Message from OC Table of Contents Invited Speaker FAVA – Oral Presentation Animal Welfare Equine Farm Animal Microbiology and Parasitology Pathology Pre-clinical Science Small Animal Veterinary Public Health Wild Animal and Aquatic Conservation KIVNAS – Oral Presentation Equine Farm Animal Microbiology and Parasitology Poultry Small Animal Wild Animal JSPS – Oral Presentation Japan Society for the Promotion Science Animal Quarantine – Oral Presentation Indonesian Veterinary Epidemiology Association – Oral Presentation One Health – Oral Presentation FAVA – Poster Presentation KIVNAS – Poster Presentation
PF-2 Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Disease Surveillance in the Area that Adjacents to the Ujung Kulon National Park as the Habitat for the Javan Rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros sondaicus)
Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) is one of the conservation area in Indonesia that has an original ecosystem that includes the flora and the fauna. Within the national park, lies the elusive wildlife that protected by the government, Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus). Javan rhinoceros is one of the rarest mammals with the estimated 67 individuals remained [1]. Geographically, UKNP is surrounded by 19 buffer villages. The buffer villages’ location is directly adjacent to the UKNP and the community’s livelihood pattern depended on the UKNP as it has become the free-range location of their water buffalo. Thus, it adds up the occurrence of the cross infection risk factor between the water buffalo and other ungulate sympatric animals in the UKNP (Javan rhinoceros and banteng). Surveillance study in 2014 with the collaboration of WWF Ujung Kulon, Livestock Agency of Pandeglang Sub District, and Cornell University to the community’s livestock in the buffer area of Rancapinang Village showed a significant prevalence of trypanosomiasis by 92% [2]. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the Javan rhinoceros as the critically endangered (CE) or vulnerable to the extinction threats. One of the extinction threats is the disease outbreak, since until now the occurrence of the disease is assumed to be the causative factors of several Javan rhino’s death incidence. In 1982, 5 individuals of Javan rhino has been documented died suddenly and assumed to be caused by the infectious diseases (Hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax) [3] and 14 Javan rhino’s deaths in UKNP from 2000-2018, mostly the cause of the death is unknown.
SA-17 Treatment of Coxofemoral Luxation Using Toggling Technique in Dog
Coxofemoral luxation occur because the femoral head and the acetabulum are separated (Mark, 2011). In small animals, coxofemoral luxation with craniodorsal position is the most common type of luxation that occur in dog (Ali, 2014). Arun et al. (2012), explain that coxofemoral luxation occurs due to neoplasia or serious trauma. There are several methods to solve this coxofemoral luxation such as non-surgical reduction, surgical reduction, femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO), and total hip replacement. In this study, it was evaluated using surgical reduction with toggling technique in treatment of craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in dog which appears to be technically easy, quick and has a good result.
PF-4 Immune Response of Dry Holstein Vaccinated by Killed Avian Influenza H5N1 Vaccine
The establishment and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype in birds and coincident infections in humans since 2003 have raised concerns that we may be facing an influenza pandemic caused by an H5N1 influenza virus [4]. Globally, from January 2003 to 2 March 2017, there were 860 cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus reported from 16 countries worldwide. Of these 860 cases, 454 were fatal (CFR of 53%). The last case was reported from Indonesia on 26 September 2017 [7]. Although the human cases of H5N1 in Indonesia has decreased significantly since 2010, according to WHO until 2017 there have been reported 200 cases H5N1 in human with 168 cases of deaths. The last case was reported from Indonesia on 26 September 2017. This is indicate Indonesia as the highest fatal case of H5N1 globally. With continued incidence of avian influenza due to existing AI H5N1 viruses in poultry, the avian influenza H5N1 has been believed remain to threaten Indonesia [6]. Passive immunization using specific antibody against AI H5N1 from bovine colostrum is one of an alternative to control H5N1 virus infection due to lack of H5N1 vaccine production for human. Bovine colostrums consider an ideal alternative antibody source, as the antibody in the bovine’s blood is transported to mammary gland easily and accumulates in the colostrum in large quantities. As a “biological factory” and the source of natural antibody, bovine colostrum could be designed to produce the specific antibody against certain disease for animal and human by immunizing the dry cow (with the antigen of interest). Vaccine is an antigenic material used to produce active immunity against diseases. Vaccination is the administration of vaccine to the individual to generate immunity against a disease [2]. According to [1], the exposure of a dry cow against antigen (vaccine) will produce specific antibody in their blood circulation. Therefore, evaluation on the status of antibody against AI H5N1 following the vaccination of dry Holstein cows with killed AI H5N1 vaccine is needed.
