Current Biomedicine (p-ISSN: 2962-8490; e-ISSN: 2985-4784) is an open-access and peer-reviewed scientific journal in the biomedical field, published bi-annually in January and July, accepts articles in Indonesian or English, covers a wide range of life sciences topics, both directly and indirectly related to human and animal health, supporting the One Medicine concept. Aims. Current Biomedicine aims to rapidly and accurately disseminate good-quality biomedical research, significantly benefiting the society. Scope. Current Biomedicine covers a wide range of life sciences topics, both directly and indirectly related to human and animal health, supporting the One Medicine concept. These fields include (but are not limited to) anatomy, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biomedical engineering, biostatistics, biotechnology, clinics, cell biology, cytogenetics, embryology, epidemiology, ethnomedicine, experimental surgery, gene therapy, genetics, histology, immunology, laboratory diagnostics, legislation and bioethics, microbiology, molecular biology, nanobiotechnology, one health, parasitology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology, phytopharmaceuticals, public health, radiology and imaging, regenerative medicine, reproduction, surgery, and toxicology. Article Type. Articles proposed for publication include research, review, case study, and short communication articles. Short communications may come as commentaries, opinions, reply articles, research notes, and correspondences to the editor. Publication Frequency. Current Biomedicine is published bi-annually, namely in January and July. The first issue was published in January 2023. Language. Starting 2025, articles will be published entirely in English. Articles submitted in English are preferred. Articles submitted in Indonesian will be translated into English, with the cost will be charged to the author. Article Processing Charge. Author(s) are charged IDR 250,000,- for Indonesian author(s) or 20 USD for foreign author(s) for each article accepted for publication. Peer-review process. The peer-review process is carried out in a double-anonymized system. All procedures and decisions are independent, transparent, and accountable. The final decision is up to two months after receipt of a well-formatted manuscript unless additional review is needed or it depends on the author's response or revision. Publisher. SVMBS IPB University collaborates with the Indonesia Veterinary Medical Association (IVMA/PDHI) to publish Current Biomedicine (Letter No. 001/E/KU/PBPDHI/XII/2022 dated 29 December 2022), and with PT Penerbit IPB Press that supports designing, layout, and printing the journal articles.
School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Copyright (c) 2025 Current Biomedicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preparation of avian influenza H5N1 and Newcastle disease antigens for hemagglutination inhibition assay applications
Background Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are major poultry diseases in Indonesia, where monitoring of vaccination efficacy commonly relies on the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The HI assay requires viral antigens, which are generally obtained commercially from PUSVETMA. However, independent antigen preparation would be beneficial for private laboratories. Objective This study aimed to prepare and validate in-house AI and ND antigens as HI assay reagents. Methods Viruses were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE), inactivated using buffered neutral formalin (BNF), precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), and preserved with glycerol. Validation was conducted by parallel HI testing of 24 chicken sera for AI and 22 chicken sera for ND using both in-house and PUSVETMA’s antigens. Antibody titers were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and kappa (κ) tests performed for agreement. Results ANOVA revealed no significant differences in geometric mean titers between in-house and PUSVETMA’s antigens (P<0.05). Both the AI and ND in-house antigens demonstrated Se and Sp values of 100% and κ values of 1, indicating perfect agreement. Conclusion These findings confirm that in-house AI and ND antigens are comparable to their commercial counterparts and can serve as reliable and cost-effective reagents for HI testing in private laboratories.
