching water. After validation, the optimal yield response was 100.01%, with total soluble solids at 3.6 ºBrix, vitamin C at 154 mg/100 g, and total tomato carotene at 3.3 mg/100 g. Overall, these data have a 95% confidence interval ranging from low to high. Keywords: blanching, microwave-assisted, optimization, response surface methodology, tomatoes
Copyright (c) 2025 Sigit Arya Putra, Andi Eko Wiyono, Miftahul Choiron, Muhammad Luthfi Nashiruddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microorganism Formulation in Talcum and Molasses for the Organic Waste Biodrying Process
The growing amount of waste needs the employment of ecologically friendly technologies to reduce the likelihood of environmental hazards. Biodrying is a bioenergy processing technique that uses waste to minimize water content while increasing calorific value and temperature, indicating its potential as a renewable energy source. The purpose of this study was to apply a microbial consortia formulation containing talc and molasses to the biodrying process of organic waste, to assess the effect of carrier materials on biodrying performance, and to identify the ideal period for the process. The microbial consortium used included Bacillus thuringiensis SAHA 12.12, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IN05, Rhizobium sp. RIKG, Saccharomyces cerevisiae L1, Streptomyces sp. A4J, and Trichoderma sp. T2J, all of which were from the IPB Microbiology Laboratory collection. The use of a microbial consortium showed an impact on the measurable results of biodrying organic waste, such as calorific value, water content, and weight reduction. Molasses formulation can boost biodrying efficiency (0.57), calorific value (118−129%), water content (56%), weight loss (34.5%), C/N ratio (32%), and higher temperatures when compared to other carrier materials. Inclusion of talc gives a longer shelf life than molasses. As a result, a molasses-based formulation has the potential to improve biodrying efficiency, while talc can extend the shelf life of the microbial community. Keywords: biodrying, microbial consortium, molasses, organic waste, talc.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nisa Rachmania Mubarik, Professor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Interaction between Hg and N on Ex-gold Mining Soil
Mercury (Hg) contamination poses a major hazard to ecosystems because it alters plant physiology, biochemistry, and metabolism. The impact is a competition for plant absorption space between Hg and nutrients (such as nitrogen) in the soil and plant system. The goal of this research was to quantitatively examine the interplay between mercury and nitrogen in ex-gold mining soil in Dharmasraya, West Sumatra. This study used a survey method to assess the diversity of ex-gold mining areas owned by each region (area and mining spots) at depths ranging from 0−20 cm to 20−40 cm, with three (Tebing Tinggi at spot 1 and Gunung Medan) to five (Tebing Tinggi at spot 2, Sikabau, and Koto Padang) replicates and a total of 54 samples. The ex-gold mining soil at Dharmasraya, has low fertility levels, including pH (4.03), CEC [7.15 cmol(+) kg−1], OC (0.04% C), and total N (0.09% N), as well as a very high Hg content of 4.18 mg kg−1. The interaction between mercury and nitrogen was non-significant at the 0.01 (2-tailed) level, with r = 0.167 and a linear equation y = 3.2164x + 3.8849; R² = 0.0276, indicating that mercury does not compete with N nutrients in ex-gold mining soil. However, the release of N by vegetation decomposition (OM-N) through the process of mineralization of C, as evidenced by the positive correlation between N and organic C (r = 0.645** with linear equation y = 0.5445x - 0.0115; R² = 0.4153), and also the release of Hg, which is absorbed from OM-N, as evidenced by the positive correlation between Hg and OC (r = 0.417** with linear equation y = 0.0182x − 0.0379; R² = 0.1744). Keywords: Dharmasraya, ex-gold mining soil, mercury, nitrogen
Copyright (c) 2025 AMSAR MAULANA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Actor-Network Dynamics in the Use of Carettochelys insculpta Eggs in South Papua: A Social Network Analysis Approach