SA-1 Conjunctivitis Treatment in Dog with Alkaline Water Eye Drop
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctival tissue that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera. The conjunctiva is the exposed mucous membrane and reacts to antigenic stimulation caused by contact with harmful stimuli. Handling of cases of conjunctivitis is generally treated with the administration of glucocorticoid antibiotics and topical antibiotics and broad spectrum (Ron, 2017). However, handling using Alkaline Eye Drop is still rare even never done especially in dogs. Alkaline Eye Drop is a liquid with an alkaline pH, the normal dog's eye pH is 8.05 (Billie et al, 2014). Alkaline water is easy to obtain and affordable. The use of Alkaline water to date has not been detected toxicity in the eye. But it is already used in humans to drink and cause antioxidant effects to the body (Rosa et al., 2012). It became the basis of the use of Alkaline Eye Drop for treatment in this case. The purpose of this paper is to get a more efficient, effective and without complications.
PF-35 Spider Silk (Nephilia sp.) as Suture Material on Blood Vessel Surgery
Surgical suture is a medical device used to hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery. Application generally involves using a needle with an attached length of thread. Surgical sutures are normally classified into two types, absorbable and non-absorbable. They can also be classified based on their construction, either mono-filament or multi-filament and also whether they are made from natural or synthetic materials. Sutures can also be classified according to their usage e.g. cardiovascular sutures, ophthalmic sutures, general sutures, orthopaedic sutures etc. Common problems associated with the choice of suture material include increased risk of infection, foreign body reactions, and inappropriate mechanical responses, particularly decreases in mechanical properties over time. Improved suture materials are therefore needed. As a high- performance material with excellent tensile strength, spider silk fibres are an extremely promising candidate for use in surgical sutures. However, the biochemical behaviour of individual silk fibres braided together has not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we characterise the inflammatory response produced from silk sutures and absorbance time.
PF-30 Anatomical Characteristic of Hindlimb Skeleton of Sumatran Rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)
Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is an endangered animal in Indonesia. Currently, Sumatran rhino only found on Sumatera and Kalimantan in very small populations. These herbivorous animals are classified into the order of Perissodactyla (odd-toed animals) and family Rhinocerotidae [1]. Sumatran rhino is one of the largest living land mammals, reaching 1000 kg [1], although this species has the smallest body weight among all extant rhinos. This animal has a round and long body shape, relatively short legs with three digits on each leg. These body structures correspond to their habitat in the highlands, so the Sumatran rhino has an excellent ability to pass steep terrain [2]. For this reason, a strong hind limb structure is needed to push the body when walking, running and climbing the steep slopes. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to analyze the correlation between the Sumatran rhino’s hind limb skeleton and its functional roles.
PF-28 Worms Infestation on Stray Cats in Central Bogor
Stray cats are cats that roam freely in the environment around human beings. Central Bogor is one of the administrative region that is located right at the downtown of Bogor. This region consists of diversity of places such as markets, terminals, campus, schools, housing areas, and many more. The human population in Central Bogor are much more compared to other regions. The diversity of places and dense residential population are one of the factors that increases the cat population in Central Bogor due to the characteristics of the cats that breed and adapt to the environment easily. Stray cats are usually close to human beings, without realizing that their presence has the potential to cause health problems to the society. The outspread of zoonotic parasitic worms is one of the problem caused by stray cats. Research about infestion of zoonotic parasitic worms in Indonesia is still rare compared to pet cats [1,2,3]. Specific research about worm infestation had been done in Central Bogor on pet cats [4] but has never done any on stray cats. The objective of this research is to determine the presence of worm infestations on stray cats in the Central Bogor region.
PF-13 Fracture Fixation between Os Lumbalis II and III on a Three Month Old Kitten Using Parallel Technique
Spinal fractures, luxations, and fracture- luxations in dogs and cats are common and are often the result of vehicular injury. Other frequent causes of injury include animal attacks or falling from a height. Reports that describe the distribution of spinal column injuries indicate that they affect the lumbar vertebrae most frequently, followed by sacrococcygeal, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae2,3.
PF-11 Isolation and Identification of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens of Bat Guano from Liang Bukal and Liang Petang Cave on Sumbawa Island
Bats are important reservoirs of many bacteria. The occurrence of infectious diseases that caused by Gram-negative bacteria has increased the interest in bats as potential reservoir hosts of many bacteria. Several bacteria, including Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, and Bartonella spp were isolated from wild bats in various country [1]. Despite the fact that little is known about the bats as a reservoir of gram-negative bacterial pathogens in Sumbawa, Indonesia. Gram-negative bacteria can cause human disease was isolated from fresh bat guano of Rousettus leschenaultii at the Robber’s Cave, Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, India, including Escherichia coli, Yersinia, Enterobacter and Proteus [2]. In Pakistan, Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella and Pseudomonas, Bartonella, and Klebsiella was isolated from guano of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) [3]. Bat guano was used as fertilizer with a farmer in Sumbawa Island. So, Close contact between human and bat guano, it is possible the gram-negative bacteria from guano can infect the human. The present study reported that close contact with both domestic animals and humans, contaminating houses with guano and urine, additionally, humans occasionally encroach into bat habitats [4]. Sumbawa Island has many caves for breeding place of bats. Identification of gram-negative bacterial pathogens from bat caves which are a risk to human, animal and environment health on Sumbawa Island is needed as early detection of the presence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens from bat guano.
