Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana . Acta Vet Indones . The Indonesian Veterinary Journal is an open access, peer-reviewed, online journal that publishes articles in the form of research, reviews, case studies, and short communications relating to various aspects of science in veterinary, biomedical, animal husbandry, biotechnology, and biodiversity of fauna. Articles are written in Indonesian or English. Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana is published by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Bogor Agricultural University (FKH IPB) in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI). This journal is published since 2013, published 3 (three) times in 1 (one) year, i.e. in March, November, and July. P-ISSN 2337-3202, E-ISSN 2337-4373, Accreditation of "SINTA 2" Kemenristekdikti No. 148 / M / KPT / 2020
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. All articles published Open Access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and download. We are continuously working with our author communities to select the best choice of license options, currently being defined for this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA).
In Vitro Evaluation of Levamisole Efficacy TowardGastrointestinal Worms of Domestic Chicken in Yogyakarta
Levamisole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic from the imidazothiazole derivative group for mammals and poultry. This study aims to evaluate the anthelmintic effectiveness of levamisole against gastrointestinal worms in domestic chickens in Yogyakarta. The findings of this study could potentially lead to the development of more effective strategies for controlling helminthiasis in poultry, thereby improving the health and productivity of domestic chickens. This study is an in vitro laboratory experiment that uses Ascaridia galli (AG) and Raillietina spp. (RL), in a petri dish with ten treatment groups (n=3). The groups consisted of two negative controls, 0.9% sodium chloride AG and RL (G1, G2), two groups of AG and RL in Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium (G3, G4), and levamisole treatment groups with doses of 0.02, 0.1, and 0.2% for three groups of AG (G5-G7) and three groups of RL (G8-G10), respectively. The worm’s mortality time was observed for 24 hours, while descriptive analyses were conducted between treatments with the scoring method. The 0.2% levamisole solution showed anthelmintic efficacy toward AG and RL of a domestic chicken, which in RL has the fastest time to die, 30 minutes of mortality time.
Key Words: Ascaridia galli, domestic chicken, levamisole, mortality time, Raillietina spp.
Copyright (c) 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Rapid Identification Prevalence Zoonotic Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in West Bandung and Pangalengan
Bovine tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Bovine tuberculosis in dairy cows is thought to contribute to an increase in tuberculosis cases because it can be transmitted to humans (zoonosis), hence the term Zoonotic Tuberculosis. Transmission through the mouth can occur by consuming milk or dairy products contaminated with bacteria. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of M. bovis infection as part of efforts to mitigate the risk of foodborne disease in milk. The study design was descriptive qualitative, using AFB staining and PCR with the MPB70, RD1, CSB1, CSB2, and CSB3 genes as DNA amplification targets. The results showed that the prevalence of infection in 60 milk samples tested using the AFB staining method was 0% (negative), and in 6 samples (10% of all samples) tested using PCR, the prevalence was also 0%. The conclusion is there is no M. bovis in milk, indicating a currently low risk, but ongoing surveillance, improved diagnostics, and interdisciplinary collaboration are needed to reduce zoonotic transmission and economic impacts. Efforts to prevent and control Bovine Tuberculosis in Indonesia focus on promoting community practices: avoiding contact with infected animals, cooking meat thoroughly, and consuming processed milk.
Laserpuncture Treatment for Cat Fractures at Airlangga University Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Cats are pets that are often found and commonly kept in Indonesia. Cats themselves are among the pets where many cases of bone fractures are found, which is one of the musculoskeletal disorders. Reports of these fracture cases are reviewed from a domestic female cat named Titi, with three colors of fur: orange, black, and white, aged 4 months, weighing 1.2 kg, and showing pain in her back and extremities when handled. The method of treatment in this case is to perform an X-ray to confirm the cat’s diagnosis. Then, laser puncture treatment is given as an alternative treatment provided for medical care due to the low costs required for the cat. Post-treatment care for the cat includes administering supportive medication such as multivitamins and minerals.
A comparison of the Hematology Profiles from Preventive and Curative Tests on Lissachatina fulica Snail Mucin Cream for Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Continuous use of topical NSAIDs in AD cases has been shown to cause adverse effects. Lissachatina fulica mucin (LFM) cream, a natural alternative, has been used for wound healing and can be used as a preventative or curative agent in AD. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of LFM cream, exploring its potential as a preventative and curative measure in AD. A total of 36 male BALB/c mice were divided into three cream dosage groups: 0%, 5%, and 10%. The two treatments were preventive and curative, and the two testing times were 0 and 5 days, with three replicates each. Mice were induced with atopic dermatitis by applying 1% DNCB to a 1x1 cm area on their dorsal area for seven days. The preventive group used LFM cream for seven days before DNCB, while the curative group used it after DNCB. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 5 of the treatment period and analyzed using a hematology analyzer. The data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with GraphPad Prism 10, followed by Tukey's test at a 95% confidence level. The toxicity test confirmed that the LFM cream is non-toxic and safe for topical use. The DNCB compound 1% exhibited four main symptoms of atopic dermatitis: pruritus, erythema, excoriation, and lichenification. LFM cream was highly effective, significantly suppressing AD symptoms, with the ADSI score remaining below 2 (p<0.05). Specifically, the curative efficacy was demonstrated by a significant decrease in the ADSI score on day 5 (p<0.05). Hematological analysis revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes across groups. The LFM cream is effective and safe for preventative use and successfully treats acute AD at 5% concentration.