Carettochelys insculpta, a freshwater turtle with ecological importance in riverine systems and cultural value for local populations in South Papua, Indonesia, is the only remaining member of the Carettochelyidae family. Despite its protected status, egg collection is unsustainable and illegal due to poor governance ability and fragmented stakeholder cooperation. This study employed social network analysis to evaluate the interactions between egg harvesting and trade actors and suggest potential intervention locations. Egg collectors had the highest degree centrality, indicating extensive direct linkages; government players had strong proximity and betweenness centrality, uniting otherwise disparate groups; and brokers with high eigenvector centrality-controlled trade indirectly via links with other major actors. Modularity analysis revealed three actor clusters with stronger internal than external relationships, whereas MR-QAP results indicated non-random patterns driven by institutional linkages. Limitations include the extent of actor coverage, since peripheral stakeholders may not be fully represented, despite confirmation through literature and focus group discussions. Technical assistance for egg collectors, increased collaboration among actor groups, and regulatory measures that are consistent with traditional practices are among the recommendations made. The approach establishes a framework for integrating social and spatial data to detect governance gaps and prioritize solutions in species use management. Keywords: centrality metrics, cnservation strategy, ranching initiatives, turtle egg harvesting, wildlife use
Copyright (c) 2026 Purnama Graha, Richard Gatot Nugroho Triantoro, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, Syartinilia Syartinilia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Land Cover Changes in Oil-Spill Affected Area: A Case Study in Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary
An offshore oil spill near Karawang, West Java, in July 2019 caused a considerable impact on the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary, a protected area known for its mangrove ecosystems, which provide crucial habitat for waterbirds in Jakarta Bay. The purpose of this study was to map and quantify land cover types on Rambut Island, as well as examine land cover changes three years after the spill, with a focus on mangrove dynamics. Land cover categorization was performed using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method applied to remote sensing data from SPOT-6 and SPOT-7 satellite photos for 2019, 2020, and 2021. Ground truthing and drone imagery were used to validate categorization results, and accuracy was determined using the Kappa statistics. All classes had strong levels of agreement, with Kappa values of 85.66%, 81.40%, and 82% in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Four types of land cover were identified: mangroves, non-mangrove forests, water bodies, and open spaces. Rambut Island has an expected mangrove covering of 18.80 ha in 2019, which increased to 21.15 ha in 2020 before significantly declining to 18.84 ha in 2021. These findings are consistent with field data, in which 12 of 13 MHI (Mangrove Health Index) plots were classed as moderate. This data implies that the 2019 oil spill did not result in a significant or long-term loss in mangrove area on Rambut Island. Keywords: mangrove, maximum likelihood, oil spill, Rambut Island, SPOT-6/7
Copyright (c) 2026 Anindya Putri Dewanti, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Ani Mardiastuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Population, Nest Distribution, and Nest Characteristics of Great Egret in Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary, Jakarta Bay
Pulau Rambut, a 45-hectare island in Jakarta Bay, is a major nesting and roosting location for waterbirds, especially the great egret (Ardea alba). This species has faced population constraints due to habitat loss, oil spills, and waste. Bio-ecological data on this species has been lacking. The purpose of this study was to quantify population size, analyze nest tree distribution, investigate nesting associations, and describe nest and egg features during the peak breeding season (March–April 2025). The birds were counted in the morning when they flew away and, in the evening, when they returned to the island. Nest trees were mapped, and nest tree attributes were assessed on trees discovered throughout the search. Field observations revealed an estimated 135 great egrets, mostly on the island's eastern side. Nests were mostly found in the uppermost canopy of Rhizophora mucronata (average height 13.8±2.3 m; diameter 20.0±7.1 cm; n = 19) and Rhizophora stylosa. Nests were cup-shaped, twig-based constructions measuring 46.8×38.5 cm with a depth of 42.3 mm. Purple herons (Ardea purpurea) were regularly observed to nest together. The clutch size averaged 2.2 eggs per nest (range: 1−4; mode: 2). The eggs were oval, pale blue-green, and averaged 50.9×35.8 mm in size, weighing 35.9±6.3 g (n = 19). These data represent the first thorough bio-ecological baseline for great egrets on Pulau Rambut. Conservation and restoration of mangrove ecosystems, particularly R. mucronata, is critical for sustaining great egret breeding numbers and minimizing future population decreases in the sanctuary. Keywords: Ardea alba, nest characteristics, Rhizophora mucronata, waterbird