PF-10 Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Layer Chicken on Poultry Village in North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Egg of Layer chicken is one of the main income and protein sources at Kampung Unggas in North Lombok. Kampung Unggas is Village which produce and supply egg for Three Gili as tourist destination in Lombok Island. They are Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno, and Gili Air. Farmers in Kampung Unggas are used several antibiotics for treating infections in poultry. The use of antimicrobials in chicken farm in Lombok Island can facilitate the antimicrobial resistant. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not a recent phenomenon, but it is rising concern for both public and animal health [1]. Chicken farmers in the study region are mostly family run and they don’t have good bio security and sanitation procedure. Knowledge of farmer on antimicrobials resistance are very low and they are often kept free ranged among other animals and people. This means that the risk of contamination to food and water from bacteria and other pathogen infected poultry is high. Many farmers in Kampung unggas have other poultry, mostly ducks, in the same enclosure as their Chickens. The closeness between many different animals and humans as well as the short distance to temperate water, without cleaning or buffering stages, is a concern both in disease transmission and antibiotic resistance development [2]. In Indonesia, study on 35 sampels of broiler meat and chicken meat from 9 distric in Bogor showed that prevalence E. coli 97.4% from broiler meat and 71.1% chicken meat resistance with Ampisilin, Enrofloksasin, Teterasiklin, Eritromisin, Streptomisin, Gentamisin, Kloramfenikol, Sefatotin, Trimetoprim-Sulfametoksasol, Nalidixid Acid [3]. According by [4] from 66 layer chicken 44% and from 35 broiler chicken 97.1% E. coli resistance with Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride, Chloramphenicol, Dihydrosreptomycin, Sulfadimethoxine Kanamycine and Aminobenzyl-penicillin. Based on thus facts, it is very important to know prevalence and antimicrobial resistance on bacterial strains isolated from Layer chicken and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among farmers on Poultry Village in North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia for effective medical treatment of humans and poultry. Further, knowing the reasons for chicken farmers to treat their animals and which types of antibiotics chosen can facilitate prevention of antimicrobial resistance development.
PF-9 Seroprevalence of H5N1 Avian Influenza Subtype in Backyard Duck at Kampung Unggas Teruwai on Central Lombok District
Avian influenza is one of the zoonotic diseases. Since 2003, H5N1 Avian Influenza subtype was circulated in Indonesia, affecting both intensively farmed birds as well as backyard chickens [1]. Duck is the reservoir of avian influenza viruses. Backyard duck may play a role in the maintenance of H5N1 avian influenza subtype. Kampung Unggas that located in Teruwai Village on Central Lombok District is one of the economic centers of a farmer on Lombok Islands and The Avian Influenza Virus is still the major problems in this village. H5 Avian Influenza was detected in quail at Central Lombok district in 2014 [2]. In 2017, Sentinel chicken were positive antibodies for H5 AIV with Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) = 24,29 at Kampus Unggas Teruwai [3]. To know seroprevalence of H5N1 Avian Influenza subtype in duck as a reservoir and to understand the current situation of H5N1 Avian Influenza virus circulation in Kampung unggas, we conducted serosurvey study from Mei to April 2018 of backyard duck that lives together with chickens in Kampung Unggas.
VPH-6 Semi Quantitative Analysis of Rabies Entrance into Pisang Island from Pesisir Barat District of Lampung
Rabies is a zoonotic infectious animal disease. Genesis of rabies is feared among people because it almost ends in death. The disease is caused by the virusrabies, the genus Lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae (Muleyaetal., 2012). The case of rabies / lyssa has long been recognized by the public and has been widespread in several countries of the world. Human deaths from rabies in Africa and Asia are estimated at 55,000 people per year (Knobel et al., 2005). The presence of rabies in Indonesia was first reported in the iPhones of West Java in 1884. To date, rabies in Indonesia still poses a major problem from the public health aspect with an average reported death rate of 125 people per year (Sedyaningsih, 2011). Therefore, rabies is grouped into strategic diseases and is given priority in its prevention, control and eradication. Pisang Island is located inPesisir Barat District which is one of the foreign tourist destinations. It is located very close to the west coastal district which has a high bite case (attached). It is therefore necessary to analyze the risk of rabies entry from the Pesisir Barat district to Pisang Island.
