Jenis dan Konsentrasi Tanah Pengelantang untuk Menurunkan Prekursor Senyawa 3-MCPDE dan GE pada Pemucatan CPO

Kartika Sari; Nur Wulandari; Azis Boing Sitanggang; Nuri Andarwulan

doi:10.18343/jipi.28.3.396

Kartika Sari Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB Univeristy, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680
Nur Wulandari Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB Univeristy, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680; South-East Asia Food & Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center-LPPM, IPB Univeristy, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680
Azis Boing Sitanggang Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB Univeristy, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680
Nuri Andarwulan Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB Univeristy, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680; South-East Asia Food & Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center-LPPM, IPB Univeristy, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.28.3.396

Abstract

Refined palm oil contains contaminants such as 3-monochloropropane diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) which are formed from diacylglycerol (DAG) and chloride (Cl) as precursors during processing. There is a need to control the levels of precursors especially during the bleaching stage using selected bleaching earth (BE). Reducing the number of precursors after the bleaching stage will minimize the formation of 3-MCPDE and GE in bleached palm oil (BPO) for the next refinery stage. The research consisted of three stages: (1) characterization of raw materials consisting of CPO, BE types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; (2) study on the effect of BE type; and (3) study on the concentration effect of selected BE for reducing DAG and Cl by chemical analysis of oil quality. The results showed that degummed palm oil (DPO) contained DAG of 6.70%, free fatty acid 5.66%, carotene 424.31 mg/kg, P 20.30 mg/kg, and Fe <0.021 mg/kg. The five types of BE have different physicochemical properties on which the effect will be seen on BPO. The second stage results showed that BE-4 was selected as the most potential BE. Using BE-4 of 2.5% was proven to reduce total Cl as 3-MCPDE precursors in the resulted BPO sample. The Cl level decreased to 3.05 mg/kg with the largest decrease percentage of 55.80% compared to DPO sample. BE-4 concentration of 2.5% has been able to withstand and prevent the increase of DAG as a precursor to GE contaminants during bleaching process.

Keywords: 3-monokloropropanadiol ester, chloride, diacylglycerol, glycidyl ester, palm oil

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdi E, Gharachorloo M, Ghavami M. 2021. Investigation of using egg shell powder for bleaching of soybean oil. Lwt-Food Science and Technology 140: 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.lwt.2021.110859

American National Standard. 2004. Standard test methods for determination of organic chloride content in crude oil. ASTM International. hlm 1–8.

American National Standard. 2018. Standard test method for multielement determination of used and unused lubricating oils and base oils by ICP-AES. ASTM International. hlm 1–9.

[AOCS] American Oil Chemists’ Society. 2009. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS. Ed ke-5. Champaign. Illinois (US): AOCS Press.

[AOCS] American Oil Chemists’ Society. 2017. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS. Ed ke-5. Champaign, Illinois (US): AOCS Press.

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. 2021. Statistik Kelapa Sawit Indonesia 2021. Jakarta (ID).

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2000. Standar Nasional Indonesia nomor 13-6336-2000 tentang Bentonit untuk Pemucat Minyak Nabati. hlm 1–8.

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2006. Standar Nasional Indonesia Nomor 01-2901-2006 tentang Minyak Kelapa Sawit Mentah (Crude Palm Oil). hlm 1–11.

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2021. Standar Nasional Indonesia Nomor 2901:2021 tentang Minyak Kelapa Sawit Mentah (Crude Palm Oil). hlm 1–6.