Copyright (c) 2026 Okti Nadia Poetri, Syaharani Salsabila, Nada Adinda Pebriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of influenza-specific immunoglobulin Y stability in liquid, solid, and cream-based body care formulations
Background Specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is widely used in immunotherapy, with expanding applications in body care products. Topically applied influenza-specific antibodies may provide an alternative strategy for preventing respiratory infections. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the stability and biological activity of influenza-specific IgY in various body care products. Methods The biological activity of influenza-specific IgY was evaluated in various body care products at different concentrations. Commercial face mists contained 5% and 10% w/v IgY, face mists and nasal sprays contained 0.5% w/v IgY, lip balm, sunscreen, and hand cream contained 0.1% and 0.25% w/v IgY. The products were stored at room temperature for four weeks, and organoleptic changes were monitored weekly. IgY activity was assessed by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA). Results In both face mist products, the aroma gradually became fishy, the color remained stable, and turbidity increased. The biological activity of IgY was still detectable by ELISA at concentrations of 0.5%, 5%, and 10%. In nasal spray, no changes in aroma, color, or turbidity were observed, but IgY activity was not detectable. In lip balm, sunscreen, and hand cream, only slight color changes occurred without any change in aroma, and IgY activity was not detected. Conclusion Influenza-specific IgY retained biological activity in face mist formulations at higher concentrations (≥0.5%) despite observable changes in aroma and turbidity. In contrast, IgY activity was not detected in nasal sprays, lip balm, sunscreen, or hand cream, suggesting that the formulation type and IgY concentration significantly influence its stability and detectability in body-care products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okti Nadia Poetri, Yusefin Marcelina Setyawati, Zabrino Wahid Kal Alfin, Salsabila Kalsum , Fathurrahman, Chin Xiao Rong , Indi Amalia Nugraheni, Andrea Septiandra Kuswanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detection of quinolone antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cattle feces
Background Livestock raised in densely populated areas can serve as reservoirs for bacteria such as Escherichia coli, which may harbor antibiotic resistance genes that threaten both animal and human health. Objective This study aimed to identify and characterize quinolone resistance genes in E. coli isolated from dairy cattle feces. Methods Fifteen E. coli isolates were obtained from 15 dairy farms located in Kebon Pedes, Bogor, West Java. Genotypic detection of quinolone resistance genes was conducted using DNA sequencing on the MinION platform. Results All E. coli isolates (100%) carried at least one quinolone resistance gene. Of these, ten isolates (67%) contained a single resistance gene, while five isolates (33%) possessed two genes. The qnrS1_1 gene was identified in all isolates and represented the predominant genotype, whereas the qnrVC4_1 gene was found in five isolates (33%), mostly co-occurring with qnrS1_1. Both genes are plasmid-mediated and categorized as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Conclusion The detection of qnrS1_1 and qnrVC4_1 genes in E. coli isolated from dairy cattle feces indicates that livestock manure may act as a reservoir for quinolone resistance genes, contributing to their persistence and potential spread within farm environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ammar Raihan, Sara Elsharkawy, Agustin Indrawati, Hadri Latif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dieffenbachia seguine extract nanoemulsion as an intranasal inflammation-inducing agent in rats
Background Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott, commonly known as the dumb cane, is a tropical ornamental plant known for its toxic and proinflammatory properties. Its potential as a natural inducer of inflammation warrants further investigation, particularly via the intranasal route. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the proinflammatory effect of D. seguine leaf extract nanoemulsion by measuring the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) following intranasal administration in rats. Methods Wistar rats (n= 24) were divided into six groups: water for injection (WFI, negative control); emulsion base; lipopolysaccharide (LPS, positive control); and D. seguine extract nanoemulsions at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4%. Each rat received an intranasal instillation, and IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in the BALF were quantified using ELISA. Results Only the 4% D. seguine nanoemulsion group showed a significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared to the control. Lower concentrations (1% and 2%) did not induce significant cytokine elevation. All treatment groups showed significantly lower cytokine levels than the LPS group. Conclusion D. seguine extract nanoemulsion at 4% concentration demonstrates potential as a natural inflammation-inducing agent via the intranasal route, although its effect remains lower than that of LPS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Sa'diah, Ke Yong Leong , Ni Luh Putu Ika Mayasari, Leliana Nugrahaning Widi, Hamzah Alfarisi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative superovulation outcomes across estrous phases using PMSG-hCG and rFSH-rhCG in mice