SA-8 Non-Surgical Treatment of Unilateral Cherry Eye in Shih-Tzu Puppies
Prolaps of third eyelid gland is a disease of young dogs, from 4 weeks to 2 years of age. Prolaps of the gland may appear as a red mass in the medial canthus. The prolaps is sudden in onset but it may regress once or twice for a few days and finally returns to remain for the animal’s life. Certain breeds such as the American Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldog, Boston Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Shih-Tzu, Beagle, and Pekingese are more prone to develop the condition. The etiology is unknown, and there is disagreement as to whether inflammation predisposes the animal to prolapsed [1]. Prolapse of the nictitans gland mainly seen in the dog, unilateral or more frequently bilateral, and usually one eye following the others, often in young dog including puppies, and known as “cherry eye” [2]. A thorough, relevant history is an important part of the diagnostic process. To use the problem-oriented approach, the clinician first determines the major problems that have caused the owner to present the animal for examination. An ophthalmic examination requires a minimum of equipment (Focal light source, Magnifying loupes, Direct ophthalmoscope, Indirect funduscopic lens, Schirmer tear test strips, Fluorescein test strips, Tonometer, Tropicamide (1%), Proparacaine / topical anesthetic, Sterile eye wash/rinse) [3]. Initial treatment with a topical antibiotic/steroid preparation may appear transiently to cause the gland to become replaced. Although not recommended by veterinary ophthalmologists, excision of the gland is still widely practiced by the general practioner [1].
PCS-16 Determaining Surgical Method by Meniscectomy Induction on Garut sheep (Ovis aries) for early stage of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that cause of pain and disability by various factors such as advanced age, obesity, trauma, and arthritis disease. These factors affect by degeneration of the cartilage surface, leading to loss of matrix include proteoglycan osteophyte formation, subcondral and synovial membrane affected. In the healthy joint, meniscus, articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial membrane provide support to the joint. The meniscus is an important load bearing structure and has nutritive as well as lubricating properties in the knee joint as well (Little et al. 2010). Animal models are research materials that can be used in studying potential pathogenesis and therapy in various diseases in humans. Sheep are commonly large animal model of OA because of the availability, ease of handling, and have a similarities with humans in size and structure of joint. In the development of science, sheep can be used as an animal model in studying the pathogenesis of diseases in human orthopedics studies such as joints, ligaments, and bones. Garut sheep is an Indonesian germplasm indigenous that has the structure, density, and size of joint anatomy that are similar in human joints rather than other small animals. This is the basis of the utilization of Garut sheep as an animal model in human orthopaedic. (Little et al. 2010; Gregory et al. 2012). The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the determining surgical method by meniscectomy induction on Garut sheep with 8 weeks post meniscectomy observation for early stage of OA.
PCS-12 Complex Oligosaccharide Detected in the Lingua of Hystrix javanica by Lectin Histochemistry
Hystrix javanica or usually called Sunda porcupine is wildlife animal that only found in Java, Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, Lombok, Madura, and Tonahdjampea (Indonesia) [1]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has classified this Rodentia into Least Concern criteria, that means the species is relatively widespread and abundant [2]. Nevertheless, their population in nature was threatened, since this mammal was considered as pest by some people. There were anatomical data of Sunda porcupine organ, but it still limited. One of the ways to determine the detail function of the organ can be done by making histological preparations. Lectin histochemistry has been used widely as a probe to detect sugar residues in the organs or tissues because lectin can bind specifically to carbohydrate residues in term of glycoconjugates [3]. Analysis the composition or type of sugar residues in the organs can help to understanding the role of their function. The aims of this study were to detect and find out the distribution of complex oligosaccharide in the lingua of Hystrix javanica using lectin histochemistry method. This data will completes the information that has been obtained before about mucopolysaccharide type of major salivary glands of Hystrix javanica [4].
PCS-8 Oyster Shell Powder as Alternatives Macromineral for Synthetic Testosterone
Oyster is one of seafood produced in waters, especially in eastern Indonesia. During this time, oyster is known as aphrodisiac agents, an agent that can increase sexual appetite because it can remind testosterone levels and very high nutrient content of zinc, vitamin A iron, calcium, and selenium are also Vitamins A and Vitamin B12. Therefore, the oyster is known as the mineral's potent testosterone-boosting abilities (Matsuda et al., 2003). Zinc is also very important, it can be used as a stimulant of enzymes, hormones and the immune system. Due to the abundance of oysters in Indonesia, only meat of oyster is consumed, while the existing shells are never used to consume and just thrown away. Therefore, a research plan will be made on the use of oyster shell waste, as a precursor of testosterone in Rat (Rattus norvegicus). Since many kinds of oyster, it would be compared among three kinds of oyster shell namely Kerang darah (Anadara granosa), Kerang hijau (Perna viridis) and Kerang keong (Telescopium telescopium). Based on function, Zn inhibits aromatase enzyme which convert estradiol to testosterone as a consequence, testosterone levels will increase (Michell et al. 2012). The purpose of this study were to determine the highest content of Zn among the three types of oyster shell; 2. To measure testosterone levels in rat after given shell powder containing highest Zn.