Metabolic Rate and Oxygen Saturation of Fruit Bats (Cynopterus titthaecheilus & Cynopterus brachyotis)
Metabolic rate and oxygen saturation are crucial factors in understanding the physiology of fruit bats (Cynopterus titthaecheilus and Cynopterus brachyotis). This study aims to evaluate the resting metabolic rate and oxygen saturation in bats and their relationship to flight physiology. A total of 32 bats were categorized based on species, sex, and age. Metabolic rate was measured using a metabolic chamber method, while oxygen saturation was monitored using a patient monitoring system. The results showed that bat metabolism is influenced by various factors, including age and sex, without a significant correlation with body mass. Adult female bats exhibited highly fluctuating metabolic rates, possibly due to hormonal factors and increased energy demands during lactation. Additionally, C. titthaecheilus had an oxygen saturation of 94%±2.00 for males and 94%±1.73 for females, whereas C. brachyotis showed 98%±0.00 in males and 87%±4.16 in females. The high oxygen saturation in bats indicates an efficient oxygen transport system that supports their high metabolic activity during flight. This study provides insights into the physiological strategies of bats in maintaining high metabolism and oxygenation capacity, which are relevant to their ecology and overall health.
Population Dynamics and Molecular Identification of Vibrio spp. onRearing Water of Olive Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) at TurtleConservation and Education Center (TCEC) Serangan Bali
Bacteria from the Genus Vibrio are among those that can contaminate turtle rearing water. These bacteria are categorized as opportunistic pathogens affecting aquatic organisms. Olive ridley turtles rescued from the wild are susceptible to infection by pathogenic bacteria due to wounds on their body surface. This study aimed to assess the population dynamics and molecular identification of Vibrio spp. in the rearing water of olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) at TCEC Serangan Bali. Rearing water samples were collected using a composite sampling method from three different rearing water. Bacterial enumeration, including total bacterial count (TBC), total Vibrio count (TVC), total yellow colony (TYC), and total green colony (TGC), was conducted in the olive ridley sea turtle rearing water on days 0, 15, and 30. Serial dilution and the plate count method were used to determine the number of colonies that developed. Bacterial isolates of Vibrio spp. that successfully grew were confirmed by molecular identification using PCR. The TBC in the rearing water fluctuated during the study period. The highest TBC value was 63.02 log CFU/mL on day 15 in rearing water 2, and the lowest TBC value was 4.30 log CFU/mL on day 30 in rearing water 3. The highest TVC value was 43.27 log CFU/mL on day 15 in rearing water 2, and the lowest was 9.37 log CFU/mL on day 0 in rearing water 2. The highest TGC value was 7.64 log CFU/mL in rearing water 1 on day 0, and the lowest was 4.77 log CFU/mL in rearing water 3 on day 30. The highest TYC result was 38.08 log CFU/mL in rearing water 2 on day 15, and the lowest was 4.39 log CFU/mL in rearing water 1 on day 0. Electrophoresis showed that the 16S rRNA gene in Vibrio bacterial DNA was successfully amplified and indicated by a band of approximately 1416 bp. One bacterial isolate, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was identified from this study.
Estrus Quality of Garut Sheep after Estrus Synchronization using Prostaglandin, Progesterone, and Their Combination
Estrus synchronization is a technique used to stimulate estrus and ovulation in a group of animals using hormones. This study aimed to compare three estrus synchronization methods. Fifteen female garut sheep were used and treated with: progesterone-CIDR, double injection prostaglandins, and their combination. At standing heat, ewes were mated with a buck. The parameters measured include the onset estrus, duration estrus, pattern of electrical impedance in the vaginal mucus, number and size of follicles, and pregnancy status. All treated ewes responded to estrus (100%). There were different onset of estrus, namely CIDR (54h), CIDR+PGF2α (41h), and double injection of PGF2α (49.4h), respectively. Meanwhile, the Duration of estrus of CIDR (30,6h), CIDR+PGF2α (29.8h), and double injection of PGF2α (22.4h), respectively. Furthermore, electrical impedance of vaginal mucus at standing heat were CIDR (208Ω), CIDR+PGF2α (189Ω) and double injection of PGF2α (305Ω). The follicle size on H0 to standing heat in each group was significant (p<0.05), while the follicle count was significant only (p<0.05) in the CIDR group. Pregnancy rate was achieved by synchronization with CIDR and double injection prostaglandin (100%) compared to CIDR+PGF2α (40%). It's concluded that the third method of synchronization could result in the best estrus response with slight different characteristics.