Background Enhancing stimulation efficiency in mice supports the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for species conservation. Objective This study compared the stimulatory potential of two ART-supporting hormone protocols: the conventional PMSG-hCG combination and recombinant gonadotropins (rFSH-rhCG), a newer generation produced by genetic engineering. Methods Sixty-three female mice from four distinct estrous phases were used in this study. Both hormone regimens, with FSH- and LH-like activities, were administered sequentially between 4:00 and 5:00 pm, at a 47–48 h interval. Stimulation success was evaluated based on the proportion of females showing a positive response and the number of oocytes retrieved. Results The diestrus phase yielded the highest response for both treatments. Approximately 60% of the females responded to PMSG-hCG, and 80% responded to recombinant hormones. The number of oocytes recovered reached 239 in the PMSG-hCG group and 137 in the recombinant group. Interestingly, recombinant hormone administration during estrus induced ovulation of 400 oocytes; however, the efficiency ratio was lower than that during diestrus (30.8 vs 34.3). Conclusion Both PMSG-hCG and recombinant gonadotropins effectively stimulate ovulation. The diestrus phase provides the most consistent results; therefore, diestrus is recommended as the optimal stage for superovulation protocols in mice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yogi Nikmatul Maula, Cyntia Bella Salsabila, Diah Nugrahani Pristihadi, Noer Muhammad Dliyaul Haq, Arief Boediono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of PTEN gene in genetic alterations in endometrioid carcinoma
Endometrioid (type I endometrial) carcinoma is the most prevalent form of endometrial cancer and is strongly associated with genetic alterations, particularly involving phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. PTEN protein is a crucial component of the protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt signaling pathway, which plays a significant role in regulating cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis. The loss or mutation of PTEN can disrupt this pathway, contributing to uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer progression. Recent studies indicate that PTEN genetic alterations are not limited to mutations or loss of expression but also involve complex variations such as gene deletions, structural changes, and diverse regulatory disruptions. Genetic alterations involving PTEN are frequently observed in endometrioid-type endometrial carcinomas, particularly in tumors that develop from premalignant lesions. These alterations, whether mutations, deletions, or reduced expression, significantly disrupt the regulation of cell growth and key signaling pathways, thereby driving tumor initiation and progression. By providing a more integrated understanding of the multifaceted genetic changes in PTEN, this review highlights emerging opportunities for early detection, refined risk stratification, and the advancement of gene-targeted therapeutic strategies specifically for the endometrioid subtype of endometrial cancer.
Effect of moringa seed (Moringa oleifera Lam.) infusion on stamina performance in male mice
Background Individuals experience varying levels of fatigue and stamina. Moringa oleifera Lam. Seed extract relieves fatigue due to its high levels of antioxidants and glucosinolate glucomoringin, which reduces intracellular oxidative stress. Objectives This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of infusion of M. oleifera seed as a stamina stimulator in mice. Methods This experiment used 25 male mice divided into five groups (five mice in each group), consisting of M. oleifera seed infusion at doses of 0, 1, 3, and 5 g/kg BW as the negative control and treatment groups, and caffeine at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg BW as the positive control group. Stamina effectiveness was evaluated using a swimming endurance test that measured swimming duration and physiological parameters every 15 min for 2 h after administration. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Results M. oleifera seed infusion at a dose of 3 g/kg BW had the shortest swimming duration difference (Δ) value, with no difference compared to the 5 g/kg BW and caffeine groups, but was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the 0 and 1 g/kg BW groups. M. oleifera seed infusion at a dose of 3 g/kg BW also showed a lower delta value for body surface temperature and heartbeat rate compared to the negative control, and a lower delta value for the respiratory rate compared to the 5 g/kg BW group. Conclusion M. oleifera seed infusion potentially maintains stamina performance in mice at a dose of 3 g/kg BW.
Efficacy of tamarind leaf infusion (Tamarindus indica L.) as an antidiarrheal agent in mice
Background Bacground Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is an herbal plant that is used to treat various diseases, but there has been no scientific research on the activity of tamarind leaf infusion as an antidiarrheal. Objectives This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of tamarind leaf infusion preparation as an antidiarrheal agent through the intestinal protection method and determine the effective concentration for providing antidiarrheal effects in mice. Methods This study used 30 mice were divided into five groups consisting of negative control (1% Tween 80), positive control (loperamide hydrochloride), and three groups treated with tamarind leaf infusion with graded concentrations (25%, 50%, and 100%). The parameters used in the intestinal protection method were frequency of defecation, stool consistency, time of onset of diarrhea, and duration and recovery time of diarrhea. Results The phytochemical test results of tamarind leaf infusion contained flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. In vivo testing of tamarind leaf infusion in mice at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100% demonstrated the potential antidiarrheal activity of tamarind leaf infusion. Conclusion Tamarind leaf infusion has antidiarrheal activity, with The best effectiveness at a concentration of 50%.