MP-12 Effect of AKBISprob Supplementation on Antibacterial-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolated from Laying Hens Intestine
Generally, Bacteria in the intestine consist of beneficial bacteria and bacteria that have the potential to disrupt animal health such as pathogenic bacteria. The presence of pathogenic bacteria is one of the factors that cause gastrointestinal dysfunction, but can be suppressed by maintaining the presence of beneficial bacteria for the digestive tract, especially the type of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) (Astuti, 2016). LAB has antagonistic activity because it is able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria so it can compete to maintain normal flora balance in the digestive tract. The main inhibitory activity of LAB is caused by the accumulation of primary metabolites such as lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide. In addition, LAB is also capable of producing antibacterial compounds such as bacteriocins (Furtado et al., 2014). Naturally LAB has existed in the digestive tract of chickens, but it is easy to experience changes in the amount due to the influence of given the feed (Widodo et al., 2015). Feed and the environment can affect the composition of microbes in the digestive tract in chickens(Ghadban, 2002; Apajalahti et al., 2004). Provision of fermented feed can improve the composition of intestinal microflora and increase the number of LAB. Fermented feed is generally easily biodegradable and has a higher nutritional value than the original ingredient and it can reduce the pH of the digestive tract. AKBISprob is an alternative product to increase poultry production in the form of supplement made from a mixture of soybean wate, and palm kernel meal which is fermented with Aspergillus niger. The fermentation process using Aspergillus niger can reduce the crude fiber contained in AKBIS, because the mold can produce amylase, pectinase, amyloglucosidase and cellulase enzymes which can degrade cellulose so that it is easier to digest. In addition, Aspergillus niger also produces metabolites in the form of citric acid which is a component that can reduce intestinal pH so that it is suitable for LAB growth. Based on research conducted by Nurliana et al. (2016; 2017), supplementation of 4% AKBISprob can maintain the chickens production and health as well increase the number of LAB and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in chickens intestine. Thus creating a balance of microflora in the digestive tract of laying hens. Based on the above reasons, it is necessary to conduct research on antibacterial detection of BAL in laying hens that have been given AKBISprob.
PF-7 Pre Slaughter Stunning of Ruminant Slaughter Based on MUI HAS 23103 2012, MS 1500 2009 and SNI 99003 2018
The debate about the use of pre slaughter stunning (PSS) in halal slaughter is still an interesting topic to discuss due to the difficulties to determine the stunned animal are unconscious or dead. Indonesia and Malaysia as a country with majority Muslim population have recognized non-penetrative PSS (NPPSS) as a method in halal slaughter. Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) issued the Halal Assurance System (HAS 23103 2012)[1] as guidelines for animal slaughter process, while Department of Standard Malaysia issued Malaysian Standard (MS) 1500 2009[2], which regulate Halal Food-Production, preparation Handling and Storage-General Guidelines. Recently, the Indonesian National Standardization Body issued Indonesia's National Standard for ruminant halal slaughter (SNI 99003 2018) [3]. This article will discuss mechanical NPPSS based on these three guidelines in animal welfare and halal perspective
KIVP-6 Case Report: Seroprevalensi Tuberkulosis Menggunakan Uji Tuberkulin Kulit Mammalian Old Tuberculine (MOT) pada Macaca fascicularis Hasil Penyitaan Topeng Monyet
Di Indonesia, salah satu atraksi populer di masyarakat yang menggunakan monyet ekor panjang adalah atraksi Topeng Monyet. Di Pulau Jawa, topeng monyet juga disebut ledhek kethek. Menurut Cohen (2006) pada era tahun 1980an topeng monyet digunakan mengamen di pasar, perkotaan dan perdesaan diiringi musik tradisional. Kesenian ini melibatkan pawang untuk melatih monyet meniru perilaku manusia, seperti berpakaian, menari dan berdandan. Penonton topeng monyet umumnya adalah anak-anak (Aiai 2015). Monyet yang digunakan untuk atraksi topeng monyet berpotensi untuk menularkan penyakit zoonosis pada manusia. Penelitian Schillaci et al (2002) menyatakan bahwa monyet yang digunakan untuk atraksi topeng monyet merupakan hewan reservoir untuk virus enzootic simian yang dapat menginfeksi manusia. Salah satu penyakit lainnya yang bersifat zoonosis dan memiliki resiko ditularkan dari monyet topeng monyet adalah penyakit tuberkulosis. Tuberkulosis (TBC) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri tahan asam yaitu Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Untuk mengetahui status infeksi tuberkulosis dari individu primata, salah satu metode pemeriksaan yang disetujui oleh Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) dan Center for Disease Control (CDC) adalah metode pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan uji tuberculin kulit pada hewan dalam tahapan karantina. Uji tuberculin kulit yang dapat digunakan yaitu mamalian old tuberculin (mot), bovine purified protein derivates (bovine ppd) dan avian purified protein derivates ( avian ppd) (Lecu et al 2013).