Cryopreservation of Boer Crossbreed Goat Semen with Andromed Extender and Moringa Leaf Extract
The nutrients contained in Moringa leaves can protect spermatozoa from damage during semen cryopreservation. This study investigated the effectiveness of Moringa leaf extract in Andromed extender on the quality of frozen semen from Boer crossbreed goats. Fresh semen was divided into four tubes in equal volume and diluted with Andromed (control), 98% Andromed + 2% Moringa leaf extract (ME-2), 96% Andromed + 4% Moringa leaf extract (ME-4), and 94% Andromed + 6% Moringa leaf extract (ME-6), respectively. Diluted semen was placed in a mini-straw (0.25 mL), equilibrated in a refrigerator at 5°C for 4 hours, and then frozen by positioning the straw 10 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen for 15 minutes. Variables were evaluated after diluting and thawing, including percentage of spermatozoa motility, live, and intact plasma membrane (IPM). Results of this study showed that the percentage of spermatozoa motility, live, and IPM for ME-4 (56.25, 67.5, and 65.75%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than control (47.5, 56.75, and 53%), ME-2 (51.25, 59.5, and 56.25%), and ME-6 (51.25, 62.25, and 56%). This study’s findings indicate that adding 4% Moringa leaf extract to Andromed extender is optimal for enhancing the quality of frozen semen in Boer crossbreed goats.
Reproductive Performance of Multiparous Ewes with Different Flushing Ration Management
This study evaluated the reproductive performance of multiparous ewes under various flush management strategies. A total of 16 multiparous ewes were utilized in a 4 x 4 randomized group design. The treatments included P1: no flushing; P2: flushing before and after mating; P3: flushing before and after mating and at mid-pregnancy; P4: flushing before and after mating, at mid-pregnancy, and at the end of pregnancy. The observed variables included the percentage of pregnancy, number of embryos, embryo diameter, amnion diameter, embryo durability, number of offspring, and duration of pregnancy. The findings indicated that the management of flushing rations affected both the pregnancy rate and the amniotic diameter. No significant differences were observed between treatments regarding the number and diameter of embryos, gestation length, number of offspring, and embryo lifespan (P>0.05). This study concluded that managing flushing rations affects reproductive performance regarding pregnancy rate and amniotic diameter.
Anatomical and Histological Features in Muscles of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from Timor Island
The anatomical features and histology of wild boars serve as two parameters for assessing the quality of wild boar meat. This study aimed to identify the anatomical and histological characteristics of wild boar muscles (Sus scrofa) from Timor Island, with potential benefits for the community and veterinary students. The research samples were the longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris muscles from three wild boars slaughtered in the laboratory. Muscle samples were prepared for anatomical observations. Muscle samples were anatomically observed, fixed in 10% alcohol, and then prepared for histological analysis using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. The anatomical observation indicated that the boar's muscles exhibited a blackish-red coloration. The longissimus dorsi muscles had a chewy consistency, while the biceps femoris muscles were also chewy, displaying slight density and the distinctive aroma of fresh meat. Histological images indicated that muscle fibers appeared polygonal in shape in transverse sections, while elongated in longitudinal sections. Some fasciculi composed of muscle fibers exhibited multiple nuclei located at their peripheries. Between the muscle fibers, round fat cells with a nucleus were surrounded by three types of connective tissue. The histological characteristics of wild boar exhibit similarities to those of the Timor pig, Sumatran Ongole cattle, and Bali cattle.
Identification of Clinical Signs, Prevalence, and Risk Factors of Sporotrichosis in Pet Cats in Denpasar City
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous and systemic mycotic infection affecting humans and animals. It is caused by a pathogenic dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. This study aimed to identify the clinical signs, prevalence, and risk factors of sporotrichosis in pet cats in Denpasar city. The sample of this study was the skin surface of cats, with a total sample of 101 cats. This study was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025. The examination method was carried out in four ways: physical examination, acetate tape preparation, and impression smear. The collection of skin surface samples was then examined by cytological techniques (Diff-Quik Staining). The results of this study showed that the clinical signs of one sporotrichosis-positive female cat included pruritus with a score of 4/10 in the head, face, and ear areas; the texture of the skin surface was rather rough and dry; there were crusts in the area between the right and left eyes; there was a lot of squama on most of her body's skin; and there was purulent discharge in both nostrils. The prevalence of sporotrichosis in pet cats in Denpasar city was 1%. Statistical analysis showed that factors such as sex, age, breed, husbandry, presence or absence of skin wounds, bathing frequency, and sterilization status were not risk factors for sporotrichosis.