Copyright (c) 2026 Sekar Wilis Sudarsono, Ani Mardiastuti, Yeni Aryati Mulyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agromorphological and Physicochemical Characteristics of F8 Rice Lines Derived from IR64 × Nagdong Cross
The amylose content of rice influences its taste and texture. Large-scale imports suit the community's demand for low-amylose rice. The Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Jember has a Japonica plant breeding line that crosses local rice types, specifically IR64, to generate stable progeny. However, it lacks several agromorphological and physicochemical investigations. Agromorphological characteristics include plant height, number of tillers, number of seeds per panicle, weight of 100 grains, and The Agrotechnology Laboratory at the University of Jember conducted physicochemical tests on amylose concentration, swelling power, gel consistency, and gelatinization temperature. The findings revealed that all observation variables were significantly different, except for plant height and gel consistency. The plant's height was the same as its parent, semi-dwarf; the number of tillers was medium to good; the number of seeds per panicle was 103−108; and the weight of 100 grains was 2.877−3.265 g. Each strain had a low amylose content ranging from 13.87% to 15.85%, a swelling power of 6.61% to 8.93%, a soft gel consistency, and a gelatinization temperature of less than 60°C. Keywords: agromorphology, amylose, physicochemical, IR64
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Irfandi Burhanuddin, Elvina Azaria Fatimah, Mohammad Ubaidillah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Potassium Permanganate on Physicochemical Quality Attributes of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fresh Fruit Bunches
The physical and chemical properties of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) determine the quality of crude palm oil (CPO). The damage to the palm oil fruit accelerates the hydrolysis process, increasing the free fatty acid (FFA) content while decreasing the oil concentration. Damage is caused by the fruit's postharvest procedure, such as transportation time to the manufacturer and collection delays. The processing latency must be appropriate so that FFB damage can be reduced with potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of KMnO4 on the physical and chemical properties of palm oil FFB, as well as the relationship between the observed variables. The FFB samples were taken from the IPB-Cargill Palm Oil Teaching Farm in Jonggol Bogor, Indonesia. This study employed a randomized complete block design. The experiment included four different concentrations of KMnO4 (0%, 0,025%, 0,050%, and 0,075%). Each treatment was reproduced three times. The results showed that using KMnO4 could preserve the physical quality of palm oil fruit in terms of weight loss, fruit fall, respiration rate, and microbiological content. The chemical quality of fruit is determined by its moisture content and FFA concentration. The optimal KMnO4 concentration was 0.075%. The correlation analysis results show that the observed variables have a positive association. Variables with a strong relationship included weight loss and fruit fall, weight loss and several microbes, weight loss and number of microbes, water content and number of microbes, and FFA and number of bacteria. Keywords: crude palm oil, fresh fruit bunches, potassium permanganate, weight loss
Copyright (c) 2025 Imelya Ramanis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinant of Household Food Consumption Diversity in Lampung Province
Changing more diverse food patterns and reducing rice consumption were efforts to improve food quality to get superior human resources. The goal of this study was to detect household food consumption diversity in Lampung Province using the Berry Index (BI) and to investigate its determinants. This study utilized secondary data from the 2019 National Social Economic Survey (NSES). The sample size for this study was 9,046 households. The BI technique was utilized to examine household diversity, while linear multiple regression was employed to identify the factors influencing food consumption diversification. The findings revealed that most families were classified as moderately diverse, with an average BI of 0.826. Household food diversity was determined by household income, number of household members, age of head of family, education of head of household and housewife, type of area, gender of household head, and level of welfare. Keywords: Berry Index, diversification, food share, Lampung Province
Copyright (c) 2025 Wuryaningsih Dwi Sayekti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Temperature and Drying Time on the Quality of Red Chili Powder (Capsicum annum L.)