KIVP-5 Studi Kasus Dugaan Kejadian Ikterus pada Kuda G3
Ikterus (jaundice) seringkali didefinisikan sebagai hiperbilirubinemia dan deposisi pigmen empedu pada kulit, membran mukosa, dan sclera. Kuda memiliki warna rambut yang beragam dan pigmen kulit, sehingga ikterus tidak selalu terlihat pada kulit, kecuali pada kasus hiperbilirubinemia parah pada individu yang kekurangan pigmen kulit atau memiliki leukoderma pada sekitar vulva dan muzzle. Differensial diagnosa dari ikterus menjadi rumit karena kuda merupakan salah satu hewan unik diantara spesies umum lainnya yang mengakibatkan ikterus pada kondisi anoreksia. Ikterus yang ditemukan pada kasus anoreksia bersifat sementara dan ringan dan kembali normal dengan cepat ketika kuda kembali memiliki nafsu makan yang normal. Kondisi ikterus ringan yang mengiringi kondisi anoreksia secara biokimia disertai pula dengan adanya bilirubin yang tidak terkonjugasi. Ikterus yang tampak akan relevan secara patologis terhadap kasus hepatopathy dan penyakit hemolitik (Robinson 2009). Ikterus dapat terlihat secara klinis jika total bilirubin melebihi batas tertentu. Menurut Meyer (1992), kadar bilirubin normal adalah antara 0.19 mg/dL hingga 2mg/dL dengan catatan bahwa ikterus dan kolestasis tidak sama. Ikterus hanya berarti terdapat bilirubin yang cukup tinggi untuk dapat tampak pada membran mukosa dan dapat menyebabkan kolestasis atau sebab lain dari hiperbilirubinemia. Pada anemia hemolitik tentu saja hiperbilirubinemia dapat terjadi tanpa ada ikterus yang tampak. Pada kuda, ikterus bisa juga tampak sebagai hasil dari digesti normal pigmen karoten pada rumput dan hay, kondisi puasa, dan anoreksia baik partial maupun keseluruhan, gangguan hati, atau hemolisis (Eades 2009).
KIVP-3 Pengamatan Performa Pada Sapi FH Jantan yang Diberi Suplementasi Mineral Zinc
Permintaan dunia terhadap protein hewani sangat besar dan terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Kebutuhan yang meningkat tidak dibarengi dengan kemampuan penyediaan protein hewani yang cukup sehingga sebagian besar dipenuhi melalui import. Pemenuhan protein dalam negeri diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas maupun kuantitas daging melalui perbaikan mutu nutrisi sehingga mampu bersaing dengan pihak luar. Salah satu sumber protein hewani selain dari ternak potong, adalah memanfaatkan sapi jantan dari sapi perah FH. Oleh karena itu ternak jantan dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber protein hewani dalam upaya untuk penyediaan pangan asal ternak. Pembangunan peternakan diarahkan agar produk ternak dalam negeri mampu bersaing dengan produk ternak impor dalam rangka memantapkan ketahanan pangan nasional. Mineral Zn dilaporkan mampu memperbaiki skor marbling karkas [1]. Hal ini penting untuk memperbaiki kualitas karkas daging sebagai sumber protein hewani. Belum banyak informasi tentang efek suplementasi Zn terhadap pertambahan bobot badan terutama pada sapi FH jantan. Oleh karena itu pengamatan tentang suplementasi Zn terhadap performa (bobot badan) pada sapi FH jantan perlu dilakukan.