Effect of solvent variation on results of antibiotic susceptibility test using the disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus
Background Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) is widely used for disk diffusion tests to assess antibiotic susceptibility in non-fastidious bacteria. The type of water used to prepare the MHA may have affected the test outcomes. Objective This study evaluated the effect of different water types as solvents on the antibiotic susceptibility test results of tetracycline and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods MHA was prepared using four types of water: distilled (control), bottled, reverse osmosis (RO), and municipal tap water (PDAM). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc test. Results The mean inhibition zones for tetracycline were 23.8 ± 0.99 mm (distilled), 23.4 ± 0.37 mm (bottled), 23.0 ± 0.43 mm (RO), and 17.8 ± 1.41 mm (tap), categorized as sensitive except for tap water (intermediate). For gentamicin, the zones were 11.7 ± 0.37 mm (distilled), 12.7 ± 0.77 mm (bottled), 9.8 ± 0.18 mm (RO), and 17.6 ± 1.19 mm (tap), with the first three classified as resistant and tap water as sensitive. The tap water results were significantly different (p<0.05) from those of the other antibiotics. Conclusion The use of non-standard solvents in MHA preparation, particularly tap water, may lead to inconsistent antibiotic susceptibility results. Standardized use of distilled water is recommended to ensure test accuracy and reliability.
Effect of nanocurcumin (Curcuma longa) on lung histopathology in rats exposed to carbon black
Background Exposure to carbon black can induce respiratory toxicity, leading to tissue remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis. Curcumin, a compound from Curcuma longa, has been shown to exert protective effects on lung tissue by inhibiting cell proliferation and reducing alveolar epithelial thickening and inflammatory responses. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nanocurcumin administration on alveolar septal thickness and fibrosis in the lungs of rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to carbon black. Methods Thirty female rats were divided into five groups: the negative control group (K-) received distilled water without carbon black exposure; the positive control group (K+) received distilled water and was exposed to carbon black at a dose of 1064 mg/m³ for 6 hours; and treatment groups P1, P2, and P3 received nanocurcumin at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively, along with carbon black exposure at a dose of 1064 mg/m³ for 6 hours/day over 30 days. Results Alveolar septal thickness and fibrosis in the P1, P2, and P3 groups showed significant reductions (P<0.05) compared to the K+ group. Notably, groups P2 and P3 exhibited similar alveolar septal thickness to the K- group, with statistically lower (P<0.05) fibrosis levels than P1 but not significantly different from K- (P>0.05). Conclusion Nanocurcumin administration demonstrates potential in mitigating alveolar septal thickening and fibrosis in rat lungs subjected to carbon black exposure, suggesting a protective role against pulmonary damage from particulate matter.
Quantification and identification of bacterial presence in salted eggs
Objective This study aimed to quantify the total bacterial count in salted eggs and identify bacterial species that may affect their quality. Methods Fifty samples consisted of 10 fresh salted eggs that passed the candling test, 10 portions of pasta dough at 0, 3, and 6 hours, and 10 fresh salted eggs that had failed the candling test (black egg yolk). Each sample was tested in triplicate. The total bacterial count was determined using the plate count agar method, and bacterial identification was based on phenotypic analysis, which included Gram staining and biochemical tests. Results The total bacterial load in fresh salted eggs was below the maximum limit set by SNI 7388:2009 (1×105 CFU/g), whereas the pasta dough and black egg yolk exceeded this limit. The identified bacteria included Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. Conclusion Although the bacterial count in salted eggs meets SNI standards, the presence of potentially harmful bacteria highlights the need for enhanced hygiene and sanitation measures to be implemented during the production of salt eggs.
Confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture results with Ziehl-Neelsen staining and MPT64 antigen test
Background Culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using egg-based solid media like Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) is the gold standard for tuberculosis diagnosis but requires extended incubation time. Rapid diagnostic tests, such as Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and the MPT64 antigen rapid test, are essential for early detection. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ZN staining and the MPT64 rapid test in detecting MTB and Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT) during different culture times. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, 110 culture-positive samples were analyzed from Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung over two months. Specimens were cultured on LJ media for eight weeks, with weekly observation of colony growth. ZN staining and MPT64 tests were performed on growing colonies. Results Less than four weeks culture, 61 samples (55.5%) were culture-negative, 45 (40.9%) were positive for MOTT, and the remainder were contaminated. In more than four weeks culture, 48 samples (43.6%) were positive for MTB, 45 samples (40.9%) were positive for MOTT, and 13 (11.8%) were culture-negative, and the remaining were contaminated. ZN-positive and MPT64-negative results indicated MOTT in less than four weeks culture, while ZN-positive and MPT64-positive results indicated MTB in more than four weeks culture. Conclusion While ZN staining was positive for both MTB and MOTT colonies, the MPT64 rapid antigen test was specific for MTB, supporting its use in confirming MTB detection alongside culture methods.
In silico prediction of multi-epitope vaccine candidates against Mycobacterium leprae
Background Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Despite ongoing efforts to control the disease, leprosy remains a global health concern, with Indonesia ranking third in the world for the highest number of cases. Objective This study aims to identify epitopes that can induce T and B cell immune responses through an in silico approach, to design a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Mycobacterium leprae. Methods The study used an in silico vaccine design approach utilizing ESAT6, Ag85B, ML2028, ML2380, and ML2055 proteins from Mycobacterium leprae. The process involved sequence alignment, T cell (CTL and HTL) and B cell epitopes identification, and antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity assessment. Selected epitopes were constructed into a multi-epitope vaccine candidate using linkers. The tertiary structure of the vaccine was modeled with AlphaFold and evaluated via Prosa-web. The stability and interaction between the vaccine candidate and TLR4 were analyzed using molecular docking. Results The vaccine candidate demonstrated stable interactions with TLR4, with a binding free energy of -13.9 kcal/mol. The vaccine candidate was also predicted to be stable, antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, and hydrophilic. Conclusion This in silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate shows potential for development as a vaccine against leprosy.
Sensitivity and specificity of the lipoarabinomannan test compared to GeneXpert in urine samples for tuberculosis diagnosis
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), primarily affecting lung tissue but also capable of infecting pleura, lymph nodes, bones, and other extrapulmonary sites. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a critical lipopolysaccharide in the outer wall of mycobacterial cells and can be detected in the urine of TB patients as an antigen. Objective This study aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the LAM test compared to GeneXpert in urine samples from suspected TB patients. Methods A quasi-experimental design was employed, where urine samples were collected from patients diagnosed with TB at Sidawangi Lung Hospital, West Java Province. The LAM test was performed on 40 samples by applying 60 µL of urine onto LAM test strips, while MTB presence in urine was examined using GeneXpert. Results LAM test results showed 32.5% positivity, while 67.5% were negative. GeneXpert results indicated 20% positivity and 80% negativity. The LAM test demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 79.4% compared to GeneXpert, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.897. Conclusion The LAM test showed high sensitivity and moderate specificity compared to GeneXpert in urine samples of suspected TB patients.
Correlation of polymerase chain reaction results with hematocrit levels and platelet counts in dengue patients in Batam City
Background Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, posing global public health challenge. The Riau Islands Province has the highest incidence of DHF in Indonesia. Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hematocrit and platelet levels with the cycle threshold (Ct) values of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in DHF cases in Batam City, Riau Islands Province. Methods A descriptive correlation study was conducted using data from 102 patients infected with the dengue virus. Hematocrit and platelet counts were measured using a hematology analyzer, while Ct values for DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4 were obtained through real-time qRT-PCR. Pearson's correlation test was employed to analyze the relationship between these variables. Results The study found no significant gender difference in DHF incidence (males: 50%, females: 50%). The highest prevalence was observed in the 6–11 years age group (44.1%), followed by the 12–18 years group (25.5%), the >18 years group (24.5%), and the 1–5 years group (11.8%). DENV3 was identified as the dominant serotype. No statistically significant correlation was found between Ct values and hematocrit (p = 0.607) or platelet counts (p = 0.323). Conclusion DHF cases in this study showed no gender disparity, with the most affected group being children aged 6–11 years, and DENV3 was the prevalent serotype. Ct values did not show a statistically significant correlation with hematocrit levels or platelet counts, suggesting that these hematological parameters may not predict viral load in DHF cases.