Characterization and Supplementing of PVA-curcumin Nanofibers on the Initial Week Performance of Broiler Growth
Broiler chickens are a vital global commodity, known for their rapid growth and efficiency, but their productivity has historically relied on Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP), necessitating the development of safe alternatives. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-curcumin nanofibers as a potential substitute for Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) in improving the growth performance of broiler chickens. The nanofibers were synthesized via the electrospinning technique at varying PVA concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, and their morphology was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The in vitro assay evaluated curcumin release profiles were measured in phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7,4) at 37 °C. A seven-day in vivo experiment involving 30 broiler hens categorized into 5 groups to assess the impact of supplementation on body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The synthesized PVA- curcumin nanofibers exhibited optimal dimensions (100–135 nm), with gradual curcumin release measuered at 43,5–51,5% at 5 minutes and 49,27–64,5% at 120 minutes. While statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p> 0,05). The treatment group showed higher average daily gain (ADG) (99,49–115,4 g) and feed intake (FI) (118,76–129,11 g), resulting in better feed conversion ratio (FCR) (0,921–1,00) compared to the control group. In conclusion, PVA-curcumin nanofibers were successfully synthesized, demonstrating their potential to improve growth performance, and are suitable as an alternative non-antibiotic growth promoter in broilers.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria from Swiftlet Houses in Sumedang, West Java
Edible bird‘s nest is an important export commodity that is currently of concern to the Indonesian government. One of the requirements for exporting edible bird’s nest to the People's Republic of China is that this product must meet the requirements for nitrite content in the product below 30 ppm. This nitrite contamination can be obtained from the results of nitrogen metabolism from nitrifying bacteria. However, information on nitrite-reducing bacteria in swiftlet houses has never been reported and is urgent in controlling nitrifying bacteria in swiftlet houses. The presence of nitrite-reducing bacteria needs to be identified to prove the presence of these bacteria in swiftlet houses that have the potential to contribute to nitrite contamination in edible bird’s nest. This study aims to isolate nitrate-reducing bacteria in an effort to control nitrite using bacteriophages in the future. This study targeted nitrate-reducing bacteria collected from environmental samples (waste, feces, pond water, artificial pond water, soil, swiftlet eggshells, white edible bird’s nest (Aerodramus fuciphagus), black bird’s nest (Aerodramus maximus)) (n=40) from two different swiftlet houses in Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. All isolates collected were subjected to a series of microbiological tests, phenotypic characterization (Gram staining, morphology, sugar fermentation ability, enzymes, etc.) and genotyping by PCR amplification and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Raw sequencing data were analyzed using DNASTAR® software for DNA sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction. In the present work, four bacteria species were identified, including Priestia megaterium, Pseudomonas putida, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Proteus terrae. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of nitrate-reducing bacteria isolated from birdhouses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana
Domestic Pigs as an Animal Model of Myocardial Infarction: a Comparison of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Flow Velocities of Cardiac Valves
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of death according to WHO in 2021. CVD generally results in myocardial infarction (MI), which occurred after tissue ischemia. Echocardiography is most likely a diagnostic tool without invasive effects. This study aimed to compare the blood flow in pig research animals treated with ligases of the circumflex arteries. Measurements were made in the mitral valve (MV), tricuspid valve (TV), semilunar pulmonary valve (SLP), and semilunar aortic valve (AO) of velocity during systole (Vs), velocity during diastole (Vd), time average peak velocity (TAMAX), and blood flow pressure at three-time points: before ligase treatment, after acute infarction (60 min), and 8 weeks after ligase treatment. All parameters in MV group increased at 60 min and decreased at 8th weeks. On TV, TAMAX and pTAMAX decreased at 60 min and week 8. In SLP, VS, pVS, and Vd decreased at 60 min and increased at 8th week. The pVd and pTAMAX parameters decreased at 60 min and 8th week, while TAMAX increased at 60 min and decreased at 8th week. In AO, the TAMAX and pTAMAX parameters increased at 60 min and 8 weeks; the other parameters were similar to MV and TV patterns.