Bariyah K. 2016. Evaluasi Kinerja Beberapa Adsorben terhadap Pengurangan Kadar Diasilgliserol dan Asam Lemak Bebas dalam Minyak Sawit Kasar. [Tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.17009

Bati B, Cesur H. 2002. Determination of copper in edible oils by atomic absorption spectrometry after lead piperazinedithiocarbamate solid-phase extraction and potassium cyanide back-extraction. Analitical Sciences. 18(11): 1273–1274. https:// doi.org/10.2116/analsci.18.1273

Chen SS, Cheng CC, Chou SS. 2003. Determination of arsenic in edible oils by direct graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 11(3): 214–219. https:// doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2698

Chew SC, Nyam KL. 2020. Refining of edible oils. Di dalam: Lipids and Edible Oils. London (UK): Elsevier. hlm. 213–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-817105-9.00006-9

Costa E, Almeida MF, Alvim-Ferraz M da C, Dias JM. 2018. Effect of crambe abyssinica oil degumming in phosphorus concentration of refined oil and derived biodiesel. Renewable Energy. 124: 27–33. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.089

De Greyt W. 2012. How to minimize 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters during oil processing. AOCS. [internet]. [diunduh 2023 Jan 9]. Tersedia pada: https://www.aocs.org/documents/Meetings/AM/AM12 PROGRAM..pdf

Didi MA, Makhoukhi B, Azzouz A, Villemin D. 2009. Colza oil bleaching through optimized acid activation of bentonite. A comparative study. Applied Clay Science. 42(3–4): 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.03.014

European Food Safety Authority. 2016. Risks for human health related to the presence of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. European Food Safety Authority Journal. 14(5): e04426.

Eviati, Sulaeman. 2009. Aanalisis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air, dan Pupuk. Ed ke-2 Prasetyo BH, Santoso D, W LR, editor. Bogor (ID): Balai Penelitian Tanah Bogor.

Foletto EL, Volzone C, Porto LM. 2006. Clarification of cottonseed oil: how structural properties of treated bentonites by acid affect bleaching efficiency. Latin American Applied Research. 36(1): 37–40

[GAPKI] Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia. 2022. Kinerja Industri Sawit 2021 dan Prospek 2022. Jakarta (ID).

Ghazani SM, Marangoni AG. 2013. Minor components in canola oil and effects of refining on these constituents: A review. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 90(7): 923–932. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11746-013-2254-8

Gibon V, De Greyt W, Kellens M. 2007. Palm oil refining. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 109(4): 315–335. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ejlt.200600307

Goh SH, Tong SL, Gee PT. 1984. Total phospholipids in crude palm oil: Quantitative analysis and correlations with oil quality parameters. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 61(10): 1597–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02541640

Hew KS, Asis AJ, Tan TB, Yusoff MM, Lai OM, Nehdi IA, Tan CP. 2020. Revising degumming and bleaching processes of palm oil refining for the mitigation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) contents in refined palm oil. Food Chemistry. 307: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125545

Ifa L, Wiyani L, Nurdjannah N, Ghalib AMT, Ramadhaniar S, Kusuma HS. 2021. Analysis of bentonite performance on the quality of refined crude palm oil’s color, free fatty acid and carotene: the effect of bentonite concentration and contact time. Heliyon. 7(6): 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07230

Isharyadi F. 2019. Karakterisasi fisikokimia crude palm oil (CPO) di daerah Sumatra dan non-Sumatra. [Tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Ketaren S. 1986. Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. [internet] [diunduh 2022 Nov 2]. Tersedia pada: https://lib.ui.ac.id

Kheok SC, Lim EE. 1982. Mechanism of palm oil bleaching by montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 59(3):129–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02662259

Krisdiarto AW, Sutiarso L. 2016. Study on oil palm fresh fruit bunch bruise in harvesting and transportation to quality. Makara Journal of Technology. 20(2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v20i2.3058

Lamas DL, Constenla DT, Raab D. 2016. Effect of degumming process on physicochemical properties of sunflower oil. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 6: 138–143. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.03.007

Lampen A. 2014. Toxicological properties of MCPD fatty acid esters. Di dalam: Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils: MCPD and Glycidyl Esters. Berlin (EN): AOCS Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-9888565-0-9.50012-9

Lanovia T, Andarwulan N, Hariyadi P. 2014. Validasi modifkasi metode WEIßHAAR untuk analisis 3-MCPD ester dalam minyak goreng sawit. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. 25(2): 200–208. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2014.25.2.200

Mansa FR, Edwardo E, Osong Patrick A, Kumaresan S. 2021. Optimization of phosphorus content removal in sludge palm oil using response surface methodology. EasyChair Preprints

Mohd Zin R. 2006. Process Design in Degumming and Bleaching of Palm Oil. [Tesis]. Johor Bahru (MY): University of Technology Malaysia.