Anticoagulant effects of combined extracts of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Mimusops elengi Linn., and Averrhoa carambola in mice
Background Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome, the Mimusops elengi Linn. leaves, and Averrhoa carambola leaves contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids. Flavonoids influence calcium ion levels, which play critical roles in cardiovascular functions, including heart function and blood coagulation. However, the effects of these plant extracts on blood clotting remain unclear. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the anticoagulant effects of a combination of these plant extracts in mice. Methods Twenty-five mice were divided into five treatment groups, receiving either distilled water (0.5 mL/25 g BW), aspirin (0.2 mg/20 g BW), Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract (0.1344 mg/20 g BW), or a combination of the three extracts at two doses (0.63 mg/20 g BW and 2.52 mg/20 g BW). Extracts were administered orally, bleeding and coagulation times were measured at 3-, 6-, and 9-hours post-administration. Results The combined extract significantly prolonged bleeding and coagulation times compared to a single Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract. The most pronounced effect was observed at a dose of 2.52 mg/20 g BW, with the peak effect occurring at the 3rd hour. Conclusion The combination of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Mimusops elengi, and Averrhoa carambola extracts demonstrated significant anticoagulant activity, with the highest potency observed at a dose of 2.52 mg/20 g BW, surpassing the effects of aspirin. The synergistic interaction between these extracts is suggested to enhance their anticoagulant properties.
Antidiarrheal potential of Nigella sativa L. infusion in mice: a phytochemical and efficacy evaluation
Background Nigella sativa L., commonly known as black cumin, is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its therapeutic properties. However, limited pharmacological evidence supports its antidiarrheal potential when prepared as an infusion. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antidiarrheal efficacy of Nigella sativa infusion in mice. Methods A total of 30 mice were divided into five groups: negative control (Tween 80 [1%]), positive control (Loperamide HCl), and treatment groups receiving Nigella sativa infusion at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%. Antidiarrheal activity was assessed using the intestinal protection method, with parameters including defecation frequency, stool consistency, diarrheal onset time, and diarrheal duration. Results Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins in Nigella sativa infusion. The infusion demonstrated significant antidiarrheal activity across all tested concentrations (25%–100%), with the 50% concentration showing the highest efficacy, comparable to Loperamide in reducing defecation frequency, improving stool consistency, delaying diarrheal onset, and shortening diarrheal duration. Conclusion Nigella sativa infusion at 50% concentration exhibits promising antidiarrheal potential and warrants further development as a herbal remedy.
Microbial quality and somatic cell count in milk from dairy farm located in the highlands and lowlands
Background: Consumers have the right to consume safe and healthy fresh milk. One of the factors that affect the productivity and quality of milk is the altitude of the location and environmental conditions around the farm. Objective: This research aimed to determine the differences in microbial quality and the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk between farms in the highlands (Cijeruk Farm, Bogor) and lowlands (Pondok Ranggon Farm, East Jakarta). Methods: This study observed the total plate count (TPC), the number of Staphylococcus aureus, and SCC. Microbial testing was carried out using the plate count method and the somatic cells count used the Breed method. The data were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square. Results: The results showed that TPC, S. aureus, and SCC of milk from Pondok Ranggon located in the lowlands were higher than those of milk from Cijeruk located in the highlands. The average of TPC, S. aureus, and SCC in milk from Cijeruk were 1.6×104 ± 1.5×104 CFU/mL, 1.3×103 ± 4.2×103 CFU/mL, and 1,795,000 ± 1,838,791 cells/mL, respectively. The average of TPC, S. aureus, and SCC in milk from the Pondok Ranggon were 3.5×105 ± 1.0×106 CFU/mL, 1.7×105 ± 6.3×104 CFU/mL and 3,032,222 ± 4,348,654 cells/mL, respectively. This research showed that the location of the rearing area has relationship with S. aureus in milk (P<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that microbial status and the somatic cell count are influenced by differences in livestock areas.