Enhancement of Ovarian Development in Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus) Through Supplementation of Katuk Extract (Sauropus Androgenus), Turmeric Powder (Curcuma Longa), and Vitamin C
The growth and development of ovary in teleost fish will determine the quality of larvae. This research was designed to accelerate gonad growth of catfish fed ration supplemented with katuk extract (0.6 g/kg), turmeric powder (4.8 g/kg), and vitamin C (599 mg/kg). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments: CON (Control), SA (Katuk extract), TU (Turmeric powder), VC (vitamin C), SATU (Katuk extract and Turmeric powder), SAVC (Katuk extract and vitamin C), TUVC (Turmeric powder and vitamin C), and COM (Katuk extract, Turmeric powder, and vitamin C). The treatmenst were given for 2 months. Parameters measured were body weight, gonad weight, gonado-somatic index, ovary histology, and oocyte diameter. The results showed that supplementations of katuk extract, turmeric powder, and vitamin C produce higher GSI and gonad weights. Oocytes in catfish supplemented with katuk extract, turmeric powder, and vitramin C reached endogenous vitellogenesis phase while in control catfish a number of oocytes were in previtellogenesis phase. Oocytes diameters of endogenous vitellogenesis phase in COMB catfish (603.60±99.09 µm) were higher than those in control catfish (412.60±39.76 µm). Supplementation of catfish with katuk extract, turmeric powder, and vitamin C can accelerate oocytes growth and development and improved quality.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Lumpy Skin Disease in Pakem District, Yogyakarta
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious dermatological condition affecting ruminant animals, particularly cattle, and is caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). This virus possesses DNA genetic material derived from the Capripoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) states that LSD has a mortality of 1-5% and a morbidity of 10-20% and can spread quickly if not handled properly. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of LSD and to identify associated risk factors in Pakem District, Yogyakarta. This research used a cross-sectional study. Samples were taken using a double-stage sampling technique with a total sample of 262 cattle. The study employed primary data collected through interviews with farmers. Data was analyzed descriptively and analytically. Data in the form of frequencies and percentages were analyzed using univariate methods. The relationship between risk factors and the incidence of LSD was analyzed using bivariate Chi-Square methods. The results showed that the prevalence of LSD in the Pakem District was 7.6%. The presence of ticks was identified as a risk factor for LSD disease, with a probability value of p<0.05. The association’s strength was indicated by an odds ratio (OR) of 2.64, suggesting that ticks may elevate the risk of contracting LSD by a factor of 2.64. The prevalence of LSD in Pakem District was 7.6%, and the presence of ticks 2.64 times increases the risk of LSD incidents. Control measures can be improved by carrying out livestock management in handling vectors.
Physiological and Productivity of Quail During The Egg-Laying Period with Supplementation of Senduduk (Melastoma Malabathricum L) Powder in Feed
Quail is a type of poultry that is easy to raise and is the second largest egg producer after laying hens. The benefits of quail include a relatively high production cycle, minimal land requirements, and low feed consumption. Quail are more susceptible to stress compared to other poultry, particularly stress induced by elevated ambient temperatures. This stress can be overcome by administering antioxidants. Melastoma malabathricum L (commonly known as senduduk) leaf is a natural antioxidant that can alleviate stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses of senduduk leaf powder on the physiological and performance of laying quails. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications. The doses of senduduk leaf powder administered were P0 (0%), P1 (1.5%), P2 (3%), and P3 (4.5%). A total of 160 female quails, aged 40 weeks, were maintained for four weeks. The variables observed comprised hematological values, stress indicators, and quail performance during the laying period. The study’s results on hematological values, stress indicators, and quail performance during the laying period showed an increase at a dose of 3% (P2). The optimal concentration was identified as the 3% dose of senduduk leaf powder in treatment P2.
Influence of Melatonin as an Antioxidant on the Preservation of Liquid Ram Semen in Tris-Fructose Egg Yolk Diluent
Excessive free radicals can induce oxidative stress, leading to the inhibition of phosphorylation processes that supply energy for sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa during fertilization. This study investigated the impact of incorporating the antioxidant melatonin into the tris-fructose egg yolk diluent on the quality of ram liquid semen preserved at 4°C. Fresh semen with ≥70% motility was diluted in the tris-fructose egg yolk group (control), tris-fructose egg yolk with 0.5 mM melatonin (TFEY + M0.5), tris-fructose egg yolk with 1 mM melatonin (TFEY + M1), tris-fructose egg yolk with 2 mM melatonin (TFEY + M2). Semen was stored in the refrigerator at 4°C for 5 days (D0−D5). The motility, viability, abnormality, and plasma membrane integrity of the semen were evaluated every 24 hours. The results indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) between the control group and the liquid semen treatment at D0. Liquid semen quality was significantly improved with melatonin treatment compared to the control group. The results of this study indicate that TKTF + M0.5 had the highest motility and viability values ​​and can maintain abnormality values. The TKTF + M2 group had a higher plasma membrane integrity value than the other treatment groups.