The purpose of this study was to examine how temperature and drying time affect the quality of red chili powder. This study took place from December 6 to 21, 2023, at Almuslim Peusangan-Bireuen University's Mathematics and Natural Sciences Laboratory. This study used factorial RAL. There were two factors studied: temperature (S1 = 50°C, S2 = 60°C, and S3 = 70°C) and drying time (P1 = 5 h, P2 = 6 h, and P3 = 7 h). This study's findings include organoleptic tests, moisture content, and yield. The results showed that the temperature treatment at 70°C had a very significant effect on the moisture content of red chili powder, with a moisture of 7.91% and meeting the SNI requirements for dried chili moisture of 11%, but the treatment had no significant effect on the moisture of red chili, yield, or organoleptic test. The drying time treatment had no significant effect on the moisture content of red chili, the moisture content, the yield, and the organoleptic test; however, the 7-h drying time treatment had the highest percentage of the moisture content of red chili and red chili powder, as well as the lowest yield. The organoleptic test on red chili powder treated at 500°C with a drying time of 7 h had the highest color score, namely 3.68 an average score, and the highest aroma score, namely 3.58 with the category of quite like. Keywords: chili powder, drying time, red chili, temperature
Copyright (c) 2025 nursayuti nursayuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Household Food Security of Copra Processing Farmers in Northeast Wawonii District, Konawe Islands Regency
Food security is a significant priority for the Konawe Islands Regency government. Kendari City, the island's outermost area, serves as the economic center for the inhabitants. The majority of garden or agricultural goods are sold beyond the island, and residents' necessities, such as food and domestic equipment, are met elsewhere. Under these conditions, achieving food security is critical to improving one's quality of life. Most of the Regency's population works as coconut farmers because coconut is a valuable product in this archipelago. This study examined the household food security of copra processing producers in the Northeast Wawonii District. Household food security for copra processing producers on the island was assessed using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The HDDS (Household Dietary Diversity Score) approach was used to assess the diversity of food consumption among the household farmers. Copra processing farmer households in the district had 80% food security. In contrast, they consume rice, fish, oil, sugar, and spices, the majority of which are sourced locally due to the difficulty of accessing markets beyond the island. Keywords: household food insecurity access scale, household dietary diversity score, food security, Konawe Island, Northeast Wawonii
Copyright (c) 2025 sitti Rosmalah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physiological Response and Production of Soybean Plants (Glycine max (L.) Merril) as Affected by Salicylic Acid Application under Drought Stress Conditions
Drought alters plant physiological systems, which has an additional influence on soybean yield. Salicylic acid is a biostimulant that can help plants cope with stress. The study's goal was to examine how salicylic acid foliar spray affected the physiological response and productivity of soybean plants in drought conditions. The study employed soybeans from the Grobogan variety, carried out from August to October 2022 at the Greenhouse and Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang City. The study employed a 3×3 Factorial Complete Randomized Design with three repetitions, yielding 27 experimental units. The first factor was drought stress, which had three levels (80%, 60%, and 40% field capacity). The second factor was the concentration of salicylic acid, which has three levels (0, 0.5, and 1 mM). The parameters measured included leaf chlorophyll, relative water content, stomatal density, number of flowers, fresh pod weight, dry pod weight, and number of seeds. The observation data was statistically analyzed using 5% ANOVA, followed by the Duncan multiple distance test (DMRT). A 40% field capacity drought stress treatment reduced chlorophyll levels a, b, as well as the total number of flowers, fresh pod weight, and dried pod weight. The application of salicylic acid at a dosage of 1 mM increased the fresh weight of the pods. Keywords: drought, physiological response, salicylic acid, soybean
Copyright (c) 2025 Salsabila, Rosyida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Selected Locations for Potato Industry Cultivation in Indonesia using the Weighted Product Method
