Vol. 18 No. 1 (2011): March 2011

Articles

• Prevalence of heart disease in dogs was very high and required early diagnosis through physical examination, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography. Normal reference values of echocardiography are highly breedspecific and need for comparison and evaluation of dogs suspected with heart disease. Therefore the aim of this study was to establish normal reference echocardiographic values for Indonesian mongrel dogs, specifically to find out intracardiac dimensions, wall thickness, and fractional shortening. Motion-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography from right parasternal short axis and long axis view were performed on nine clinically healthy dogs consisting of five males and four males. The results showed that wall thickness and fractional shortening of Indonesia mongrel dogs were higher compared with those in the other breed that have the same average weight. As opposite, the intracardiac dimensions and lumen dimensions of aorta and left atrial diameter were smaller. These differences might occur due to factors other than the dog’s habits and functions such as working and hunting, but can also be caused by the existence of breed differences. There was no significant difference between male and female dogs in terms of intracardiac dimension systole (P = 0.53), diastole (P = 0.38), fractional shortening (P = 0.053), and the ratio of aorta and left atrial diameter (P = 0.06).

  DENI NOVIANA, DEVI PARAMITHA, RETNO WULANSARI

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.1

• Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Bangle), Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. (Jati belanda), and Murraya paniculata (Kemuning) have been used as slimming agents in jamu. A few researches have performed studies on their potency as antiobesity. The aim of this research was to investigate the potency of Z. cassumunar rhizome, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata leaf extracts as antiobesity agent based on in vitro inhibition activity of the extracts on pancreatic lipase activity. In this research, water content determination, phytochemical assay, toxicity assay and in vitro assay of inhibition activity on pancreatic lipase were performed toward single and mixture extracts of Z. cassumunar, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata resulted by water, ethanol, and saponin extractions. The results indicated that 100 ppm of ethanol extraction of Z. cassumunar had highest inhibition effect on the activity of pancreatic lipase (29.17%), followed by 100 ppm of water extraction of M. paniculata  (25.66%), 60 ppm of ethanol extraction of G. ulmifolia leaves (25.13%) and ethanol extraction mixture of Z. cassumunar, G. ulmifolia, and M. paniculata  leaves with ratio of 25:25:25 (21.58%). These inhibition effects were higher than inhibitory effect of 100 ppm of Xenical®/orlistat as the positive control, with the inhibition value of 17.53%. Saponin crude extracts had lower inhibitory effect than the other extractions. It was suggested that ethanol extraction of Z. cassumunar, and G. ulmifolia and water extraction of M. paniculata had potency as antiobesity agent

  DYAH ISWANTINI, RHOITO FROISTA SILITONGA, ELIZABETH MARTATILOFA, LATIFAH KOSIM DARUSMAN

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.6

• The human feet and mouth are known as sources of methylated sulfides, which are produced by other microflora. Methylated sulfides could be oxidized by methylotrophic bacteria, which may result in odor reduction in human feet and mouth. In this study, we collected a total of 21 isolates from human feet, and 37 isolates from human mouth. These isolates were identified with biochemical test such as oxidase and catalase test and Gram staining assay. The presence of mxaF gene of methanol dehydrogenase was detected by PCR using specific primers. However, the result showed that most of the isolates did not possess mxaF gene. Hence, the methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was also determined. From the total 21 isolates obtained from the feet, only 15 of them showed MDH activity whereas 23 isolates from the total 37 isolates obtained from teeth and tongue region also showed MDH activity. Isolate K25-3 (74.444 U/ml), K33-6 (79.815 U/ml), and K43-5 (69.259 U/ml) from human feet and M41L3 (135.926 U/ml), M27G2 (85.556 U/ml), and M51G1 (103.333 U/ml) from human mouth showed the highest total enzyme activity. Isolates with the highest total activity could be used for further studies such as purification of the enzyme and isolates characterization.

  DIANA ELIZABETH WATURANGI, CATHERINE DELANY NICHOLAS, CINDY OKTAVIA SUSANTO, MAGGY THENAWIJAYA SUHARTONO

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.11

• Induction of genetic variant of Artemisia annua L. was conducted through the application of gamma ray irradiation in 2007-2008. The aim was to obtain a plant with high artemisine content > 0.5% and late flowering period of about > 7 month after planting. Tweleve selected genotypes were subsequently examined to gain genetic stability on altitude of 1500, 950, and 540 m asl. The results showed that the plants had shorter flowering age in Cicurug (540 m asl) than that of  in Pacet (950 m asl) and Gunung Putri (1540 m asl). Genotype 8 had the latest age of flowering in the three locations than the other genotypes, however, the growth and biomass were the lowest. Vegetative growth of Artemisia in Pacet and Gunung Putri was better than those in Cicurug. Genotype of 15 in Cicurug and 5A genotype in Gunung Putri and Pacet had higher wet and dry weight than that of two other associates. Based on plant biomass, 5 genotypes from Gunung Putri and Pacet i.e. 1D, 3, 5A, 14, and 15 genotypes were selected, as well as 5 genotypes i.e. 1D, 3, 4, 5A, and 15 genotypes from Cicurug. Analisys on artemisin content successfully obtained 5 selected somaclone lines i.e. 1B, 2, 4, 14, and 3 somaclones.