Identification of Herpesviridae in Macaca Fascicularis Using the Nested PCR Method at PSSP IPB
PCR technique is used to detect the presence of Herpesviridae viruses in Macaca fascicularis that exhibit no clinical symptoms and identify them using nucleotide base sequences. This study aimed to detect and identify the presence of nucleotide base sequences in the Herpesviridae virus family in Macaca fascicularis at PSSP IPB. The study utilized 20 nasal swab samples from Macaca fascicularis. Extraction of DNA utilizing the QiaAmp™ DNA mini kit and subsequent measurement of DNA concentration. Amplification of target DNA utilizing the nested PCR technique. Sample with positive results from electrophoresis were sequenced to obtain nucleotide sequences. The average measurement value of DNA extraction concentration was 25.07 ng/µl. The DNA purity ratios at wavelengths A260/A280 and A260/A230 averaged 1.95 and 0.27, respectively. The electrophoresis results indicated a band size of 215 bp in sample code 01, corresponding to the positive control band. The sequencing results were analyzed using BLASTn on the NCBI site, revealing similarity with Macaca fascicularis lymphocryptovirus. The BLAST sample results demonstrated a Query Cover value of 100% and a percentage of identity of 98.84%.
Method Modification of Developing Ischemic Stroke Animal Models Using Intravenous Catheters in Rats
In various parts of the world, including Indonesia, the incidence of ischemic stroke remains high, and its impact poses a significant burden. This condition is influenced by numerous limitations in ischemic stroke therapy. Research on ischemic stroke is therefore crucial to develop, making the creation of appropriate animal models a vital necessity. One of the most commonly used methods by researchers to create animal models is the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) method. However, in Indonesia, its application remains limited due to the lack of available facilities. Method modifications can be implemented to enable the development of animal models in Indonesia. This study employed modifications to the MCAO method on eight Sprague Dawley rats. The modification involved using an intravenous catheter to facilitate the insertion of the filament as an occluder in the middle cerebral artery of the rats. Based on clinical and pathological observations, it can be concluded that the modified MCAO method used in this study is suitable for creating ischemic stroke animal models. With this modification, the creation of ischemic stroke animal models can be carried out in a simpler and more cost-effective manner.
Effectivity and Safety of Endo-1,4 -xylanase (Xylanase), Endo-1,3(4) beta-glucanase (Beta-glucanase), Endo-1,4 beta-glucanase (Cellulase), and α Amylase as A Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens
This study evaluates the effectivity and safety of Endo-1,4 -xylanase (Xylanase), Endo-1,3(4) beta-glucanase (Beta-glucanase), Endo-1,4 beta-glucanase (Cellulase), and α Amylase that packed in Ronozyme-AX ct (MGHSPHYT+) as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter. A total of 64 chickens were used, divided into four groups, with each group divided into two replicates, 8 chickens per replicate. The groups were divided into treatment group, and groups administered with the different dosage of supplementation, namely 184, 230, and 276 gram/ton feed for 28 days, consecutively. Parameters such as weekly weight gain, final weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass weight were observed to determine growth performance. Meanwhile, parameters such as mortality, blood hematology and biochemistry were observed to determine the safety of the supplementation. Based on the results, there was a significant difference on weekly weight gain, particularly in the second week, and in the final weight, with the group administered with 184 gram/ton feed showing the highest result. Meanwhile, other parameters such as FCR and carcass weight did not show any significant difference. This may be due to the enzymes not working directly to increase feed utilization but work with improving nutrient digestibility and utilization in the body. The safety parameters showed that the supplementation was relatively safe as no significant difference was observed in mortality, blood constituents and biochemistry.
Broiler chickens; Growth promotor; Ronozyme AX ct
The Effect of Endo-1,4-β-xylanase as a Feed Additive on the Growth and Overall Health of Broiler Chickens
Enzyme has been used widely as a feed additive to complement poultry needs of nutrition. Endo-1,4 beta-xylanase as its main component, which is effective in digesting non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), hence improving the digestive system. This research aims to observe the efficacy of Endo-1,4-β-xylanase as a growth promotor and its safety. A total of 96 chickens were used in this research, divided into four groups. Administration depending on each group was conducted for 28 days, consecutively. Growth parameters that were observed includes body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, meanwhile for safety assessment, the parameters used were mortality rate, and blood profile. Based on the results, the enzyme was proven to enhance growth performance through the increased body weight gain and final weight. This is due to the enzyme’s mechanism which improves nutrient utilization. Based on the safety assessment, Endo-1,4-β-xylanase was also proven to be safe, not causing any inflammation responses in the body nor organ damage based on the blood assessment.