Retraction: Diuretic effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) leaf extract on urine potassium and sodium levels in Sprague-Dawley rats
Announcement of manuscript withdrawal: The author has voluntarily submitted a request for retraction of the published manuscript. Based on these considerations, the editorial board decided to permanently withdraw this manuscript from circulation, both in print and online.
Wound healing of skin incision using topical balsamum peruvianum after myocardium infarction surgery in domestic swine (Sus scrofa domestica)
Background: Swine are ideal animal models used for human health and disease research in humans because they have similar anatomy and physiology, one of which is regarding wound healing. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of balsamum peruvianum on wound healing after myocardial infarction surgery in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Methods: The study used five pigs aged 4–5 months, three male and two female. The incision was made using electrocautery in the lateral part of the third and fourth thoracic intercostal spaces, lengthwise from dorsal to ventral. The wound was sutured using Monosyn® 4.0 thread with a subcuticular/intradermal suture pattern. The wound was then given 10% iodine and 10% balsamum peruvianum over the entire surface of the wound twice a day. Recovery was observed on 1st, 4th, 7th, 11th, and 14th days and was scored (grade: 1–4) on macroscopic examination in each pig until day 18th. Results: The observations showed a significant difference in recovery scores on the 11th and 18th days compared to the first day. Conclusion: Topical balsamum peruvianum can be used and is effective for wound healing of skin incisions after myocardial infarction surgery in swine.
Incidence of gastrointestinal nematodosis in long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) at the Primate Research Center of LPPM IPB
Background: The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is often used as a model animal in biomedical research. Nematodosis is common among non-human primates. Gastrointestinal nematodosis may affect study results or be a potential source of transmission to humans (zoonosis). Objective: The study aimed to identify the type, calculate the degree of infection, and the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode worms in long-tailed macaques in captivity at the Primate Research Center, Institute for Research and Community Service (PSSP LPPM) IPB University. Methods: Faeces samples from 24 long-tailed macaques were examined using the McMaster and Kato-Katz simple flotation methods. Results: Nine (37.5%) of the 24 samples were infected by trichurid (20.8%), ascarid (12.5%), and strongylid (4.2%), each with an average degree of infection 833.3 ± 923.8, 32 ± 27.7, and 12 ± 17 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), respectively. The prevalence of nematodosis in long-tailed macaques based on age group and sex was in infants 50%, children 50%, adolescents 16.7%, adults 33.3%, males 33.3%, and females 41.7%. Conclusion: The incidence and degree of gastrointestinal nematodosis infection in long-tailed macaques showed a moderate to low level. These results can be considered in maintenance management, biomedical research, and mitigation of potential transmission risk to humans.
The acute toxicity of male Calina papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) infusion in female mice
Background: Papaya (Carica papaya L) is one of the plants that have the potential as a medicine for various diseases. Objective: This study aimed to test the acute toxicity of male Calina papaya leaf extract in female mice by determining the lethal dose 50 (LD50), examining its effect on the organs of the mice, and calculating the most effective concentration of the extract. Methods: This study used 20 DDY strain mice, randomly divided into four treatment groups: the control group was treated with distilled water and the treatment groups were treated with male Calina papaya leaf infusion with doses of 5, 10, and 15 g/kg body weight (BW) orally. Mortality, clinical symptoms, physiological responses, body weight, and relative organ weights were observed. Results: The LD50 value indicated that administering male Calina papaya leaf infusion to female mice was non-toxic. Giving an infusion of male Calina papaya leaf up to a dose of 15 g/kg BW did not cause pathology-clinical symptoms, macro-anatomy organ changes, or death. The infusion did not show a significant effect on increasing or decreasing body weight. Giving an infusion of male Calina papaya leaves at a dose of 10 g/kg BW was proven to be the most effective in maintaining average body weight gain and was not toxic. Conclusion: Based on the research, giving male Calina papaya leaf infusion up to a dose of 15 g/kg BW is non-toxic and does not affect the organs of the mice, with an effective dose of 10 g/kg BW.