PT. ABCD, the world's largest potato chip maker, relies on industrial-grade potatoes grown in conjunction with Indonesian farmers. This study addressed the topic of selecting the best subdistrict locations for industrial potato growing by combining agroclimatic and non-agroclimatic variables. The goal was to determine the best cultivation areas based on agroclimatic variables (temperature, rainfall, sunlight duration, cloud cover, radiation, altitude, frost risk) and non-agroclimatic variables (harvested area, production, productivity, logistics, pest and disease incidence, irrigation, production costs, competition, and farmer capability). The Weighted Product (WP) technique was used in the study to assign weights to each criterion and evaluate alternatives through a ranking procedure. Data were gathered from PT ABCD's agroclimatic database (2010−2020) and processed using ArcGIS, supplemented by secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and field surveys. The results identify the ten most suitable subdistricts for industrial potato cultivation as Batur (Banjarnegara, Central Java), Tosari (Pasuruan, East Java), Pasir Wangi (Garut, West Java), Cikajang (Garut, West Java), Sirampog (Brebes, Central Java), Pejawaran (Banjarnegara, Central Java), Bawang (Batang, Central Java), Kayu Aro (Kerinci, Jambi), Pangalengan (Bandung, West Java), and Kejajar. The study shows that the WP technique efficiently incorporates agroclimatic and non-agroclimatic factors in site selection. These findings provide a solid foundation for strategic decision-making in the potato chip sector, helping to identify appropriate cultivation areas to assure long-term supply and competitiveness. Keywords: chip grade, potato cultivation, land evaluation, agroclimatic variables, weighted product method
Copyright (c) 2025 Rio Reyno Elia Elia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Milk Production of Friesian Holstein Cows During the First Month Postpartum as Affected by Depolarized Katuk Supplement
This study included 21 recently calved FH cows divided into three treatment groups: control (P0), depolarized katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaf powder (P1), and depolarized katuk leaf pellet (P2). The study found that the dry matter intake for treatment P0, P1, and P2 were 15.59 ± 0.91 kg, 15.14 ± 1.38 kg, and 16.27 ± 1.28 kg, respectively. Milk production in these three different treatments were 25.91±5.94 L, 23.80±3.42 L, and 32.11±4.75 L, respectively. The dry matter percentage of milk (total solid) in P0 was 21.75±11.67%, P1 was 21.7±0.99%, and P2 was 31.0±10.75%. Depolarized katuk leaves, particularly in pellet form, resulted in much higher milk production than the control group. These data suggest that feeding depolarized katuk leaves as a supplementary feed to FH dairy cows can improve milk supply and quality during the first month of lactation. The inclusion of depolarized katuk leaves, particularly in pellet form, may be a useful technique for increasing dairy cattle productivity and health. Keywords: friesian holstein, depolarized katuk leaves, milk quality, 1-month lactation, milk production
Copyright (c) 2025 Agik Suprayogi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Properties of Bioplastic Straws Made from Arrowroot Starch with Chitosan Additions
The growing environmental impact of plastic waste has sparked the development of alternative biodegradable materials. The purpose of this study is to assess the properties of bioplastic straws manufactured from arrowroot starch with various concentrations of chitosan (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% as a strengthening agent). Arrowroot starch was used for its high amylose content (22.70%), which promotes film formation. The straws were made by blending gelatinized arrowroot starch with dissolved chitosan and glycerol as a plasticizer, then drying and shaping. The resulting bioplastic straws were tested for hardness, solubility, water absorption, biodegradability, and functional groups using FTIR and SEM. The results revealed that increasing the chitosan concentration had a substantial effect on the mechanical and functional qualities of the straws. The formulation with 3% chitosan performed the best in terms of hardness (4.11 N/cm2), moderate solubility (37.55%), excellent water absorption (41.61%), and biodegradation (79.44%). FTIR spectra revealed the interaction of hydroxyl (−OH) groups in starch with amine (−NH2) groups in chitosan, indicating a strong hydrogen bond. SEM scans revealed a tight and uniform surface structure in the 3% treatment, indicating structural integrity. The addition of chitosan effectively increased the straw's water resistance and mechanical strength. This study emphasizes the feasibility of using local agricultural resources to create ecologically friendly bioplastic straws. Keywords: arrowroot starch, biodegradability, bioplastic, chitosan, straw
Copyright (c) 2025 Shinta Mutia Sari, Tuty Anggraini, Fauzan Azima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Farmers’ Risk Behavior in Organic and Inorganic Rice Farming