KIVP-4 Studi Kasus: Babesiosis pada Anjing Doberman (Borna)
Kejadian babesiosis pada anjing umumnya disebabkan oleh Babesia canis dan Babesia gibsoni. Babesia canis memiliki ukuran yg lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Babesia gibsoni. Babesia canis memiliki ukuran 4 – 5 um, sedangkan Babesia gibsoni memiliki ukuran 1 – 3 um (Zajac & Conboy, 2011). Babesia sp menginfeksi anjing dalam bentuk sporozoid yang terdapat dalam saliva caplak ketika caplak menggigit inang. Sporozoid akan berpenetrasi dalam RBC dan akan mengalami fase parasitic dalam RBC. Sporozoid yg telah masuk dalam RBC disebut tropozoid. Tropozoid dalam RBC akan mengalami pembelahan biner menjadi merozoid. Bersamaan dengan lisis eritrosit, merozoit akan menginfeksi eritrosit yg lainnya (Chauvin et al. 2009). Gejala klinis yg muncul akibat infeksi Babesia sp antara lain: lemas, tidak nafsu makan, demam, anemia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, ikhterus, diare, muntah, melena, dan gagal ginjal (Barr & Bowman 2006). Pengobatan Babesiosis pada anjing (B. gibsoni) dg menggunakan Clindamycin 25 mg/kg BB, per oral 2x per hari selama 14 hari dapat secara bertahap menurunkan tingkat parasitemia dan menyebabkan perubahan morfologi yg diindikasikan adanya degenerasi parasit misalnya, segmentasi, penurunan ukuran, kerusakan inti / nucleus sel, penurunan atau tidak terlihatnya sitoplasma (Wulansari R. dkk, 2003).
KIVP-2 Profile Fosfor Dan Kalsium Darah Pada Kasus Kepincangan Sapi Peranakan Frisien Holstein (PFH) di Balai Besar Pelatihan Peternakan (BBPP) Batu
Masalah kepincangan pada sapi perah merupakan masalah kesejahteraan ternak dan produktivitas. Kepincangan dapat menurunkan produksi susu, menurunkan kesuburan dan pemusnahan ternak (1). Salah satu faktor penyebab kepincangan pada sapi ialah kekurangan unsur mineral kalsium dan fosfor. Kalsium dan fosfor penting sebagi bahan pembentuk tulang, gigi dan penyeimbang asam dan basa dalam tubuh. Kalsium membantu proses keratinisasi dan kornifikasi serta aktivasi epidermal transglutaminasae (TG) yang aktif dalam hubungan silang dari serat keratin amplop sel dan terlibat dalam diferensiasi terminal sel epidermis. Ketidakcukupan kalsium dapat menyebabkan lapisan epidermis kuku menjadi lunak dan terjadi peradangan (2). Peradangan pada bagian kuku sapi memiliki korelasi dengan kejadian kepincangan pada sapi (3). Untuk kecukupan mineral kalsium dan fosfor dalam darah didapat dari pemberian ransum pakan yang seimbang. (4).
KIVP-1 Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri pada Susu Mastitis Subklinis di Balai Besar Pelatihan Peternakan Batu
Mastitis subklinis merupakan penyakit yang berpengaruh besar dalam peternakan sapi perah, diantaranya adalah terjadinya penurunan produksi dan kualitas susu. Ada dua jenis mastitis yaitu, mastitis kontagiosa dan mastitis karena faktor lingkungan. Mastitis kontagiosa terjadi karena penularan dari sapi ke sapi. Penyakit ini sering berbentuk mastitis subklinis, sebagian besar bakteri peyebab mastitis kontagiosa adalah Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus agalactiae [3]. Sedangkan mastitis karena faktor lingkungan terjadi karena penularan dari lingkungan ke sapi. Angka kejadian mastitis meningkat seiring dengan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk. Sebagian besar bakteri penyebab mastitis jenis ini adalah bakteri coliform, Streptococcal sp. dan Psedomonas sp. [3]. Pada mastitis subklinis sering tidak terdeteksi oleh peternak karena tidak terlihat perubahan pada susu maupun ambing. Untuk mendeteksi penyakit mastitis subklinis ini dapat menggunakan California Mastitis Test (CMT). Deteksi dini terhadap mastitis subklinis dan bakteri penyebabnya akan mempermudah dalam penanganan penyakit ini.
EQ-2 Establishment of Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ) in Jakarta to Facilitate the Equestrian Competitions During The 18th Asian Games, 2018
The 18th Asian Games, which include the Olympic equestrian disciplines of jumping, dressage and eventing, were held in Jakarta from 18 August to 2 September 2018. Equestrian sport in the Asian region is well developed in only a few countries and, in general there is little agreement between the member nations of the region about animal health regulations for horse movement between these countries. Few countries are approved for reentry of horses that have visited them to the European Union (“approved third countries”), hence making it difficult for Europe based Asian horses to travel to and to return from some countries in the region. Indonesia is one of the countries with no approval. In order to facilitate competition horse movement to specific international events, the World Organisation of Animal Health (OIE) has developed the concept of Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ), which is based on the fundamental principle of zoning and compartmentalisation as defined in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (Chapter 4.3, 4.4). The basic principle of EDFZ is to demonstrate that the equine health of a defined core zone and its surroundings have high health standards which are acceptable to the trading partners. The stepwise approach taken in Indonesia consisted of (1) an assessment of the equine health status and the identification of critical diseases; (2) the definition of a core zone (the venue) and a surveillance zone; (3) the application of biosecurity measures and protocols; (4) international and national health certificates, specifically developed for the Asian Games; (5) a self declaration of the EDFZ submitted to the OIE; and (6) acceptance and publication of the application for regionalization by the European Commission. If both of these applications are approved, participating nations can be reassured that sanitary conditions at the equestrian venue have met the international standards as set by the OIE and the EU.