  ENDANG GATI LESTARI ENDANG GATI LESTARI ENDANG GATI LESTARI, MUHAMAD SYUKUR, RAGAPADMI PURNAMANINGSIH, ROSSA YUNITA, ROHIM FIRDAUS

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.16

• The aim of the study was to analyze the interaction between clone and environment for starch yield in six month-old plants of cassava clones based on additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The experiments were conducted on mineral soil in four different locations: Lumajang (inceptisol), Kediri (entisol), Pati (alfisol), and Tulangbawang (ultisol). The experiments were carried out during 2004-2005, using a split plot design withthree replications. The main plots were the simple and the improved technology. The clones used were fifteen clones. Parameter recorded was starch yield (kg/ha) of the 6 month old plants. The data were analyzed using the AMMI model. Based on the AMMI analysis, environmental factors being important in determining the stability of the starch yield were soil density for subsoil, pH of topsoil, and the maximum air humidity four months after planting. The clones of CMM97001-87, CMM97002-183, CMM97011-191, CMM97006-44, and Adhira 4 were identified as stable clones in starch yield within 6 month-old plants. CMM97007-235 was adapted to maximum relative humidity 4 months after planting and to lower pH of topsoil, whereas, MLG 10311 was adapted to lower bulk density. The mean starch yield of MLG 10311 was the highest six months after planting.

  . SHOLIHIN

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.21

• Rubber hand pollination in Indonesian Rubber Research Institute program currently uses Wickham population which genetic analysis showed that genetic diversity of this population is narrow. The development of breeding activity has made the genetic base narrower by inbreeding. In order to solve this problem can use a new genetic resource that is the rubber germplasm IRRDB 1981 population. The genetic relationship between these populations is important to choose parents to avoid closely related genotypes in hand pollination. Therefore RAPD analysis was carried out using four selected primers i.e. OPH-03, OPH-05, OPH-18 and OPN-06. The result showed that Wickham and IRRDB 1981 population were separated into two different big groups with genetic similarity value of 0.64, and those big groups were separated further into many small sub groups with some genetic similarity level. The genetic similarity matrix showed that Wickham and IRRDB 1981 population has a range of genetic similarity 0.37– 0.98. The highest genetic similarity was found between RRIM 600 and PN 621, while the lowest was between BPM 1 and RRIC 100. Value in this matrix showed the genetic diversity between each clone. Based on this result, rubber genotypes of Wickham population could be crossed with genotypes of IRRDB 1981 population by choosing genotypes that have low genetic similarity.

  FETRINA OKTAVIA, MUDJI LASMININGSIH, . KUSWANHADI

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.27

• Methoxyacetic acid (MAA) causes digit malformations of mice when it was given orally on gestation day 11. Previous observation showed that malformation was caused by cell death. The aims of the research were to determine the types of cell death, first time of cell death and their distribution pattern on forelimb bud of Swiss Webster (SW) mice. Ten mM/kg of body weight (bw) of MAA were administered by gavage to SW mice on gestation day 11. Forelimb bud of mouse embryos of gestation day 11 + 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours were processed with paraffin method and were made plantar section. Cell death at plantar section were colored with 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride (DAPI) and hematoxylin. The result showed, that digit malformations initially by apoptosis mesenchymal cell at proximal of axial mesoderm in around of primary axial artery has done one hour after treatment. Apoptosis at the axial area, the site formation of digital ray III distributed to preaxial area where digits I and II are formed, and to the site formation of digits IV and V. The number of mesenchyme cell of digital rays II, III, and V was decrease by the increasing of gestation day, while digital ray was not formed and finally digits I, II, III, and V were missing. The reduction number of cell of digital ray IV were delayed time to be formed and its small size. Thereby it can be concluded, that MAA induced digit malformations of SW mice started by apoptosis which is occurrence has been increase in area of digital ray formation, so that digital ray can not be formed, but when formed it will not developed.

  AGUS HARYONO, TIEN WIATI SURJONO, LIEN ALINA SUTASURYA, SRI SUDARWATI

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.33

• Soybean is a good source of protein. It has two major fractions, b-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S). b-conglycinin’s function was known to suppress food intake, and this effect may be due to stimulating endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) release. The aims of this study were to determine the highest content of total b-conglycinin and b-conglycinin sub unit-b level obtained from two varieties of soybean i.e. Wilis and Detam 1 varieties using different preparation and extraction methods. These two soybean varieties were prepared into tempeh. Then the seed and tempeh were extracted using Deak and Panthee methods. There were six extracts analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining. The result was shown that Detam variety and raw seed contained the highest total b-conglycinin level. And Panthee method was the best method for extraction of total b-conglycinin, while Deak method was the best method for extraction of b-conglycinin subunit-b.

  MEILINAH HIDAYAT, MUCHTAN SUJATNO, NUGRAHA SUTADIPURA, . SETIAWAN, AHMAD FARIED

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.37

• In global change research, where modelling of CO2 fluxes from plants is an important component in determining vegetation capacity to protect the climate, mechanistic-based modelling is needed when projection of future CO2 absorption dynamics need to be estimated more accurately. Rubisco is the world’s most abundant protein in plants and has the job of uniquely preparing CO2 for chemical reduction. Rubisco activity in the leaf,  described by Vcmax, can be estimated from gas exchange measurements of the initial slope of the response of CO2 assimilation rate, A, to intercellular [CO2]. This technique of estimation is favourable because it can avoid the uncertainties and difficulties when Vcmax is obtained directly by extraction and biochemical assay in artificial media. Rate of assimilation of soybean plants grown at different temperature (20/15, 25/20, and 32/27 oC day/night temperature) and [CO2] (350 and 700 mmol mol-1), were measured using gas exchange. The effect of wall conductance (gw) on the parameterization of assimilations rate was observed. The temperature dependence of Vcmax depends strongly on wall conductance, where the shape of the curve would change significantly if finite wall conductance were included in the analysis. The implication is that it changes the values and interpretation of the temperature response of assimilation rate

  TANIA JUNE

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  DOI: https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.18.1.43