The purpose of this study was to compare the productivity, income, and risk-taking behaviors of organic and non-organic rice farmers in Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra Province. The study took a descriptive-quantitative approach, surveying 62 rice producers (31 organic and 31 non-organic). The analysis included measures of productivity, income, production, and income risk, as well as a sensitivity analysis to analyze the impact of price and cost changes. The results demonstrate that organic rice productivity (1,924 kg/ha) was lower than non-organic rice (4,668 kg/ha); however, overall net income for organic farming (IDR 32.15 million/ha) was higher than non-organic farming (IDR 27.28 million/ha) due to more stable and higher rice prices. Production and income risks are better managed in organic farming, with lower variation coefficients than in non-organic systems. The sensitivity analysis shows that even with a 20% fall in selling price or a 20% rise in production expenses, organic rice cultivation still earns a profit. Most organic farmers are risk averse, whereas non-organic farmers are more willing to take risks. These data support the claim that organic rice cultivation is more economically viable and environmentally sustainable than conventional systems. Keywords: income, organic rice, risk behavior, sensitivity analysis, sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Fajar Ayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financial Feasibility and Sensitivity of Banana Chips Agroindustry in South Sulawesi
The purpose of this study was to assess the financial feasibility and sensitivity of the banana chips agroindustry at Mappadeceng MSME in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The research was conducted in June 2024 using a case study approach based on primary and secondary data. Financial feasibility was analyzed using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Gross Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C), Net Benefit-Cost Ratio (Net B/C), and Payback Period (PP), followed by sensitivity analysis under adverse business scenarios. The results show that the enterprise is financially feasible, with an NPV of IDR 178,750,000, IRR of 37%, Gross B/C of 1.21, Net B/C of 2.85, and a Payback Period of 6 years and 8 months. The IRR exceeds the prevailing bank interest rate of 10%, indicating strong investment attractiveness. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the business remains feasible under a 15% decrease in sales volume and a 20% increase in raw material prices. However, a 10% reduction in selling price causes the IRR to fall below the benchmark and the B/C ratio to drop below 1, indicating financial vulnerability to price competition. These findings demonstrate that the banana chips agroindustry has solid financial potential but requires effective pricing strategies to maintain long-term sustainability. Keywords: agroindustry, banana chips, financial feasibility, MSMEs, sensitivity
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulkifli -, - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainability of Home Garden Program in Batu City
The home garden program, also known as KRPL (Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari) or P2L (Pekarangan Pangan Lestari), has the potential to boost food security and community welfare in Batu City, East Java Province. This study used a multidimensional approach to assess the program's sustainability, considering social, environmental, and economic elements. The Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method was employed in the study as part of the Rapid Appraisal for Home Garden (RAP-HG) approach. The data was processed using Microsoft Excel software, yielded three key results: sustainability index ordination analysis, Monte Carlo analysis, and leverage analysis. The findings revealed that the social dimension had the highest sustainability index (63.06%), followed by the environmental dimension (59.94%) and the economic dimension (59.80%). Overall, the program's sustainability is rated moderately sustainable. This finding suggests that, while the program has had a positive influence on sustainability, further improvements are required to achieve the highest level, which is highly sustainable. The approach was then developed using a leverage analysis to provide valuable insights for policymakers and program implementers as they construct more sustainable initiatives to improve local food security. Keywords: Batu City, food security, home garden, RAP-HG, sustainability
Copyright (c) 2025 Wara' Geffa Az Zahra, Fitria Dina Riana, Sujarwo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Social Capital in Clove Marketing: A Case Study of Rural South Sulawesi
The purpose of this research was to examine clove marketing channels and the impact of social capital in facilitating marketing processes in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. In-depth interviews were conducted with clove producers, intermediate traders, and wholesalers to obtain data for a qualitative case study. The data was evaluated thematically to identify patterns of trust, reciprocity, and network interaction in the clove marketing system. The findings revealed two major marketing channels: (1) farmers sell wet cloves to intermediary traders, who then distribute the product to wholesalers and industries, and (2) farmers sell dried cloves directly to wholesalers for higher pricing and greater market control. Trust, reciprocal relationships, and adherence to social standards facilitate unsecured capital loans, promote information exchange, and assure compliance with informal agreements. Strong community values, particularly gotong royong (mutual cooperation) and solidarity, enhance the robustness and adaptation of clove marketing systems. The combination of social capital and digital networking enhances access to market knowledge and promotes sustainable marketing practices. The findings highlight the necessity of increasing social capital to improve farmer welfare, increase market efficiency, and create a sustainable marketing framework. Keywords: clove, marketing channels, rural agribusiness, social capital, trust