broiler chickens, growth performance, Endo-1,4-β-xylanase, safety
Diversity of Mites in Captured Rats and the Role of Rickettsiosis in Semarang City and Demak Regency
Ricketssiosis is transmitted by rats either by direct contact or ectoparasite bites. Ectoparasites are parasitic vectors of rickettsia disease transmission that live on the surface of the body or on the outside of the host. Ectoparasites that are often found in mice are mites. This study aims to determine the ecological index of mite ectoparasites in rats caught in Semarang City and Demak Regency in June - August 2023. This research is descriptive observational with the method used rodent survey with accidental sampling technique. The number of rats caught was 218 with the species Rattus Norvegicus, Rattus Norvegicus javanus, Rattus Tanezumi, Rattus Argentiventer, Suncus Murinus, Mus Musculus. The results of mite species found were Laelaps nutalli, Laelaps turkestanicus, Eulaelaps stabularis, Echinolaelaps echidninus, Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti with a total of 2,116 individuals. The average diversity index values were 1.00 (Semarang) and 0.78 (Demak), categorized as medium and high. The number of rats caught and the abundance of mites affect the health of the environment, especially humans. The abundance of Laelaps nutalli mites needs to be watched out for as one that has the potential to transmit murine typhus.
Potential of Basil Leaf Microherbal as Anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus
Haemonchus contortus is a prevalent and pathogenic parasite in ruminants that is resistant to common anthelmintic treatment. This study evaluated the anthelmintic effectiveness of Ocimum africanum leaf on a micron scale against H. contortus eggs, infective stage larvae (L3s), and adult worms. The effectiveness of three microherbal concentrations (10%, 5%, and 1%) was evaluated using an egg hatch assay and larval and adult worm motility inhibition assays. The negative control group used 10% PBS, while the positive control used 10 mg/mL of Albendazole. The findings of this study demonstrated that the highest concentration of microherbal treatment produced effects comparable to those of Albendazole (p>0.05) on eggs, L3, and adult worms. Adult worms become immobilized within one to four hours of exposure to 10% microherbal. This study revealed that basil leaves in the form of microherbals were effective as an anthelmintic against various stages of H. contortus.
In Silico Toxicity of Bioactive Compounds from Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) and Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Natural active-ingredient-based shampoos offer an effective and eco-friendly solution for maintaining the skin and hair health of companion animals. This study aimed to predict the toxicity of phytochemical compounds from citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and neem oil (Azadirachta indica) using an in silico approach with the ProTox-II platform. The analyzed compounds included limonene, farnesene, eucalyptol, menthol, oleic acid, p-cymene, indole, (9Z)-9- octadecenamide, amylbenzene, p-cresol, camphor, and dieugenol, selected based on LC-MS/MS analysis. The evaluated toxicological parameters comprised oral acute toxicity (LD50), hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity (cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity), as well as nuclear receptor signaling and stress response pathways. The results revealed that p-cymene exhibited the highest toxicity (LD50 = 3 mg/kg, class I), followed by oleic acid (LD50 = 48 mg/kg, class II), whereas amylbenzene was classified as non-toxic (LD50 = 6430 mg/kg, class VI). All compounds were predicted to be non-hepatotoxic and non-immunotoxic; however, p-cymene, indole, and amylbenzene showed potential carcinogenicity. Limonene was predicted to be active against AhR, ER, MMP, and ATAD5 receptors, while dieugenol was active against nrf2/ARE, HSE, and MMP. These predictions suggest that most compounds are safe for shampoo applications, except for p-cymene, which requires further evaluation. This study provides preliminary insights for the development of safe and effective natural-based shampoos.
The Expression of Type III Collagen Connective Tissue in Gluteobiceps and Psoas Mayor Muscles of Aceh Cattle
Collagen is one of the determinant factors of beef tenderness. This study analyzed the expression and content of type III collagen connective tissue in two muscle types of Aceh cattle through immunohistochemical staining. Meat samples were obtained from the gluteobiceps and psoas major muscles of three Aceh cattle bulls weighing 250-300 kg, with a body condition score of three. Histology preparations were created from samples and subjected to immunohistochemical staining utilizing specific antibodies targeting type III collagen. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively, while quantitative data were analyzed using IMAGE J software. The results showed that the expression of type III collagen connective tissue was found in the endomysium and perimysium layers of both muscles. The expression of type III collagen connective tissue varied significantly among the muscles (P<0.05). The gluteobiceps muscle had an average percentage of the area containing type III collagen connective tissue of 4.47±2.41%, while the psoas major muscle was lower at 2.51±1.69%. This study concludes that the gluteobiceps muscle of Aceh cattle has a higher amount of type III collagen connective tissue than the psoas major muscle.