KIVP-7 Perangkat Mikrofluidik dari Katun untuk Analisa Semi-kuantitatif dalam Menunjang Diagnosa Cepat di Dunia Kedokteran Hewan
Diagnosa cepat merupakan hal yang menjadi tuntutan dalam dunia medis saat ini. Perangkat diagnostik cepat dikembangkan guna membantu proses diagnosa segera diperoleh agar tindakan yang cepat dan tepat pada pasien dapat segera dilakukan (Castellote et al. 2003). Perangkat diagnostik cepat juga dikembangkan untuk tujuan penapisan dalam suatu populasi hewan untuk memantau kejadian suatu penyakit (Yetisen et al. 2013). Perangkat diagnosa cepat umumnya sangat sederhana, mudah digunakan tidak memerlukan peralatan khusus, harga relatif terjangkau, proses perolehan hasil langsung terbaca dalam hitungan menit (Bissonnette & Bergeron 2010). Teknologi diagnostik cepat sangat membantu tenaga medis untuk mendapatkan hasil sebelum uji lanjut melalui uji laboratorium. Uji laboratorium standar umumnya berlangsung dalam waktu yang relatif lama sehingga proses penyakit tidak dapat segera terdiagnosa dengan cepat. Proses penegakan diagnosa dalam dunia kedokteran hewan dengan jumlah spesies yang lebih banyak dari dunia medis kedokteran manusia memiliki tantangan yang lebih besar dengan keunikan tersendiri (Lewis & Klausner 2003). Tren perkembangan saat ini, perangkat diagnostik dikembangkan dengan tujuan pemantauan mandiri bagi klien dari rumah sebelum pasien dibawa ke klinik atau rumah sakit untuk ditangani oleh dokter hewan (Yager et al. 2008). Tulisan ini membahas sekilas tentang perangkat diagnostika cepat berbasis mikrofluida (mikrofluidik) yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam dunia kedokteran hewan guna menunjang percepatan proses penegakan diagnosa.
VPH-8 Analysis of 2017 Rabies Suspected Infectious Animal in Riau Province
Known Rabies cases in Indonesia started since Dutch colonialism and firstly reported by Schoorl (1884) in Jakarta on horse. Then cases on buffalo in Bekasi by Doubletree Esser (1889), and on dog found by Penning (1890). While the case in humans known by de Haan (1894) in Cirebon. In mid 1900s, the disease has spread progressively to variety of provinces which historically rabies free regions such as, the West Sumatra, Central Java and East Java (1953), North Sumatra and North Sulawesi (1956), South Sulawesi (1958), South Sumatra (1959), Lampung (1969), Aceh (1970), Jambi and Yogyakarta (1971), Bengkulu, Jakarta and Central Sulawesi (1972), East Borneo (1974), Riau (1975), Central Kalimantan (1978), South Kalimantan (1983), and Flores Island (1997). In early 2000's the spreading extends to Ambon and Seram Islands (2003), Buru Island (2004), Halmahera and Morotai (2005) Ketapang (2005), Bali Island (2008), and then to Bengkalis and Rupat islands in Riau Province (2009). In 2010 it also spreads to Nias and Saumlaki Islands. Java island hrabies-free ad been considered became Rabies-free region in 2004, nevertheless outbreaks reappeared in Garut (2005, 2007), Tasikmalaya (2006) and covering most of West Java starting 2008. Whilest Rabies disease firstly found in Riau province in 1975, but from 1976 until 1981 no case reported, then the case spread out again since 1982 mostly in Riau mainland province except Indragiri Hilir district. All small islands along east side of Sumatra still stated as Rabiesfree region, later the case found on Indragiri Hilir district, and more recent outbreak of rabies also occurred on Rupat and Bengkalis islands starting 2009. During 2017 there were 241 biting cases by Rabies suspected infectious animal in Riau Province. Based on distribution of biting cases, the highest occurance is in Pekanbaru 180 cases (75,63%), then Kampar 52 cases (21,85%) and one each are in Kuantan Singingi, Bengkalis, Indragiri Hulu, Rokan Hilir, Rokan Hulu and Siak.