Copyright (c) 2025 jumiati jumiati, Dr. Nadir, Dr. Akbar, Ardi Rumallang, Dr. Saleh Molla, Ika Fitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Ameliorant and Potassium Fertilizer Applications on the Vegetative Growth of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Var. Bululawang
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a strategic crop in Indonesia's sugar industry, but its productivity fell from 87.40 t/ha in 2022 to 86.40 t/ha in 2023, remaining below the potential yield of the Bululawang variety (94.3 t/ha). This decline was attributed to unsustainable agriculture practices and climate change, which resulted in decreased soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ameliorant and potassium fertilizer combinations on the vegetative growth of sugarcane (Bululawang variety) and identify which treatment was more beneficial. The treatments included seven combinations: P1 (no ameliorant and no K₂O), P2 (4 L/ha ameliorant + 388.8 kg K₂O), P3 (4 L/ha ameliorant + 259.2 kg K₂O), and P4 (4 L/ha ameliorant + 129.6 kg K₂O), P5 (8 L/ha + 388.8 kg K₂O/ha), P6 (8 L/ha + 259.2 kg K₂O/ha), and P7 (8 L/ha + 129.6 kg K₂O/ha) were duplicated four times. The findings revealed that the combination of ameliorant and potassium fertilizer greatly promoted vegetative development, as evidenced by increased root length, root dry weight, number of leaves, plant height, leaf area, number of tillers, stem diameter, and total plant biomass. Treatment P5 provided the highest values for several parameters, however treatment P6 had no significant difference from P5 for certain features, indicating more efficient potassium usage. Keywords: ameliorant, Bululawang Variety, potassium fertilizer, sugarcane, vegetative growth
Copyright (c) 2025 Boby Faris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Solid Decanter-AMF Biostimulation for Oil Palm Nursery Development on Ex-iron Mining Land
This study investigates the impact of decanter solid and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth of oil palm seedlings in pre-nursery on ex-iron ore mining sites. The construction of pits during iron mining has resulted in soil degradation and abandonment. The addition of solid decanter and arbuscular mycorrhiza can improve the chemical characteristics of soil. The study sought to determine the interaction between solid decanter and arbuscular mycorrhiza, as well as the optimal dose of solid decanter and arbuscular mycorrhiza for oil palm seedling growth in the pre-nursery. This study employed a factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors and four treatment levels. The first factor was solid decanter (0, 200, 300, and 450 g), whereas the second was arbuscular mycorrhiza (0, 5, 10, and 15 g/polybag). The parameter studied included initial soil analysis, solid decanter analysis, final soil analysis, seed height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, fresh and dry seedling weights. The study's findings revealed an interaction between solid decanters and arbuscular mycorrhiza on leaf length, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedlings. The treatment dose of 450 g solid decanter and 5 g/polybag arbuscular mycorrhizae resulted in the best growth in all variables. Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizae, fertility, mycorrhiza, pre-nursery
Copyright (c) 2025 Adrinal, Yesi Widia, Elsa Loita Putri, Edwin, Gusmini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Radial Variations in Surface Characteristics of Pine Wood (Pinus merkusii) Modified with Glycerin–Citric Acid
Pine wood (Pinus merkusii) is a native Indonesian softwood species with high commercial value but low natural durability (class IV), limiting its use in outdoor applications. This study modified the pine wood using a 20% glycerin–citric acid solution (1:2 ratio) through impregnation with 7 bar pressure for 48 hours, followed by heat treatment at 150°C for 6 hours, to evaluate surface characteristics in radial variations (from pith to bark). Retention (57.93–85.59 kg/m³) and weight percent gain (WPG, 4.02–7.20%) decreased from pith to bark, corresponding to lower wood density near the pith (0.55 g/cm³) compared to near the bark (0.67 g/cm³). Surface roughness (Ra) varied slightly from fit to bark, however its Ra increased after modification. Surface free energy (SFE) increased significantly from 16.87 near the pith to – 27.35 mJ/m² near the bark. After modification the SFE values varied between 37.16–44.46 mJ/m² from fit to bark. Wettability (K-value) was lower near the pith (0.002) than near the bark (0.007). Glycerin–citric acid modified pine exhibited also a lower wettability values compared to the untreated wood. The surface characteristics of the modified pine wood from fit to bark indicate that its surfaces should be coated by proper varnishes or paints for further development. Keywords: citric acid, glycerin, modification, radial variation, surface characteristics