Collagen expression, IHC, Intramuscular connective tissue, Loin beef, Meat quality
Levels of 17β-estradiol, Vitellogenin, and Egg Diameters During the Reproductive Cycle of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Estradiol, vitellogenin levels, and egg diameter are indicators of oocyte quality in aquaculture. This study evaluated the performance of 17β-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (Vtg) concentrations in eggs and oocyte diameter during the reproductive period of Oreochromis niloticus at the Fish Breeding Research Center, Sukamandi, Subang, West Java. Sixmonth- old female fish were fed a diet supplemented with varying doses of curcumin analog in the morning and evening for six weeks. The study used a completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replicates. E2 and Vtg concentrations in eggs were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Fish kit. The results indicated that the supplementation of curcumin analog in female broodfish of red tilapia increased the concentration of E2, which in turn stimulated Vtg synthesis in the liver, subsequently stored in developing follicles during gonadal maturation. The group supplemented with 2.4 mg of curcumin analog per 100 g of feed exhibited the highest concentrations of E2 (114.46 ng/mL) and egg Vtg (55.63 mg/mL). This study provides valuable insights for enhancing reproductive performance by incorporating curcumin analogs into the feed for commercial tilapia farming.
Epidemiological Dynamics of Multidrug Resistance (Ampicillin, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline) in Domestic Cats in East Surabaya
Antibiotic resistance in pets, especially cats, has become a serious global health challenge. The irrational use of antibiotics, whether excessive or inappropriate, accelerates the emergence of resistant bacteria that can potentially spread to humans and the environment. This study aims to identify the presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and analyze its resistance patterns in domestic cats in East Surabaya. A total of 35 rectal swab samples were collected from pet cats and tested at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya. The samples were isolated using the selective MacConkey Agar medium and confirmed as Escherichia coli through Gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The results showed that 94.3% (33/35) of the samples contained Escherichia coli. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance rates of 27% (9/33) to ampicillin, 24% (8/33) to streptomycin, and 12% (4/33) to tetracycline. Additionally, 9.1% (3/33) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistance, showing resistance to all three antibiotics (AMP-TE-S). Other resistance patterns included AMP-S (6.1%) and TE-S (3.1%). The high resistance rate of Escherichia coli in domestic cats highlights the critical role of pets as potential reservoirs of resistant bacteria, which may impact human health through direct contact or environmental transmission. Therefore, raising awareness and educating pet owners and veterinary professionals on the prudent and responsible use of antibiotics is essential. The One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health, is a strategic measure to prevent the future spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Daily Behavioral Patterns of Timor Deer (Rusa timorensis) Fawns at CV. Bahtera Satwa Breeding Center, Margorejo Village, Dawe District, Kudus Regency
The phenomenon of the declining population of Timor deer (Rusa timorensis) has led the Indonesian government to designate them as a protected species. Captive breeding has become an effort to conserve Timor deer, and daily behavior serves as a measure of the success of the breeding program. The objective of this research was to evaluate the daily behavior patterns of Timor deer fawns, including movement, feeding, resting, social, alert, eliminative, and grooming behavior at the CV. Bahtera Satwa Breeding Center. Data collection for the research was conducted over 14 days using the scan sampling method. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in movement behavior, feeding, resting, social, and eliminative behavior between morning, afternoon, and evening. The frequency of social behavior in deer fawn was observed more often than in other behaviors, while the duration of resting activities was higher compared to other activities. The conclusion of this study was that the daily behavior patterns of Timor deer fawns, consisting of social and resting behaviors, were consistently performed in the morning and afternoon. The social behavior exhibited by the fawns was an effort to interact and explore their environment, while resting behavior was used to avoid heat and recover energy after morning activities.
Suspected Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in a Domestic Cat: A Case Study
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is one of the major causes of death in cats. A 4-year-old domestic cat weighing 2 kg presented with decreased appetite, weakness, sneezing, and nasal discharge. Physical examination revealed gingivitis accompanied by ulcers in the mouth and pale mucous membranes. Further diagnostic tests included hematology examination, blood chemistry examination, and the FeLV test kit. The results of hematology and blood chemistry examinations reported that the animal had leukocytosis, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, hypochromic macrocytic anemia, hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, decreased A/G ratio, hyperamylasemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and azotemia. Rapid test (kit) examination showed a positive result for FeLV. Based on the diagnostic results, the initial diagnosis was suspected Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) with an infausta prognosis. The treatment included antibiotics Amoxicillin at 18 mg/kgBW, Diphenhydramine HCl 1 mg/kgBW, Ornipural® 0.2 ml/kgBW, Kenalog® 1 mg/kgBW, Hematovit® dose 0.4 ml/kgBW, and supplements in the form of Vitamin C 0.5 ml/day and Fufang® 1 ml/kgBW. Despite the treatment, the cat’s condition did not improve and it succumbed on the sixth day of treatment.