The relationship of milking techniques with the number of Escherichia coli in raw milk from dairy farms at the KUD Kertajaya, Kediri District, East Java
Background: The coliform bacteria group is a group of bacteria used as an indicator of food sanitation, one of which is in dairy products. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship of milking techniques with the number of Escherichia coli in raw milk compared to the bacterial contamination limit set by the National Standardization Agency. Methods: The design of this study was a descriptive study. Raw milk samples were taken from Lucky Farm and several traditional dairy farms in the KUD Kertajaya area, Kediri Regency, East Java. This study uses the most probable number (MPN) test. Results: The results showed 11 (73.3%) of raw milk samples using conventional milking techniques exceeding the maximum limit of E. coli bacterial contamination determined by the National Standardization Agency (< 3 MPN/mL). However, all 15 samples, or 100% of raw milk samples using machine milking techniques, were negative for E. coli and met the maximum bacterial contamination limit requirements. Conclusion: The milking techniques affect E. coli contamination limits in raw milk. The milk samples taken using machine milking techniques had better results with MPN values ​​< 3 MPN/mL than those taken using conventional milking techniques.
Healing of incision wound using sea cucumber and turmeric extracts cream
Background: Skin is the outermost layer that covers and protects the body and is vulnerable to trauma, such as wounds. Turmeric and sea cucumbers are known to have properties in wound healing. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a mixture of sea cucumber and turmeric extracts in the form of a cream to heal incision wounds in rats. Methods: Twenty-five male white rats, Sprague Dawley strain, and body weights of 250–300 g were anesthetized, and their skins were slashed. The rats were divided into five groups, namely negative control (wounds without treatment), positive controls (wounds treated with Bioplacenton® topically), and three treatment groups (wounds treated with sea cucumber and turmeric extract cream with concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% topically). Wound healing parameters were observed daily, namely accelerated wound closure and inflammation reduction. Data were analysed descriptively and tested using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis’s test. Results: The results showed that the wounds closed completely in all treated groups. Healing time in the group receiving treatment (positive control and concentration treatment of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% were 8.3 ± 1.5 days, 10.3 ± 0.6 days, 9.3 ± 0 .6 days, and 8.3 ± 1.5 days, respectively) faster than the healing time of the group that did not receive treatment (negative control was 12.6 ± 0.6 days). Conclusion: This study showed that sea cucumber and turmeric extract cream has the potential and is effective for wound healing and can be used as an alternative for wound treatment.
Effect of the partial solar eclipse on the behavior and activity of rats
Circadian rhythm is the adaptation response of animals against light alteration that affects various behavioral and physiological responses. Bright light is a danger signal for nocturnal animals because it exposes them more to predators. This research aimed to study the changes in the behavior of rats during the partial solar eclipse (PSE) period. The PSE period occurred across Bogor, Indonesia, on 9 March 2016. The PSE started at 06.19 AM, peaked at 07.21 AM, and ended at 08.30 AM. The light level decreased since the early solar eclipse, then dropped significantly at the peak period. The activities of six mature male Sprague Dawley rats were measured using Opto-Varimex-5 Auto Track System during the PSE period. The measurements were repeated one day after the PSE period as the non-PSE period. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in stereotypic time, burst of stereotypic movement, and horizontal count in the early, peak, and end periods of the PSE period compared with the values at the same time of the non-PSE period. The activities of rats changed during the PSE period. Rats did not rest as in their normal nocturnal behavior during darkness but were more active and stressed because of the rapid change in light level during the PSE period.
Cytotoxic assay of Capsicum annuum on WiDr Cells: in vitro study
Background: Cancer is still one of the causes of death in the world. One of the alternative ways to cure cancer is herbal medicine which has anticancer properties. Objective: This study aims to analyze the cytotoxic effect of Capsicum annuum extract on WiDr cells. Methods: The cytotoxic value of Capsicum annuum extract was tested on WiDr cells using the MTT tetrazolium reduction test method. Results: The results of the MTT test showed that Capsicum annuum extract inhibited the proliferation of WiDr cells along with the increasing concentrations (400, 800, and 1600 ppm). The highest proportion of cell arrest was obtained at a concentration of 800 ppm from each group (24, 48, and 72 hours). The lowest IC50 value was 651.18 ppm in the 48 h treatment group. Conclusion: The IC50 value of Capsicum annuum extract for WiDr cells has a high value that shows the extract is no longer effective as an anticancer drug. Further study is needed to get the best dose in order to inhibit WiDr cell growth maximally.