Copyright (c) 2026 Achmat Syafi'i, Mohammad Rafli Ariyansyah, Dhiyar Luthfan Hamidi, Sartika Sartika, Alia Pratiwi, Ahmad Rabbani Abdussalam, Irsan Alipraja, Wayan Darmawan, Philippe Geradin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Innovative Digital Mapping of Soil Organic Matter Content in Oil Palm Using Image Analysis
The goal of this study is to use image processing technology to map the organic matter content of soil in oil palm plantations. The data set comprises photos of oil palms and bare land, as well as field measurements of pH, humidity, temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong link between picture spectral components (particularly in the blue channel, r = 0.3640) and soil organic matter content. The distribution of organic matter content ranges from 4.5 to 5.5%, with an average of around 5%. The image processing-based predictive model successfully mapped the spatial variation of organic matter content with high accuracy. The mapping results demonstrate spatial variability, which can be exploited to support precision agriculture in oil palm areas. Keywords: soil organic matter, image processing, oil palm, mapping, precision agriculture
Copyright (c) 2025 idaratna nila, Rahmawati, Muhammad Ari Fahril, Sabrian Tri Anda, Rachmad Almi Putra, Fajriani, Afrahun Naziah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Raw Industrial Plant Residue Amendments on Soil Chemical Properties and The Growth of Three Forage Crops
Adding organic matter is required to ensure the availability and sustainability of soil organic matter. Agricultural residues constitute an important part of overall yearly biomass output and a major source of soil organic matter. The purpose of this study was to examine how five distinct industrial plant residue supplements affected soil chemical characteristics as well as the growth of three legume forage crops. The investigation was carried out over two growing seasons in the Field Crops Department's Greenhouse at Selçuk University in Turkey. The study used a Factorial RCBD design with two factors and four replications. The first factor was composed of industrial plant leftovers, which included control (soil only), wheat bran, cottonseed oilcake, sunflower seed oilcake, rapeseed oilcake, and soybean oilcake. The second factor was fodder crop species, which included forage pea, common vetch, and Narbon vetch. The results revealed that wheat bran, cottonseed oilcake, and sunflower seed oilcake increased plant growth compared to the control. Wheat bran produced the most plant growth (across all variables) in each growing season. Rapeseed and soybean oilcake additives were shown to be phytotoxic, inhibiting plant development and causing plants to yellow, wither, and die. Three plant residue amendments (wheat bran, cottonseed oilcake, and sunflower seed oilcake) improved some soil qualities. Sunflower seed oilcake-treated soils had the highest organic matter and K2O levels (1.35% and 10.33 kg/ha, respectively), whereas wheat bran-treated soils had the highest P2O5 (1.75 kg/ha). Keywords: bran, oilcakes, organic matter, seed meal
Copyright (c) 2026 Ade Sumiahadi, Wahyudi Wahyudi, Ramazan Acar, Ahmet Tamkoc, Mehmet Hamurcu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pest and Disease in the Gayo Coffee Agroforestry System, Central Aceh
The agroforestry system is a land management approach that considers social, economic, and environmental factors. Gayo coffee (Coffea arabica) is the primary commodity for the residents of Mude Nosar Village in Central Aceh, where the agroforestry technique is applied. However, pest and disease attacks on coffee plants reduce productivity. Pest and disease identification research has yet to be completed. The purpose of this study was to identify the different types of pests and diseases to determine the attack intensity and control potential in the Gayo coffee agroforestry system. Purposive sampling, vegetation analysis, and pest and disease attack calculation were the methods used. The Forest Pathology Laboratory detected symptoms of the attack by examining the fungus’ macroscopic and microscopic structure. The pests discovered included fleas (Heteropsylla cubana) and caterpillars (Hyposidra talaca). The diseases discovered were anthracnose and leaf rust. The intensity of fleas, anthracnose, and leaf rust attacks was less than 30% each. Using coffee skin waste, livestock manure, and natural enemies, may control pests and conditions in the Gayo coffee agroforestry system while also implementing organic agroforestry management. Natural enemies include Trichoderma harzianum, weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), and spiders (Araneae) are suggested. Keywords: agroforestry, Central Aceh, disease, Gayo coffee, pest
Copyright (c) 2026 Elis Nina Herliyana, Fifit Kultsum, Adisti Permata Sari Putri Hartoyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0