Nagy K, Sandoz L, Craft BD, Destaillats F. 2011. Mass-defect filtering of isotope signatures to reveal the source of chlorinated palm oil contaminants. Food Additives and Contaminants-Part A. 28(11): 1492–1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049 .2011.618467

Nandi BK, Goswami A, Purkait MK. 2009. Adsorption characteristics of brilliant green dye on kaolin. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 161: 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.110

Nur Sulihatimarsyila AW, Lau HLN, Nabilah KM, Nur Azreena I. 2020. Production of refined red palm-pressed fibre oil from physical refining pilot plant. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2: 1–8. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100035

[PORIM] Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia. 1995. PORIM Test Methods Malaysia. Ministry of Primary Industries. Kuala Lumpur (ML).

Rossi M, Gianazza M, Alamprese C, Stanga F. 2003. The role of bleaching clays and synthetic silica in palm oil physical refining. Food Chemistry. 82(2): 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00551-4

Sambanthamurthi R, Sundram K, Tan YA. 2000. Chemistry and biochemistry of palm oil. Didalam : Progress in Lipid Research Volume 39. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pergamon. hlm. 507-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(00)00015-1

Scholz G, Schilter B. 2014. Toxicological Properties of Glycidyl Esters. Di dalam: Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils: MCPD and Glycidyl Esters. Switzerland (SW): AOCS Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-9888565-0-9.50011-7

Shimizu M, Weitkamp P, Vosmann K, Matthäus B. 2013. Influence of chloride and glycidyl-ester on the generation of 3-MCPD- and glycidyl-esters. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 115(7): 735–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ejlt.201200310

Tiong SH, Saparin N, Teh HF, Ng TLM, Md Zain MZ Bin, Neoh BK, Md Noor A, Tan CP, Lai OM, Appleton DR. 2018. Natural organochlorines as precursors of 3-monochloropropanediol esters in vegetable oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66(4): 999–1007. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04995

Tivanello RG, Capristo MF, Leme FM, Ferrari RA, Sampaio KA, Arisseto AP, Vicente E. 2021. Mitigation studies based on the contribution of chlorides and acids to the formation of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidyl esters in palm oil. ACS Food Science and Technology. 1(7): 1190–1197. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00084

Vispute P, Dabhade S. 2018. Refining of palm oil: A review on palm oil refining process, 3- MCPD esters in refined palm oil, and possible reduction tactics for 3-MCPD esters. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 11(Special): 81–85. https://doi.org/ 10.15740/HAS/IJAE/11.Sp.Issue/81-85

Wang S, Liu G, Cheng W. 2020. Chloride-mediated co-formation of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in both model vegetable oils and chemical model systems. Food Research International. 140(381): 1–8. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109879

Wei PC, May CY, Hock CC. 2004. Degumming and bleaching : effect on selected constituents of palm oil. Journal of Oil Palm Research. 16(2): 57–63.

White PJ, Broadley MR. 2001. Chloride in soils and its uptake and movement within the plant: A review. Annals of Botany 88(6): 967–988. https:// doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1540

Zhang Z, Gao B, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Xu X. 2015. Formation of 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) di- and monoesters from tristearoylglycerol (TSG) and the potential catalytic effect of Fe2+ and Fe3+. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 63: 1839–1848. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5061216

Zhang H, Jin P, Zhang M, Cheong LZ, Hu P, Zhao Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Xu X. 2016. Mitigation of 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol ester formation by radical scavengers. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 64(29): 5887–5892. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02016

Zschau W. 2001. Bleaching of edible fats and oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 103(8): 505–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-9312(200108)103:8<505::AID-EJLT505>3.0.CO;2-7